• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.612-618
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• 2002

Background : Bronchoscopy is an important diagnostic and a therapeutic tool in chest medicine. However, most patients feel that a bronchoscopy is an unpleasant procedure, and it is important to sedate the patients appropriately, particularly where repetitive examinations are required. Midazolam is a sedative drug with amnestic qualities and a rapid 2 hour half-life. This study have attempted to determine the safety, appropriate dosage, and the effect of midazolam premedication in patients who underwent a bronchoscopy. Methods : One hundred and eighty consecutive patients undergoing bronchoscopy were enrolled in this study. The patients received a midzolam doses of 0.03 mg/kg, 0.06 mg/kg, or a placebo. An additional dose of lidocaine, the total number of coughs, and the duration of the procedures were recorded with monitoring the the blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation. The level of satisfaction was assessed by the patient, bronchoscopist, and the nurse. Results : The blood pressure, pulse rates, oxygen saturation, number of coughs, lidocaine dose, and procedure time in the 3 groups were similar. There was a trend for the midazolam 0.03 mg/kg group to satisfy bronchoscopists more than the other two groups. The nurses' acceptability was lower in the midazolam 0.06 mg/kg group than the other groups. The patients' acceptablity was greater in both the midazolam 0.03 mg/kg and 0.06 mg/kg groups than in the control group. Conclusion : Sedation with low doses of intravenous midazolam is a safe technique for fiberoptic bronchoscopy with a low morbidity and high acceptable to patients and bronchoscopists.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.416-426
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• 2005

Intravenous sedation have many advantages of rapid onset and recovery, ability of control sedation levels and duration through titration. Midazolam is most commonly used intravenous medication for sedation in pediatrics, endoscopy, oncologic procedures and so on. But in dentistry, midazolam intravenous sedation is usually for adult, and there are few reports for children. Todays, children who need sedation become more and older, intravenous sedation technique is going a matter of concern in pediatric dentistry. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the efficacy of sedation and clinical success for different initial dosage of midazolam in intravenous sedation for pediatric dental patients. 16 healthy children (male 10, female 6), mean age $54.7{\pm}10.7$ months, who needed at least two separate treatment visits requiring local anesthesia were chosen for this study. Every children were taken 0.3mg/kg, maximum 5mg of midazolam by intramuscular route, and then 30~50% $N_2O-O_2$ for 10 minutes was given. On every visits, one of the following 2 different initial dosage was given by intravenous route : (1) Group I : 0.1mg/kg Midazolam (2) Group II : 0.2mg/kg Midazolam. Additional dosage was half of the first dose. Physiologic parameters (oxygen saturation, heart rate, respiratory rate, end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure) was recorded by ten procedure steps. Behavior was videotaped and rated using Ohio State University Behavioral Rating Scale and Automated Counting System by one investigator, blind to administered dosage. After the treatment, operator evaluated the clinical success. Physiologic parameters were stable and within normal range during treatment in both groups. The analyzed sedative effect, in behavioral evaluation, ratio of favorable Quiet was higher in group II, and clinical success rate of group II was better than group I. Induction time was rapid in group II, and recovery time was rapid in group I. And there was no statistically difference between two groups in every results.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.1128-1141
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• 2021

'Angelica' is one of the most traditionally consumed medicinal herbs around Northeast Asia including Korea for treatments of various diseases or health care purposes like hematopoiesis, blood circulation for women, sedative, analgesic, and a tonic medicine etc. Angelica gigas Nakai, a Korean native species of Angelica, is clearly different from the others in containing a high concentration of active ingredients like pyranocoumarines including decursin, decursinol, and decursinol angelate. These compounds have various kinds of positive effects such as anti-tumor activity including the precaution of neutropenia occurred during anticancer drug administration, improvements of metabolic disorders, menstrual irregularity, impairment of renal function, respiration improvement, cognition-enhancement, anti-inflammatory effect, anti-oxidative effect, enhancing fertility and so forth. Thus it implies incredible potentialities in future development for foods and drugs. However, certain purity-related qualities and/or overdose in food products can cause side effects like toxicities; therefore, their safety profiles should also be considered. This review focuses on the positive and negative effects of three pyranocoumarines in Angelica gigas Nakai and some possibilities and considerations for future food and drug products development.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.309-321
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• 2023

Chamaecyparis obtusa (C. obtusa) belongs to Cupressaceae and grows wild in southern area of Korea. C. obtusa has been used for furnitures because of the superior quality of the lumber and remaining branches and leaves were used for extraction of essential oil (C. obtusa oil). C. obtusa oil has numerous health effects, including anti-inflammation, antibacterial, deodorization, sedative effect. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of C. obtusa oil on anti-wrinkles, skin-barrier and moisturizing. First, DPPH and ABTS assay were conducted to evaluate antioxidant effect and C. obtusa oil showed significance scavenging activity on both radicals. And elastase activity was examined for anti-wrinkle effect. At the result, elastase activity was significantly reduced by C. obtusa oil. Next, real-time PCR was performed to evaluate gene expression. At the results, MMP-1 mRNA expression was significantly reduced by C. obtusa oil in HDF cells. In addition, filaggrin and HAS-2 mRNA expression significantly increased by C. obtusa oil in HaCaT cells. Taken together, these results indicate that C. obtusa oil has potential as a cosmetic material for anti-aging by enhancing anti-wrinkle, skin-barrier and moisturizing effects.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.517-524
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• 2005

Despite the widespread use of chloral hydrate with hydroxyzine in the sedation of children, there is little agreement among pediatric dentists regarding its therapeutic dosage for the management of very uncooperative young children. Also, increasing concern has been raised with respect to its frequent failure to provide adequate levels of sedation when used according to the manufacturer's recommended dosage. Therefore, there has been many suggestions with respect to sedative effectiveness and safety of varying drug dosage, and some pediatric dental articles have advocated dosages exceeding manufacturer's recommendations. This study was performed to compare the effectiveness and safety in behavior management of the manufacturer's recommended dose of chloral hydrate(50mg/kg) with those of a higher dose(70mg/kg) used together with hydroxyzine(2mg/kg) and nitrous oxide(50%) when young children were sedated for dental treatment. The following results were obtained; 1. II group(70mg/kg) displayed higher mean score compared to I group(50mg/kg) with regard to the degree of sleep, crying, movement and overall behavior. The difference was statistically significant(p<0.05). 2. In comparison of success rates for sedation between the two groups, I group and II group showed 38.7% and 71.0% success rates respectively. An analysis of variance was statistically significant(p<0.05). 3. Comparing the occurrence rate hypoxia between the two groups, there were 22.6% and 19.4% occurrence of hypoxia in I group and II group. An analysis of variance was not statistically significant(p>0.05).

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.69-73
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• 2005

The flavonoid, quercetin, is a low molecular weight substance found in apple, tomato and other fruit. Besides its antioxidative effect, quercetin, like other flavonoids, has a wide range of neuropharmacological actions including analgesia, and motility, sleep, anticonvulsant, sedative and anxiolytic effects. In the present study, we investigated its effect on mouse 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 ($5-HT_{3A}$) receptor channel activity, which is involved in pain transmission, analgesia, vomiting, and mood disorders. The $5-HT_{3A}$ receptor was expressed in Xenopus oocytes, and the current was measured with the two-electrode voltage clamp technique. In oocytes injected with $5-HT_{3A}$ receptor cRNA, quercetin inhibited the 5-HT-induced inward peak current ($I_{5-HT}$) with an $IC_{50}$ of $64.7{\pm}2.2{\mu}M$. Inhibition was competitive and voltage-independent. Point mutations of pre-transmembrane domain 1 (pre-TM1) such as R222T and R222A, but not R222D, R222E and R222K, abolished inhibition, indicating that quercetin interacts with the pre-TM1 of the $5-HT_{3A}$ receptor.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.266-275
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• 2008

Purpose: This research was intended to evaluate the sedative effect of the music by measuring the anxiety-level, the pain-level, the blood pressure, and the pulse rate in patients who were going through extraction of the mandibular impacted 3rd molar. Materials and methods: Patients were selected among those who visited St. Vincent's Hospital in Suwon for the surgical extraction of 3rd molar from April to May, 2007 and were divided into two groups : the first, experimental group consisting of 32 people was going through extraction with the music and the second, control group also consisting of 32 people was going through extraction without the music. The anxiety-level was measured by filling out Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety questionnaire. The pain-level was measured by VAS (Visual analog Scale). The blood-pressure and the pulse rate were recorded at waiting period, preparation and anesthesia period, 5 minutes after anesthesia, beginning of extraction and every five minutes after extraction to the end of surgery. Results: The anxiety-level was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group during the extraction procedure (p<0.01). The pain-level was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group (p<0.05). The mean systolic blood pressure was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group at the beginnig of extraction and 10 minutes after extraction (p<0.01, p<0.05 each). The mean diastolic blood pressure was significantly lower in the experimental group than the control group at 10 minutes after extraction (p<0.01). The mean of pulse rate was significantly lower at the beginning of extraction (p<0.05). Conclusion: The music therapy could offer not only the psychological stability but also the physiological stability during the surgical extraction of impacted 3rd molar.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.140-151
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• 2002

This study was carried to identify whether acupuncture at several meridian points can affect the human anesthesia or not through the analysis of serum intermediates, such as, melatonin, serotonin, TSH, cortisol in human serum. We investigated the effect of accupuncture on the change of serum intermediates which have frequently been made a subject of discussion owing to its hyponic and sedative properties in practice. The result obtained were as follow ; 1. Serum melatonin levels was hardly affected at 40 minutes after general acupuncture on Hab-Gog, Nae-Gwan, and the other meridian points as compared with that($5.64{\pm}1.02pg/ml$) of resting control group. But on day 1 after acupuncture, these tend to increase significantly ($7.95{\pm}2.05pg/ml$ to $8.21{\pm}1.57pg/ml$, p <0.05). On the other hand, control group under sleep showed the serum level of $7.39{\pm}1.03pg/ml$. Additional acupuncture at In-Dang induced the increased melatonin level, especially at 40minutes after acupuncture(p <0.05). 2. Serotonin level in resting control serum recorded $51.14{\pm}8.17{\mu}g/ml$. Acupuncture at determined meridian point intend to increase average level of serotonin, but not significant. However observation on day 1 after acupuncture at Hab-Gwan meridian point and under sleeping showed the significantly increased serotonin level, $74.05{\pm}35.83{\mu}g/ml$, $70.44{\pm}13.08{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. 3. TSH level in intact human serum recorded $0.85{\pm}0.24{\mu}IU/ml$. and the serum exposed to acupuncture showed the irregular pattern of TSH level in a mean range of $0.76{\pm}0.44{\mu}IU/ml$ to $1.06{\pm}0.38{\mu}IU/ml$, regardless of meridian point or time after acupuncture. 4. The values of serum cortisol in control group were $11.76{\pm}2.06{\mu}g/dl$ in resting, $7.51{\pm}2.85{\mu}/dl$ under sleep, respectively. The level of serum cortisol in 40minutes after acupuncture was markedly (p <0.05) reduced to the serum levels of $5.65{\pm}2.58{\mu}g/dl$ (Hab-Gog, Nae-Gwan), $7.58{\pm}3.21{\mu}g/dl$ (Gyo-Gam, Sin-Mun besides Hab-Gog, Nae-Gwan), $6.43{\pm}3.54{\mu}g/dl$ (In-Dang besides to Hab-Gog, Nae-Gwan), respectively, as compared with control, intending to increase a little on day 1 after acupuncture. From the above results, the analysis of serum intermediates suggest that acupunctuation at meridian points applied to at this study act upon the phase of light anaesthesia or hypnosis, at the same time affect pituitary-adrenal axis rather than hypothalamus-pituitary axis in the secretary system of hormone and also don't affect dorsal-raphe nucleus according to the observation of change transition in serum intermediates, such as TSH, serotonin, and cortisol.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.189-195
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• 1988

This study aimed to investigate the autonomic innervations of human vas deferens and the effect of diazepam, a benzodiazepine sedative antianxiety drug, on the smooth muscle contractility of vas deferens. The specimens were obtained from healthy volunteers undergoing elective vasectomy with local anesthesia. The muscle preparation did not show any spontaneous contraction, but showed a good contraction induced by norepinephrine exerting the strongest response at $33^{\circ}C$. Phentolamine inhibited the norepinephrine-induced contraction concentration-dependently. Isoproterenol, a beta-adrenergic agonist evoked a considerable extent of contraction, and this contractile activity was antagonized by propranolol, a beta-adrenergic blocking agent. Acetylcholine induced a dashing contraction of the human vas deferens, and atropine, a muscarinic receptor blocking agent abolished the acetylcholine-induced contraction. Diazepam inhibited the norepinephrine-induced contraction in a concentration dependent manner. These results suggest that the smooth muscle of human vas deferens has cholinergic muscarinic and beta adrenergic receptors as well as the predominant alpha adrepergic receptor. Diazepam inhibits the motility, especially norepinephrine-induced contraction of human vas deferens.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.243-257
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• 2016

Objectives : Illicium verum Hook. f. has been known to possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, insecticidal, analgesic, sedative, convulsive activities, it has been rarely conducted to evaluate the immuno-biological activity. The present study was examined to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of the Illicium verum Hook. f. water extracts (IVE) in vivo and in vitro. Methods : Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. The relative levels of NO were measured with Griess reagent. iNOS, COX-2, $NF-{\kappa}B$ and target proteins were detected by immunoblot analysis, and levels of cytokines were analyzed by ELISA kit. Anti-edema effect was determined in the carrageenan (CA)-induced paw edema model in rats. Results : All dosages of IVE used in MTT assay had no significant cytotoxicity. The increases of NO production and iNOS expression were detected in LPS-treated cells compared with control. However, these increases were attenuated by treatment with IVE. Also, IVE reduced the elevated production of $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$ and IL-6 by LPS. IVE inhibited the $p-I{\kappa}B$ and translocation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ to nuclear. Furthermore, IVE significantly inhibited the increases of hind paw swelling, skin thicknesses and inflammatory cell infiltrations induced by CA injection. Therefore, IVE will be favorably inhibited the acute edematous inflammations. Conclusion : These results provide evidences that anti-inflammatory effect of IVE is partly due to the reduction of some inflammatory mediators by suppression of $NF-{\kappa}B$ pathway.