• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.283-289
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• 2019

Brain aging induces neuropsychological changes, such as decreased memory capacity, language ability, and attention; and is also associated with neurodegenerative diseases. However, most of the studies on brain aging are focused on neurons, while senescence in astrocytes has received less attention. Astrocytes constitute the majority of cell types in the brain and perform various functions in the brain such as supporting brain structures, regulating blood-brain barrier permeability, transmitter uptake and regulation, and immunity modulation. Recent studies have shown that SIRT1 and SIRT2 play certain roles in cellular senescence in peripheral systems. Both SIRT1 and SIRT2 inhibitors delay tumor growth in vivo without significant general toxicity. In this study, we investigated the role of tenovin-1, an inhibitor of SIRT1 and SIRT2, on rat primary astrocytes where we observed senescence and other functional changes. Cellular senescence usually is characterized by irreversible cell cycle arrest and induces senescence- associated ${\beta}$-galactosidase (SA-${\beta}$-gal) activity. Tenovin-1-treated astrocytes showed increased SA-${\beta}$-gal-positive cell number, senescence-associated secretory phenotypes, including IL-6 and IL-$1{\beta}$, and cell cycle-related proteins like phospho-histone H3 and CDK2. Along with the molecular changes, tenovin-1 impaired the wound-healing activity of cultured primary astrocytes. These data suggest that tenovin-1 can induce cellular senescence in astrocytes possibly by inhibiting SIRT1 and SIRT2, which may play particular roles in brain aging and neurodegenerative conditions.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.1453-1462
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• 2003

In order to study the effect of oral administration of Mawhangyounpye-tang against to asthma, astham was induced to allergy-sensitive Balb/c mouse with ovalbumin using method of Hatfield et al (1997). The changes of diameter lumen of upper portion of the trachea, lung weight, gross appearance of lung, histological profiles of lung and trachea, numbers of cellular compartments in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), numbers and morphology of the mast cells in the trachea, numbers of mucus-secretory cell in the broncus, morphology of the bronchus, ultramicroscopical appearance of surface of trachea and number of cilia and mucous-secretory cells by scanning electron microscope. Obtained results were as follows. 1. The diameters of trachea lumen were significantly decreased in asthma induced control groups and these decreasing were result from hypertrophy of mucous membrane. However, these phenomena were dramatically recovered in the Mawhangyounpye-tang dosing groups. 2. Lung weights and black spots, which were result from infiltration of inflammatory cells, were significantly increased in asthma induced control groups but these phenomena were dramatically recovered in the Mawhangyounpye-tang dosing groups. 3. Hypertrophy of mucous membrane of trachea and bronchus and !bronchioles in the lung, peritracheal, peribronchus and peribronchiolar inflammatory cell infiltration, and mucoid exudate deposit in the lumen were observed in asthma induced control groups but these phenomena were dramatically recovered in the Mawhangyounpye-tang dosing groups. 4. Cellular compartments including neutrophil and eosinophil were dramatically increased in the BALF of asthma induced control groups but these phenomena were dramatically recovered in the Mawhangyounpye-tang dosing groups. 5. Mast cell degranulation and decreasing of the numbers of mast cells were detected in the trachea of asthma induced control groups. However, these phenomena were dramatically recovered in the Mawhangyounpye-tang dosing groups. 6. Shed, decreasing of cilia cell and increasing of mucous-secretory cells in the surface of the trachea of asthma induced control groups but these phenomena were dramatically recovered in the Mawhangyounpye-tang dosing groups. In conclusion, it Is considered that Mawhangyounpye-tang has somewhat favorable effect on the asthma because the asthma specific series of abnormalities in respiratory system were decreased after oral administratin of Mawhangyounpye-tang in this study. In future, it is needed that the toxicological and dosagespecific study of Mawhangyounpye-tang to use against asthma with safe.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.86-95
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• 1995

This study was accomplished to investigate the ultrastructure of mucous glands in dorsal skin of frog (Rana catesbeiana) by means of scanning and transmission electron microscopes. The dorsal skin of Rana catesbeiana is composed of epidermis and dermis. The cutaneous mucous glands consist of inner glandular epithelial cells and outer myoepithelial cells. Glandular epithelial cells are divided into four types by the microscopic ultrastructure; ER-rich cell, round secretory granule-containing cell, foam-like granule mass-containing cell, mitochondria-rich cell. Myoepithelial cell has a long elliptical nucleus and filled with fibrous materials in the cytoplasm. As a result of scanning microscopic observation, the surface of dorsal skin is covered with cutaneous protrusions. The opening sites of the mucous glands are irregularly distributed in dorsal skin.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.28-40
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• 1994

Xerostomia and xerophthalmia are delicate or serous side effects, occuring when the radiotherapy is administered to the head and neck cancer patient. It is known that the cause of the above side effect is radiosensitivity of serous cells. In this study, the ultrastructural features of the parotid glands of the X-irradiated rats were observed. Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200-250g each were anesthetized with sodium thiopental, and placed on the Mitsubishi linear accelerator. Only the head and neck areas of animals were exposured at the distance of 80cm, within the area of $30X30cm$, in the depth of 1cm, with the speed of 200R/min. Total doses applied were 3,000R or 6,000R depending on the experimental groups. Animals were sacrificed on the 6th hour, 2nd day and 6th day after the irradiation. Parotid glands were fixed in the 2.5% glutaraldehyde-1.5% paraformaldehyde solution, and followed by refixation in the 1% osmium tetroxide solution. Dehydrated blocks were embedded in araldite mixture, and ultrathin sections were cut. Sections were contrasted with the solution of uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and observed with JEM 100 CX-II electron microscope. The results were as follows: 1. Normal parotid acinar cells are two types; the light and the dark acinar cells. The light acinar cell contains dense secretory granules, whereas dark acinar cells contains granules of medium density with some darker spots within them, or other cells contain granules of medium density with darker rims. 2. Six hours after the irradiation, many acinar cells were degenerated showing variable stages of cytolytic bodies, light bodies, or dense degenerations. Within the acinar cell, Golgi apparatus and granular endoplasmic reticula were most severely altered elements. Granules showed more contrasting densities and irregularities. 3. Two days after the irradiation, some cytolytic bodies, and focal lucent degeneration of cytoplasm, and fine granular alteration of cytoplasmic matrix were pronounced. But other elements including secretory granules are rather looked unlatered. 4. Six days after the irradiation, most severe alterations were seen. Many intracellular canaliculi (or secretion figures), quanta of cytoplasm containing secretion antecedants, severely irregular luminal border, and again contrasting density of secretory granules showing tigroid spots or dense rims were noted. And myoepithelial degenerations were observed not uncommonly. 5. Irregular densities of secretory granules were interpreted as abnormal components of protein or carbohydrate portion are synthesized or abnormally metabolized under severe X-irradiation. 6. Myoepithelial degeneration and related alteration of nerve endings, etc., were suggested as the other causes of xerostomia following X-irradiation. 7. It is requested that radiation doses should be arranged, considering in mind not only the sensitivity of acinar cells but also the myoepithelial and neural functions.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.147-152
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• 2002

The morphological development of colonic epithelia in fetuses between 60-. 90-, and 120-days gestation and neonates of Korean native goat were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. In the 60-day-old fetuses, the colonic epithelial cells contained nuclei, nucleoli, mitochondria, free ribosomes, and shoo granular and agranular endoplasmic reticula. The zonula occludens, zonula adherens, desmosomes, short microvilli, and masses of glycogen granules were also obsrved. The goblet cells contained a few secretory granules. In the 90-day-old fetuses, the cell organelles of the colonic epithelial cells were better developed than those in the 60 day old fetuses. Increased number of endoplasmic reticula, digitiform intercellular junctions, mitochondria, and Golgi complexes was observed. The goblet cells contained a lot of secretory granules. In the 120-day-old fetuses, the colonic epithelial cells contained long microvilli and well developed cell organelles. The nuclear cleft and large intercellular space were also appeared. Nunerous fibroblasts were seen in the basement membrane. The number of goblet cells was further observed. In the 120 day old fetuses, all colonic epithelial cells shape simple columnar cells. In newborns, the colonic epithelial cells were covered with extensive microvilli. There were many goblet cells with a lot of secretory granules protruding into the intestinal lumen, and some goblet cells secreted their secretory granules into the lumen. In the 60-and 90-day-old fetuses, the colonic epithelial cells appeared to be either simple columnar or stratified columnar depending on areas.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1988년도 학술대회지
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• pp.55-62
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• 1988

본 연구에서 한국산 인삼의 활성성분의 하나인 panaxadiol(PD)의 가토적출분신에서 카테콜아민(CA)의 분비작용과 작용기전을 파악하고자 실험을 시행하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. PD($400\;{\mu}g$)을 가토적출부신에 투여 하였을 때 카테콜아민의 분비를 유의성 있게 증가시켰다. PD의 이러한 CA분비작용은 atiropine처리로 현저히 억제되었다. Physostigmine 처리시 PD뿐만 아니라 Ach의 CA 분비작용은 뚜렷이 증가 되었다. 그러나 chlorisondamine처리로 PD나 Ach의 분비효과는 억제되었다. 또한 PD($400\;{\mu}g$/30min)을 주입한 후에 Ach의 CA분비작용은 증강되었다. Ouabain에 의해서 PD의 작용은 약화되었으나 Ach의 CA분비효과는 오히려 강화되었다. PD나 Ach의 작용은 adenosine 전처리시 현저히 증강되었다. EDTA(5mM)와 함께 Ca-free Krebs액으로 30분 주입한 경우에 Ach의 분비작용은 거의 전적으로 차단되었으며, PD의 작용도 약화되었다. 이상의 실험결과로 보아, PD는 가토적출부신에서 $Ca^{++}$의존적으로 CA분비를 증가시키며, PD의 이러한 작용은 부신내의 cholinergic muscarinic 및 nicotinic receptor의 흥분작용에 기인되고, chromaffin cell에 대한 일부 직접작용에 의해서 나타나는 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.115-127
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• 1998

조피볼락의 소화관은 인두, 식도, 위, 장, 항문 그리고 10~11개의 유문수로 이루어져 있다. 유문수는 위의 유문부 말단에서 유래하며 바나나 형태의 맹낭을 형성하고 있다. 어체 체장에 대한 식도에서 항문까지의 소화관 길이의 비 (relative length of gut: RLG)는 1.56(n=10)이다. 식도의 근육층은 바깥쪽의 앓은 종주근층과 안쪽의 두꺼운 환상근층으로 구성된다. 점막상피층은 정단부에 짧은 미세융모를 가진 원주상피로 구성되며, 다수의 점액분비세포들을 가진다. 위의 점막주름은 규칙적으로 배열되었으며, 근육층은 종주근, 사주근, 환상근층으로 구성된다. 위선의 주세포는 관상의 미토콘드리아와 소포체 그리고 전자밀도가 높은 다수의 분비과립을 가지지만, 부세포는 소형의 미토콘드리아와 소포체 그리고 전자밀도가 낮은 액포를 가진다. 유문수와 장의 점막상피층은 주로 원주상피세포, rodlet cell 그리고 dark cell로 구성된다. 흡수기능을 가진 원주세포들은 발달된 미토콘드리아, 소포체, 전자밀도가 높은 과립상 물질, 음작용포 그리고 다포체를 가진다. Rodlet cell은 발달된 cytoplasmic capsule을 가지며 세포질에는 소포체가 잘 발달되어 있다. Dark cell의 세포질에는 전자밀도가 높고, 미토콘드리아들이 잘 발달되어 있다. 원주상피세포는 세포연접이 발달되어 있고, 상부에는 미세융모가 잘 발달되어 있으며, 미세융모의 내부에서는 세포질에서부터 시작된 actin filament를 관찰할 수 있다. 장 상피의 미세융모는 유문수의 미세융모 보다 길며, 배상세포의 수도 정상피에 더 많다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.211-221
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• 1999

아니사키스 유충의 숙주 조직 침입 기전을 알아보기 위하여 가장 빈번하게 인체감염을 일으키는 고래회충의 제3기 유충을 고양이에 경구감염시킨 후 경시적으로 충체를 회수하여 충체의 체표면, 배설기 및 소화기의 미세구조 변화를 관찰하고자 하였다. 고등어의 내장에서 분리, 수집한 고래회충의 유충을 20마리씩 고양이에 경구 감염시킨 후 6시간, 12시간, 24시간 및 3일에 회수한 충체와 고등어로부터 분리한 대조군 충체의 체표면, 소화기 및 배설기의 미세구조를 SEM및 TEM으로 관찰하였다. 주사전자현미경 관찰에서 대조군 충체는 전단에 잘 발달된 전단치아(boring tooth)를, 후단에 꼬리침(mucron)을, 체표면에는 불연속의 주름을 가지고 있었으나 감염 후 3일에 회수한 충체에서는 전단치아와 꼬리침이 관찰되지 않았고 체표면에는 규칙적인 가로주름이 관찰 되었으며 어떤 충체에서는 꼬리침 부위에서 전단까지 측면을 따라 세로홈(longitudinal groove)이 하나 관찰되었다. 대조군 충체의 배설기관 세포질내에는 무수히 많은 분비과립, 소포체, 골지체, 사립체 및 배설관 등이 분포하였고 특히, 분비과립은 직경이 $200\sim500nm$ 크기이고 비정형적적이며 다양한 전자밀도를 나타내었다. 감염 후 6시간 및 12시간에 회수한 충체는 대조군과 비슷한 소견을 나타낸 반면 감염 후 24시간에 회수한 충체에서는 직경이 $250\sim650nm$ 크기이며 구형인 분비과립과 분지된 소관들이 많이 관찰되었다. 근육성 식도의 벽은 방사상으로 배열되어 있는 잘 발달된 근섬유로 주로 구성되어 있었고 내강 부근에 $0.5\sim1.5{\mu}m$ 크기의 분비과립이 내포되어 있는 주머니가 있었으나 실험감염군 충체의 식도세포 세포질내에는 전자밀도가 높고 다양한 크기의 비정형 분비과립이 다수 분포하였다. 위(ventriculus)세포의 세포질내에는 다수의 사립체와 소포체 및 분비과립 주머니가 분포한 반면 감염 후 24시간에 회수한 충체의 위 세포 세포질내에는 전자밀도가 높은 다양한 크기의 비정형 분비과립이 다수 분포하였다. 이상의 결과로 고래회충의 제3기 유충이 고양이 위내에서 감염 후 3일에 제4기 유충으로 탈피함을 SEM으로 관찰하였고 TEM으로 관찰된 소화기 및 배설기 미세구조의 경시적 변화 소견 중 분비과립의 변화는 충체가 숙주조직을 들고 들어갈 때 중요한 역할을 하는 조직용해효소의 분비와 관계가 있는 것으로 판단되었다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.72-84
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• 1987

Histochemical and ultrastructural properties on the cutaneous mucous glands of the water toad, Bufo stejnegeri Schmidt, are studied with light and electron microscopes. Mucous glands of the water toad are simple alveolar glands which are composed of gland cavity in dermis and gland duct in epidermis. Each gland cavity of the mucous glands is consisted of outmost myoepithelial cells, glandular epithelial cells and inner cavity. Gland cavities of the mucous glands are composed of four kinds of glandular epithelial cells which are the dark cell, the light cell, the mucous containing cell and the small cell. Secretory materials which are certified as acid mucopolysaccharides by the histochemical reactions are synthesized through the Golgi complexes of the mucous containing cells.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.19-30
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• 1986

Endocrine cells were observed in the gastrointestinal tract of the squirrels by light microscopy using Grimelius and Masson-Hamperl silver impregnation, and in the stomach and duodenum by electron microscopy. Light microscopically, argyrophil cell decreased gradually in number in the pyloric region and ileum, stomach, duodenum and jejunum and rectum in the order listed. Argentaffin cells were moderately distributed in the stomach, pyloric region and duodenum, while absent in the jejunum, ileum and rectum. Five kinds of cell types, EC, ECL, D, $D_1$ and G cells were identified in the stomach and three kinds of cell types, S, $EC_1$ and $EC_2$ were also identified in the duodenum by electron microscopy. A cilium noted in the cytoplasm of $D_1$-type cell. The species differences in the distribution, size and structure of the secretory granules were discussed.