• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.397-403
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• 2018

Mobile X-ray generators are used not in the radiation area but in open space, which causes the exposure of secondary radiation to the healthcare professionals, patients, guardians, etc., regardless of their intentions. This study aimed to investigate the shielding effect of the developed radiation restrictor to block the secondary radiation scattered during the use of mobile X-ray generator. Upon setting the condition of mobile X-ray generator with chest AP, spatial doses were measured by the existence of human equivalent phantom and radiation restrictor, and measured by the existences of phantom and radiation restrictor at the same length of 100 cm. Measurements were taken at intervals of 10 cm every $30^{\circ}$ from $-90^{\circ}$ (head direction) to $+90^{\circ}$ (body direction). Upon the study results, spatial doses in all direction were increased by 45% on average when using phantom in the same condition, however, they were decreased by 64% on average when using the developed radiation restrictor. The dose at 100 cm from the center of X-ray was $3.0{\pm}0.08{\mu}Gy$ without phantom and was increased by 40% with $4.2{\pm}0.08{\mu}Gy$ after phantom usage. The dose when using phantom and the developed radiation restrictor was $1.4{\pm}0.08{\mu}Gy$, which was decreased by 66% compared to the case without using them. Therefore, it is considered the scattered radiation can be shielded at 100-150 cm, the regulation of the distance between beds, effectively with the developed radiation restrictor when using mobile X-ray generators, which can lower the radiation exposure to the people nearby including healthcare professionals and patients.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.78-89
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• 2017

Purpose: To determine the optimal radiotherapy technique for gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (MALToma), we compared the dosimetric parameters and the risk of solid secondary cancer from scattered doses among anterior-posterior/ posterior-anterior parallel-opposed fields (AP/PA), anterior, posterior, right, and left lateral fields (4_field), 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) using noncoplanar beams, and intensity-modulated radiotherapy composed of 7 coplanar beams (IMRT_co) and 7 coplanar and noncoplanar beams (IMRT_non). Materials and Methods: We retrospectively generated 5 planning techniques for 5 patients with gastric MALToma. Homogeneity index (HI), conformity index (CI), and mean doses of the kidney and liver were calculated from the dose-volume histograms. Applied the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation VII report to scattered doses, the lifetime attributable risk (LAR) was calculated to estimate the risk of solid secondary cancer. Results: The best value of CI was obtained with IMRT, although the HI varied among patients. The mean kidney dose was the highest with AP/PA, followed by 4_field, 3D-CRT, IMRT_co, and IMRT_non. On the other hand, the mean liver dose was the highest with 4_field and the lowest with AP/PA. Compared with 4_field, the LAR for 3D-CRT decreased except the lungs, and the LAR for IMRT_co and IMRT_non increased except the lungs. However, the absolute differences were much lower than <1%. Conclusion: Tailored RT techniques seem to be beneficial because it could achieve adjacent organ sparing with very small and clinically irrelevant increase of secondary solid cancer risk compared to the conventional techniques.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.61-67
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• 1983

Two cases of primary malignant lymphoma of the brain and six cases of secondary CNS lymphoma seen at Yonsei cancer center, radiotherapy department for recent 4 years are presented. Primary lymphomas revealed single tumor mass on corpus callosum area and secondary lymphoma were intracranial (3 cases) or leptomeningeal type (3 cases). Histology of primary lymphoma were reticulum cell sarcoma and secondary lymphomas were either diffuse histiocytic or diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma. All patients showed good response to radiation. Two patients with primary CNS lymphoma and two of six secondary CNS lymphoma are alive after radiotherapy (34, 31, 26, 12 months). But the prognosis of secondary CNS lymphoma is grave, because of progressive systemic disease. Incidence, risk factors, diagnosis and therapeutic management of CNS involvement are also discussed.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.73-80
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• 1980

We studied about dosimetry according to the X-ray tube voltage, radiation field object thickness and obtained results as follow. 1. Secondary ray involing rate in the penetrated radiation increased proportion to the tube voltage, but its rate is more larger at the small radiation fields. than large fields. 2. Secondary ray involving rate in the penetrated radiation increased at thick object and large exposure fields. But saturated phenomenon appeared at limited field. 3. Secondary involving rate of acryl phantom is more top place than water, paraffin and aluminum phantom.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.289-295
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• 2018

When using a mobile X-ray unit, primary radiation creates medical images and secondary radiation scatters in many directions, which reduces image quality and causes exposure to patients, care givers and medical personnel. The purpose of this study was to develop a radiation shielding system for effectively shielding secondary radiation and evaluate its effectiveness. Using a mobile X-ray unit, spatial dose according to presence of human equivalent phantom and spatial dose using the developed shielding device were measured, and the phantom at 80 cm equidistance from center of X-ray was compared with spatial dose according to use of a shield. Measurements were taken at intervals of 10 cm every $30^{\circ}$ from the head direction($-90^{\circ}$) to the body direction($+90^{\circ}$). In the spatial dose measurement with and without the phantom, when the human equivalent Phantom was used, the spatial dose was increased by 40% in all directions from 40 cm to 100 cm from the central X-ray, and about 88% of the space dose was reduced when using the developed shields with the phantom. The equidistance dose at 80 cm from the central X-ray was increased by 39% from $5.1{\pm}0.26{\mu}Gy$ to $7.1{\pm}0.15{\mu}Gy$ when the human equivalent phantom was used, and when phantom was used and shielding was used, the spatial dose was reduced by about 90% from $7.1{\pm}0.15{\mu}Gy$ to $0.7{\pm}0.07{\mu}Gy$. The spatial dose of natural radiation was measured to be about $0.2{\pm}0.04{\mu}Gy$ when using the developed shielding with Phantom at a distance of 1 m or more. It is expected that by using the developed shielding system, it will be possible to effectively reduce secondary radiation dose received in all directions and to ensure safe imaging.

• 폴리머
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.598-602
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 리튬이차전지용 상용 분리막에 전자선을 조사하여 가교구조를 지닌 내열성이 향상된 분리막을 제조하였고 조사선량에 의한 열적, 기계적 특성들을 평가하였다. 전자선 조사된 분리막의 열수축률은 조사선량이 증가할수록 감소하였고 AC impedance를 이용한 shutdown거동 연구 결과 전자선 조사를 하지 않은 분리막보다 우수한 shutdown 특성을 갖는 것으로 확인하였다. 또한, 전자선 조사선량이 증가할수록 분리막의 모듈러스는 향상되는 반면 인장강도와 파단 연신율은 감소됨이 관찰되었다.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.162-168
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• 2016

Proton therapy is increasingly being actively used in the treatment of cancer. In contrast to photons, protons have the potential advantage of delivering higher doses to the cancerous tissue and lower doses to the surrounding normal tissue. However, a range shifter is needed to degrade the beam energy in order to apply the pencil beam scanning technique to tumors located close to the minimum range. The secondary neutrons are produced in the beam path including within the patient's body as a result of nuclear interactions. Therefore, unintended side effects may possibly occur. The research related to the secondary neutrons generated during proton therapy has been presented in a variety of studies worldwide, since 2007. In this study, we measured the magnitude of the secondary neutron dose depending on the location of the detector and the use of a range shifter at the beam nozzle of the proton scanning mode, which was recently installed. In addition, the production of secondary neutrons was measured and estimated as a function of the distance between the isocenter and detector. The neutron dose was measured using WENDI-II (Wide Energy Neutron Detection Instruments) and a Plastic Water phantom; a Zebra dosimeter and 4-cm-thick range shifter were also employed as a phantom. In conclusion, we need to consider the secondary neutron dose at proton scanning facilities to employ the range shifter reasonably and effectively.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권8호
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• pp.3365-3370
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• 2015

Radiotherapy has an important role in the treatment of prostate cancer. Three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT), intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) techniques are all applied for this purpose. However, the risk of secondary radiation-induced bladder cancer is significantly elevated in irradiated patients compared surgery-only or watchful waiting groups. There are also reports of risk of secondary cancer with low doses to normal tissues. This study was designed to compare received volumes of low doses among 3D-CRT, IMRT and VMAT techniques for prostate patients. Ten prostate cancer patients were selected retrospectively for this planning study. Treatment plans were generated using 3D-CRT, IMRT and VMAT techniques. Conformity index (CI), homogenity index (HI), receiving 5 Gy of the volume (V5%), receiving 2 Gy of the volume (V2%), receiving 1 Gy of the volume (V1%) and monitor units (MUs) were compared. This study confirms that VMAT has slightly better CI while thev olume of low doses was higher. VMAT had lower MUs than IMRT. 3D-CRT had the lowest MU, CI and HI. If target coverage and normal tissue sparing are comparable between different treatment techniques, the risk of second malignancy should be a important factor in the selection of treatment.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.87-95
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• 2015

목 적 : 안와 주변 방사선 치료 시 수정체 피폭선량감소를 위하여 사용된 2차 차폐 block의 유용성을 알아보고자 한다. 대상 및 방법 : Human phantom(Alderson Rando Phantom, The Phantom Laboratory, USA)을 사용하여 CT(Somatom Definition AS, Siemens, Germany) 모의촬영 후 전산화치료계획시스템(Pinnacle, PHILIPS, USA)을 통해 실제 치료와 유사한 IMRT치료계획을 실시하였다. 2차 차폐를 위하여 두께 3mm 지름 25 mm의 납판과 3 mm tungsten eye-shield block(Extra small size, Radiation Products Design, Inc, USA)를 사용하였으며, TPS(Treatment Planning System) 상의 lens dose와 모의치료 상의 lens dose를 OSLD로 측정 비교하였다. 또한, 5 cm 두께의 acrylic phantom에 동일한 조건의 2차 차폐물인 3 mm 납판과 tungsten eye-shield block을 사용하여 200 MU(6 MV, SPD(Source to Phantom Distance)=100 cm, $F{\cdot}S\;5{\times}5cm$)를 조사 및 측정하였으며, 조사야 밖의 누설선 및 투과방사선 영향을 제한시키고자 8 cm 납블럭(O.S.B: Outside Scatter Block)을 적용하여 위와 동일한 실험을 시행하였다. 조사야로부터 1 cm 이격하여 phantom 끝 옆면에 OSLD(Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimeter)를 부착하였고, eyelid의 두께에 해당하는 bolus 3 mm를 적용하였다. 결 과 : human phantom을 이용하여 IMRT 치료계획 상의 Lens dose와 실 측정치는 각각 315.9, 216.7 cGy가 측정되었고, 3 mm 납판과 tungsten eye-shield block으로 2차 차폐 후 각각 234.3, 224.1 cGy가 측정되었다. acrylic phantom을 이용한 실험 결과는 no block, 3 mm 납판, tungsten eye-shield block을 사용했을 때 5.24, 5.42, 5.39 cGy가 측정되었으며, 조사야 밖에 O.S.B를 적용하여 no block, 3 mm 납판, tungsten eye-shield block을 실험한 결과 각각 1.79, 2.00, 2.02 cGy가 측정되었다. 결 론 : 광자선 조사 시 critical organ을 보호하기 위하여 2차 차폐를 적용할 시에는 field 외부일지라도 헤드 누설방사선 및 collimator & MLC 투과방사선이 존재하므로 치료부위와 beam 방향에 따라 금속과 같은 높은 원자번호의 차폐물질이 critical organ근처에 있다면 선량 증가의 원인이 될 수 있다는 사실을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 피폭선량 감소를 위한 2차 차폐의 시도는 분명 의미가 있었으나 미 검증된 시도는 오히려 역효과를 가져올 수 있다는 사실을 인지하여 QA를 통해 목적에 부합하는 결과가 나오는지를 사전에 알아보아야 할 것이다.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.39-47
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• 2021

Background: The National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology-National Institute of Radiological Sciences (QST-NIRS) has continuously investigated the undesired radiation exposure in ion beam radiotherapy mainly in carbon-ion radiotherapy (CIRT). This review introduces our investigations on the secondary neutron dose in CIRT with the broad and scanning beam methods. Materials and Methods: The neutron ambient dose equivalents in CIRT are evaluated based on rem meter (WENDI-II) measurements. The out-of-field organ doses assuming prostate cancer and pediatric brain tumor treatments are also evaluated through the Monte Carlo simulation. This evaluation of the out-of-field dose includes contributions from secondary neutrons and secondary charged particles. Results and Discussion: The measurements of the neutron ambient dose equivalents at a 90#x00B0; angle to the beam axis in CIRT with the broad beam method show that the neutron dose per treatment dose in CIRT is lower than that in proton radiotherapy (PRT). For the scanning beam with the energy scanning technique, the neutron dose per treatment dose in CIRT is lower than that in PRT. Moreover, the out-of-field organ doses in CIRT decreased with distance to the target and are less than the lower bound in intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) shown in AAPM TG-158 (American Association of Physicists in Medicine Task Group). Conclusion: The evaluation of the out-of-field doses is important from the viewpoint of secondary cancer risk after radiotherapy. Secondary neutrons are the major source in CIRT, especially in the distant area from the target volume. However, the dose level in CIRT is similar or lower than that in PRT and IMRT, even if the contributions from all radiation species are included in the evaluation.