• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.42-49
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• 1976

In order to study the variations of isoperoxidases of four parts of L. cyrtobotrya, leaves, secondary phloem, fibrous root, ovary were collected on september 29, 1975, respectively from 12 individuals which were planted in the compound of Institute of Forest Genetics, suwon, Korea. No variation of isoperoxidases appeared among the same parts which were collected from the same individual. There was a great variation in the pattern of isoperoxidase band among the 12 individuals in leaves, secondary phloem, fibrous root, and ovary. Regarding to the common occurrence band, the number was 7 in the leaves, secondary phloem, and fibrous root, while 35 bands were appeared in the ovary part. These was a great variation of occurrence band in four parts of Lespedeza. But the number of band in the parts of the Lespedeza was 4.50-5.16 on average, on the other hand there was no significant difference. No variation was observed in the activity of isoperoxidase in leaves. On the other hand, there was small varation in the secondary phloem, fibrous root and ovary.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.53-56
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• 2018

Elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) mass concentrations in PM2.5 were measured from March through October 2015 in Taehwa Research Forest (TRF). The concentration of carbon in the TRF was $3.4{\mu}g/m^3$ and the concentration of EC was $1.4{\mu}g/m^3$. Also the concentration of $OC_{sec}$ was the highest at $2.84{\mu}g/m^3$ in the summer and the lowest at 1.66 in the spring. The ratio of the secondary generation OC in the total OC was the highest at 62% in the summer. Monthly OC concentration was the lowest at $2.38{\mu}g/m^3$ in April and the highest at $6.60{\mu}g/m^3$ in July. In case of EC concentration was the lowest in April ($0.98{\mu}g/m^3$) and the highest in July ($3.41{\mu}g/m^3$). The OC/EC ratio showed the lowest ratio in March and the highest rate in September. It is suggested that the secondary generation reaction of OC component was active due to sufficient irradiation amount in summer.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2004

The climate of Minamiakikawa forest in Japan is similar to that of Mt. Jiri in South Korea. There is a large development plan for Minamiakikawa forest, and a change in the species composition is expected. This study was initiated to compare forest transition caused by artificial perturbations in Korea and Japan. Long-term field observations on species composition are reported. We found 98 families, 231 genera, 315 species, 29 varieties, and 8 races, making a total of 352 classification groups of higher plants in the Minamiakikawa forest area. Among them, 11 families, 12 species and 2 varieties are rare or endangered. The study area is dominated by Cryptomerica japonica and Chamaecyparis obtusa. The time and restoration effects on secondary and latent forestation consider the development of the Quercus mongolica community, the Quercus serrata community, and deciduous-broadleaved tree ascension. This indicates that the forest has been restored to Abies firma, Pinus densiflora or Cryptomeria japonica and Fagus japonica, which is considered latent natural forestation of the area in a natural transfer.

• 한국생태학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2002.08a
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• pp.71-77
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• 2002

For landscape ecological management of the isolated forestlands in Incheon city located in the western tip of South Korea, the forest vegetation of Mt. Cheolma was classified phytosciologically and mapped out its spatial distribution at a scale of 1:5,000. Characteristics of forest landscape structures were discussed in terms of the number and size of patches obtained by analyzing vegetation map. Units to manage the forest vegetation were categorized into eighteen communities, seventeen groups, and sixteen subgroups. Landscape elements were classified into five types: secondary vegetation, introduced vegetation for forestry (IVF), introduced vegetation for agriculture (IVA), and other elements. Two hundred and ninety-three forest landscape patches covers 443.3ha of which IVF accounted for 316.8ha(71.5%), the largest portion, secondary vegetation for f01.2ha(22.8%), IVA for 6.2ha(1.4%), and others for 19.1ha(4.3%). The ratio of natural forest elements of 31.9% showed that this area was mainly comprised of artificially introduced vegetation, such as Robinia pseudoacacia plantation and Pinus rigida plantation. Forest landscape patches have a mean area of 4.5ha, a density of 66.1/100ha, and a diversity index of 0.87. It was estimated that differentiation of patches recognized in community level would be related to human interference and those in subordinate level to natural processes.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.205-211
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• 2002

For landscape ecological management of the isolated forestlands in Incheon city located in the western tip of South Korea, the forest vegetation of Mt. Cheolma was classified phytosciologically and mapped out its spatial distribution at a scale of 1:5,000. Characteristics of forest landscape structures were discussed in terms of the number and size of patches obtained by analy zing vegetation map. Units to manage the forest vegetation were categorized into eighteen communities, seventeen groups, and sixteen subgroups. Landscape elements were classified into five types: secondary vegetation, introduced vegetation for forestry (IVF), introduced vegetation for agriculture (IVA), and other elements. Two hundred and ninety-three forest landscape patches covers 443.3ha, of which IVF accounted for 316.8ha(71.5$\%$), the largest portion, secondary vegetation for 101.2ha(22.8$\%$), IVA for 6.2ha(1.4$\%$), and others for 19.1ha(4.3$\%$). The ratio of natural forest elements of 31.9$\%$ showed that this area was mainly comprised of artificially introduced vegetation, such as Robinia pseudoacacia plantation and Pinus rigida plantation. Forest landscape patches have a mean area of 4.5ha, a density of 66.1/100ha, and a diversity index of 0.87. It was estimated that differentiation of patches recognized in community level would be related to human interference and those in subordinate level to natural processes.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 2003

Fifteen major naturally populated habitats around the Mt. Halla, Jeju province for wild Cornus kousa are mostly located on the southeast side of the mountains at 850-1,550m in altitude at sea level and are in half sunney areas. More than 40.0% of the naturally populated area of Cornus kousa are edge of forest areas and 53.3% populate on the steep slope of the mountain in 0-5℃. The direction of the slop for about 40.0% of total populated areas is southeast. In the naturally populated areas, total of 64 taxa dividing into 42 families, 59 genera 56 species and 8 varieties have been shown, mostly Hydrangea petiolaris, Rubus oldhamii, Ilex crenata, Sasa quelpaertensis, Ligustrum obtusifolium. It is suggested that these areas are secondary forest in a typical deciduous forest in Mt. Halla where the second transition had been progressed after forest damage or environmental stress. The index of species diversity of plant groups in these areas is 1.286-4.238 based on the Shannon-Wiener's method.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.791-797
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• 1998

An attempt to clarify the landscape structure of urban areas was carried out on Mt. Hwangryung located in the center of Pusan, southern Korea. By means of aerial photographs and field survey, a vegetation map including land-use pattern was made. Landscape structure was described by analyzing the vegetation map. Landscape element types were classified into secondary forest, introduced plantation, and other elements including urbanized area. almus firma and Pinus thunbergii communities, introduced plantation elements, formed matrix and some secondary forest elements and the other artificial plantations of small scale tended to distribute as small patches in such matrix. The number of patches per unit area in secondary forest elements was more than that in introduced plantation element. The result on patech size was vice versa. As the results of landscape ecological analyses, it was estimated that differentiation of patches recognized in community level would be related to artificial interference and those in sub-communities levels to natural process such as progression of succession. On the other hand, restoration plans in viewpoints of restoration and landscape ecology were suggested to improve ecological quality of Mt. hwangryung.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.302-310
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• 2016

The loss and degradation in tropical forest region are some of the current global concern. Hence, these issues elevated the role of rehabilitated forests in providing ecological products and services. The information on the carbon stock is important in relation to global carbon and biomass use, but lacking from the tropical region. This paper reports the assessment of tree and soil carbon stock in a chronosequence rehabilitated tropical forest stands in Malaysia. The study site was at the UPM-Mitsubishi Forest Rehabilitation Project, UPMKB. $20{\times}20m$ plot was established each and assessed in 2009 at 1-, 10- and 19-year-old sites while an adjacent ${\pm}23-year-old$ natural regenerating secondary forest plot was established for comparison. The overall total carbon stock was in the order of 19-year-old>${\pm}23-year-old$>10-year-old>1-year-old. When forest carbon stock is low, the soil component plays an important role in the carbon storage. The forest carbon recovery is crucial to increase soil carbon stock. The variations in the carbon stock showed the different stages of the forest recovery. Species survived after 19-years of planting are potential species for carbon sequestration activities in rehabilitated forest. Human intervention in rehabilitating degraded forest areas through tree planting initiatives is crucial towards recovering the forest ecological role especially in forest carbon stock capacity.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.183-189
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• 2009

This research focused on the effects of fragmentation on moth diversity in an agricultural land-scape by comparing moth species richness and abundance between hillocks and young secondary forests. We examined five sites from the southwestern part of South Korea: three sites from hillock forest and two from secondary forest. We collected moths bi-weekly from April to October for a 2-year period (2006-2007) with a UV light trap that usually attracts moths within 30 meters. Tree species richness and abundance in $20m{\times}20m$ plots at each moth sampling site showed a substantial difference in tree diversity between the two types of forest habitats. The total abundance and richness of moth species were higher in secondary forests (541 species with 4,998 individuals) than in hillock forests (423 species with 3,913 individuals), irrespective of the distance among the sites. An ordination analysis with NMDS showed that habitat is the most important factor of grouping sites. The food preferences of the dominant moth species i,n each habitat were closely related to the habitat type.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.22-32
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• 1983

The paper is investigation of the secondary vegeation and succession at the forest fire area in Mt. Palgong. The survey was carried out from April, 1981 to Stempter, 1982. The floristic compositions were as follows: 50 families, 116 genera, 127 species, 15 varieties and 3 formae(145 kinds). Among them, the floristic composition of the pine floor vegetation of the unburned area was 43 families, 80 genera, 88 species, 10 varieties and 1 forma(99 kinds), and that of the secondary vegetatiion after forest fire was 46 families, 106 genera, 120 species, 14 varieties and 3 formae(137 kinds). Index of similarity between the burned and unburned area was 0.77. The biological type succeeded in $H-D_1-R_5$type, and the erect form(s) was prevailed. Carex humilis var. nana, Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens, and lespedeza cyrtobotrya were dominant species in the $ B_1; and; B_2$ area of the seventh year after forest fire. In the degree of succession, species diversity, and evenness index, DS, H, and e of the $B_1$ area were higher than those of the $B_2$ area. In the soil properties, it assumed that pH, total nitrogen, and available phosphores of the burned area were nearly recovered to those of the unburned area.