• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.255-260
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• 2006

Culture conditions for high frequency plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis from embryogenic cell suspension cultures of Hovenia dulcis are described. Germinated somatic embryos were selected for induction of secondary embryogenesis. Friable embryogenic cells were induced directly from somatic embryos when transfer to 1/3 MS solid or liquid medium lacking plant growth regulators. The temperature strongly effected on induction of secondary embryognesis than other conditions in culture. All somatic embryos produced friable embryogenic cell clumps within 10 days when germinated somatic embryos cultured in 1/3 MS medium at $30^{\circ}C$ in suspension culture. No somatic embryos formed from embryogenic cell suspension cultures at $18^{\circ}C$. Numerous somatic embryos were induced and subsequently developed uniformly into germination stage from suspended cell clumps after 4 weeks of culture on $18^{\circ}C$. Plantlets conversion were observed on $18^{\circ}C$ when germinated somatic embryos were transferred to 1/3 MS solid medium without plant growth regulators or supplemented with 0.1-0.5 mg/l benzyladenine.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.1-15
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• 2007

A variety of revegetation methods are being utilized and developed. However, most of revegetation methods used on highway slopes in Korea are based on foreign-introduced plant varieties to stabilize road surfaces and to administer afforestation for surface covering at an earlier phase. Therefore. it results in various problems. such as failure to achieve harmony with the surrounding vegetation and 10 cause re-denudation of slopes as the foreign-in introduced plant varieties wane out from 2~3 years after hydro-seeding, etc. In addition, some of the revegetation plants seeded in the earlier phase grow excessively high, thus causes successional problems, such as to inhibit the invasion of the secondary vegetation from the surrounding areas, etc. Therefore, in this study, 160 slopes located in the nationwide express highways have been investigated and analyzed in order to produce basic data for restoration of ecological environment in slopes created on a long-term basis by investigating and analyzing locational characteristics of cut and filled slopes in express highways, status of revegetation methods, characteristics of soil and plant-ecological environment. 1. Investigation on cut and embanked slopes in express highways was carried out in the total of 160 locations, which include 108 cut slopes and 52 embanked slopes. As a whole, the most frequently used revegetation method was seed spray, which was found to be used in the total of 55 target slops investigated. 2. Planting method of Wistaria floribunda applied to some of the blasted rock zones was found to cause damages as Wistaria floribunda trailed up the surrounding vegetation and the secondary invaded trees. In order to prevent this, this method must be used only in the lowest parts of large-sized slopes. Also, it will be required to administer continuous management and maintenance in the areas already planted with this plants. 3. The areas of blasted rock and ripping rock slopes were applied with coir net (net + seeding) method. However, many of these areas failed in achieving ground covering. Most areas where revegetation was in progress, they were covered with Eragrostis curvula(Weeping lovegrass) only. In areas with soil, such as decomposition of granite, where afforestation is difficult. In this slopes, soil base must be improved by hrdroseeding with thin-layer vegetation base application methods in order to achieve success in afforestation with native plants. 4. Woody species, rather than herb species, are more helpful in stabilization of slope surfaces. Therefore, it is important to be able to grow and protect woody species on highway slopes. Growth of woody vegetation is most largely influenced by soil depth. Thus, when hydro-seeding woody plants, it is recommended to apply at the upper layer of the slopes, which is capable to sufficiently provide the fundamentals required in plant growth.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.646-655
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• 2015

A phytosociological survey carried out using the Z.-M. School’s methodology and system of numerical-classification analyses, this study sought to classify the syntaxa of forest vegetation on Mt. Byeokbang and to collect basic data on the transitional zones of the southern Korean peninsula’s coastal region. The syntaxa were classified into three physiognomic types and nine communities, including (1) evergreen coniferous forests (Eurya japonica-Pinus thunbergii community and Ardisia japonica-Pinus densiflora community), (2) summer-green, broad-leaved forests (Chloranthus japonicus-Quercus serrate community, Syneilesis palmata-Quercus mongolica community, Quercus acutissima community, Carpinus turczaninovii var. coreana community, Fraxinus siebolidiana-Quercus dentate community, and Deutzia glabrata-Lindera erythrocarpa community), and (3) artificial afforestation (Alnus firma afforestation). The Chloranthus japonicus-Quercus serrata community, Syneilesis palmata-Quercus mongolica community, Fraxinus siebolidiana-Quercus dentata community, Carpinus turczaninovii var. coreana, community and Deutzia glabrata-Lindera erythrocarpa community were closely evaluated for national vegetation naturalness. It was confirmed that the Carpinus turczaninovii var. coreana community was endemic to Korea. Most syntaxa were defined as a secondary forestation due to various human activities (e.g., forest fires, logging, digging, climbing, etc.). The results of a canonical-correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that human activities, altitude, humus depth, rock cover ratio, slope, etc. were the main ecological factors determining the classified plant communities’ distribution patterns.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.207-218
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• 2020

Ashwagandha is an important ancient medicinal crops, being affected with many diseases, among which leaf blight caused by Alternaria alternata has become the constraint resulting in huge yield losses. Continuous usage of chemical methods leads to environment, soil and water pollution. Whereas biological control of diseases is long lasting, inexpensive, eco-friendly and harmless to target organisms. In this context, it is aimed to evaluate five Trichoderma strains viz. Trichoderma virens IMI-392430, T. pseudokoningii IMI-392431, T. harzianum IMI-392432, T. harzianum IMI-392433 and T. harzianum IMI-392434 as bio-control efficacy against A. alternata and growth promoting effect in Ashwagandha. All the Trichoderma strains had varied antagonistic effects against the pathogen. In dual culture technique, the strain T. harzianum IMI-392433 showed maximum percentage inhibition of mycelial growth (54.89%) followed by T. harzianum IMI-392432 (53.83%), T. harzianum IMI-392434 (48.94%) and T. virens IMI-392430, (43.62%) against the pathogen, while the least inhibition percentage was observed with the T. pseudokoningii IMI-392431 (36.60%). The culture filtrate of the Trichoderma strain, T. harzianum IMI-392433 recorded highest inhibition on the mycelial growth (39.05%) and spore germination (80.77%) of pathogen and the lowest was recorded in T. pseudokoningii IMI-392431 (20.45 and 50%). Moreover, seeds treated with spore suspension of the strain T. harzianum IMI-392433 reduced the percentages of disease severity index significantly. The strain T. harzianum IMI-392433 also significantly increased seed germination %, seedling vigor and growth of Ashwagandha. The correlation matrix showed that root yield per plant of Ashwagandha had significant and positive correlation with plant height (r=0.726^⁎⁎), number of leaf (r=0.514^⁎⁎), number of primary branch (r=0.820^⁎⁎), number of secondary branch (r=0.829^⁎⁎), fresh plant weight (r=0.887^⁎⁎), plant dry weight (r=0.613^⁎⁎), root length (r=0.824^⁎⁎), root diameter (r=0.786^⁎⁎), root dry weight (r=0.739^⁎⁎) and fresh root weight (r=0.731^⁎⁎). The significant and negative correlation (r=-0.336^⁎⁎) was observed with the root yield and percentages of disease severity index. The study recognized that the T. harzianum IMI-392433 strain performed well in inhibiting the mycelial growth and reduced the percentages of disease severity index of pathogen as well as increased the plant growth in Ashwagandha.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.1
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• pp.32-37
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• 2006

The influence of different doses of jasmonic acid on both biomass of adventitious roots and accumulation of secondary metabolite in bioreactor cultures of Eleutherococcus koreanum was studied. The maximum growth (2.9 g Dry Weight/L) of adventitious roots was observed in the absence of jasmonic acid. The biomass of adventitious roots decreased with the increase in jasmonic acid dosage. High level of jasmonic acid efficiently stimulated the production of both eleutheroside B and E. The highest eleutheroside B ($49.0{\mu}g/g\;DW$) was observed at 0.4 mg/L jasmonic acid. Jasmonic acid at 0.2 mg/L led to the maximum accumulation of eleutheroside E ($64.7{\mu}g/g\;DW$). Whereas eleutheroside $E_1$ was maximally $19.0{\mu}g/g\;DW$ accumulated in the absence of jasmonic acid, the total eleutheroside ($259.9{\mu}g/L$) was the highest when 0.01 mg/L jasmonic acid was treated. In this study, the level of eleutheroside B decreased whereas the maximum levels of eleutheroside E and eleutheroside $E_1$ were observed at 10th and 4th day after jasmonic acid treatment.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.631-644
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• 2006

The study area is a pocket beach which consisted of sandy beach, dune, agricultural land and residential area etc. The coastal dune area is classified to foredune, dune plain, secondary (or back) dune. The foredune area is covered by herbaceous dune plants(ex. Carex kobomugi, Wedelia prostrata, etc.), whereas the dune plain area is covered by herbs and shrubs(Vitex rotundifolia). The most inner area, secondary dune, is planted by pine forest(Pinus thunbergii). The mean size of the beach and dune sediments ranges from 1.1 to $1.8{\Phi}$, which mean these values are higher than normal sediments. Sorting and Skewness is $0.6{\sim}-1.2{\Phi}$ and $-2.7{\sim}1.6{\Phi}$ respectively. We found that the soil formation process in the secondary dune area has been progressed rapidly from the analysis of fine grain content, organic matter content, and CEC.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.81 no.2
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• pp.183-190
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• 1992

The influence of various levels of major medium components such as sucrose, nitrate, phosphate, plant growth regulators, and light intensity for cell growth and the production of anthocyanin content in cell cultures of Populus alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa were investigated. Best results for anthocyanin yield were obtained using Murashige and Skoog(MS) medium containing 5% sucrose, 12.5% nitrate, 200% phosphate, 1.0mg/l indole-3-acetic acid(IAA), 1.0mg/l benaylaminopurine(BAP), and continuous illumination of 7,000 lux. On the other hand, maximum cell growth was achieved with 5% sucrose, 50% nitrate above 400% phosphate compare with that of MS basal mediumi, and 0.5mg/l 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid(2, 4-D). Anthocyanin accumulation in a suspension cultured cells of given genotype was stimulated by subculturing onto the medium lacking 2, 4-D. Pigmented cell clusters were extracted with methanol containing 1% hydrochloric acid (HCl) and then anthocyanin was identified by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and U. V. spectrophotometer.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.1
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• pp.115-123
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• 2007

We investigated the effects of postfire logging on bird populations and communities through 57 point counts in unburned, burned and logged burned plots of coniferous forests in Samcheok, Korea. We found that lower species richness, abundance, and diversity in logged plots where were controlled by a typical postfire management. As results of guild analysis for nest sites and food resources, postfire logging reduced densities of ground-shrub nesters, primary and secondary cavity nesters, but was also related to reduction in densities of some foraging groups such as timber drillers and foliage searchers. These results suggest that snag-retention is essential for birds in burned forests and that postfire logging is incompatible with the maintenance of bird populations and communities. Consequently we need to develope guidelines of postfire management for snag-retention in burned forests through intensive researches focused on some target species such as Great spotted woodpeckers Dendrocopos major.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.152-158
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• 2007

Micromorphological and chemical characteristics of living Castanea spp. and Tamarix spp. attacked by a brown-rot fungus were examined. Micromorphological features of brown-rotted hardwood species were similar to those observed in softwoods such as losses in birefringence under polarized microscopy, preferential degradation of $S_2$ layer and cracks in the $S_3$ layer. Thinning of the secondary cell wall in fibers was also observed, although it did not seem to be the main symptom. FT-IR analysis showed that bands assigned to cellulose and hemicelluloses decreased or disappeared, whereas the bands assigned to lignin increased. X-ray diffraction analysis exhibited the decrease of relative crystallinity, indicating that degradation of hardwood by a brown-rot fungus was in the advanced stages.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.87-102
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• 1996

To study vegetational structure of the Korean warm temperate region fifty two plots were surveyed in evergreen broad-leaved forests of southern islands. The vegetational structures among sites were dissimilar in virtue of geographical isolation and artificial disturbance. The surveyed plots were generally classified into three groups; the first, the group in which plant succession has proceeded naturally, the second, the group which was disturbed and managed for a long time, the third, the group which was afforested and has been succeeded into evergreen broad-leaved forest. The species with constancy over 80% in fifty two plots were Machilus thunbergii, Eurya japonica, Trachelospermum asiaticum var. intermidium, Cinnamomum japonicum, and Ligustrum japonicum. The community of Lozoste lancifolia, which is assumed to be a climax community of the Korean warm temperate region, remains in Chudo and Aedo. The secondary succession of seashore forest which were disturbed in the past will be done into Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii