• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.668-674
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• 2000

Objective : The classic and accepted surgical method of compound comminuted depressed skull fractures (FCCD) involves total resection of all the contaminated bone and fragments at the fracture site. A second operation for cranioplasty is then performed at a later date. However, we have believed that primary repair of these bony defects can be achieved by the replacement of bone fragments at the time of the initial debridement, and this can be accomplished without danger to patient. The authors retrospectively reviewed the surgical results to assess the advantages and disadvantages, and also propose the selection criteria of replacement of fractured bone fragments as a primary procedure in FCCD. Materials and Methods : The authors analyzed the data extracted from medical records, and radiological findings in 22 of 71 patients with FCCD, who underwent immediate replacement of fractured bone fragments between April 1993 and October 1998. The mean follow-up period was 13.7 months. The selection criteria for the operation included the patients with mild to moderate severity, regardless of the degree of contamination or dural violation, which presented in hospital within 24 hours of injury. Results : The ages of the patients varied from 4 to 63 years, and there were 20 males and 2 females. Seventeen of 22 patients were fully conscious on admission and the others also had relatively good Glasgow coma scales. Sixteen fractures were located in the frontal area, 9 with involvement of the frontal sinuses, and 6 in the parietal and temporoparietal areas. Of the 22 patients, 8(36.3%) had dural lacerations with 3 of these requiring patching with pericranium, and 12(54.5%) had intracranial hematoma requiring wide craniotomy. The degree of wound contamination was also variable. Fifteen patients had relatively clean wounds, while seven(31.8%) had seriously contaminated wounds with soil, sand, hair, and wood. Only one patient(4.5%) developed infection, and the bone fragments were removed. All wounds healed primarily without pulsatile defect, the skull has remained solid, and no complications have occurred, except the infected case. Conclusion : It is proposed that bone fragments removal for FCCD, regardless of the degree of contamination or dural violation, is not necessary and that primary bone fragments replacement avoids a second operation for cranioplasty.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.213-226
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• 2002

The purpose of this research is to direct the 7th national primary science curriculum to be performed properly. The research is based on the questionnaire to investigate the primary teachers' appreciation of the curriculum. The questions are about the general aspect of the 7th curriculum and special treatises on science curriculum. Questionnaires were distributed to 1000 teachers, and 822 teachers answered them. According to the survey results the teachers' thoughts were as following: First, there must be enough time to develop a new curriculum. It is not desirable to change the old curriculum totally. There should be some continuity between the old and the new curriculum. Second, teachers appreciated that the learning resources and supplements were helpful, and interested students. Teachers thought that If equipment at class or school was not enough. Third, according to them the hierarchical structure of science curriculum was appropriate, but the contents need to be improved. Fourth, most teachers restructured the 7th science curriculum to adapt it to the class and school. They cooperated with one another in teaching science, and applied diverse teaching-learning methods according to the curricular contents and the grade levels. Teachers tried to evaluate all aspects of the students with various methods, but they felt it was hard. They were not active in developing evaluation tools as a team, and in objectifying the information about students. Fifth, teachers felt it was hard to implement the science curriculum according to different levels of the students. Based on the survey of teachers' thoughts, the following can be suggested for successful implementation and reorientation of the curriculum. First, teachers need learning opportunities to appreciate and adapt the 7th curriculum creatively. Second, they need guidances in implementing the different levels of the curriculum, and the information about the appropriate resources for it. Third, we need to control the relative difficulty of the curricular contents, and reduce the hours and quantity of the study. Fourth, we need to improve the school equipment and facilities. Networking and cooperation among education-related institutions are essential for better education. Fifth, it is desirable to develop concrete and diverse teaming models.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.139-146
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• 1976

This survey attempted to determine the overall health situation in Kyunggido in terms of sickness prevalence, sickness distribution, demand for medical care by type, and utilization of medical care. The survey was conducted on 766 households, or 4,065 people, from July 1-31, 1975. The findings from the survey are as follows: 1) In terms of age distribution, 28.7% of the sample was from 10-19, the 40-49 age group was the next largest group, and those over 60 made up 7% of the sample. 2. The education distribution is as follows, 30.4% completed primary school, 22.4% had no formal education, 20.6% attended but did not onplete primary school, and 1.8% attended unversities or higher. 3) In terms of occupation, 55.9% were unemployed or family employees, which represents a large dependent population, 30.4% of the workers were employed in farming or fisheries. 4. The marital status is as follows, 58.8% of the women were married, 32.3% unmarried, and 7.5% divorced. 5) The prevalence rate of mouthy illness was 19.7% of 100 infant, 42.8% became fatally ill within the first year of life. This is a very high percentage compared with more developed nations. 6) Of those reportion on illness, 54.6% sought treatment. The rate of treatment was highest in infants at 77.7%. Us age increased, demand for treatment decreased to 43.1% for those in the aldest age group. The oldest age group also had the highest rate of non treatment at 56.8%. 7) The demand for medical care showed that 65.6% utilized drug stores, 20.2% utilized hospitals and clinics, 5.4% used herbdrug-stores and herb clinices, and 3.9% relied upon folk medicine and withch craft. 8) The utilization of medical facilties by sex is as follows, 65.1% of the men and 66.0% of the women used drug stores, and 19.2% of the men and 20.2% of the women used hospitals and clinics. However, more men (3.5%) were hospitalized than women (1.8%) 9) In terms of out-patient care, the largest age group of males was 10-19 (28.2%), and the largest age group of females was 0-9 (30.8%). There was no sex difference in the use of western pharmacies. Menaged 30-39 and women aged 50-59 were the most frequent users of herb clinics. 10) The rate of receiving treatment at drugstore hospitals went towards declining level in the second case of what While increaing much more at herb clinics and folk medicines in the second case than the first one. 11) After primary utilization of hospitals, 32.7%. of the adults aged 20-59 used drug-stores as a secondary source of care, and 12.8% of children and youth under age 20 continued receiving care at hospitals. 12) After primary utilization of drug-stores, 32.5 % of the adults continued to seek care at drug stores and 1.8% used hospitals. 4.2% of those over age 60 utilized folk medcine and witch craft.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.2941-2946
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• 2016

Background: The limitations of total serum PSA values remain problematic, especially after an initial negative prostate biopsy. In this prospective study of Chilean men with a continued suspicion of prostate cancer due to a persistently elevated total serum PSA, abnormal digital rectal examination and initial negative prostate biopsy were compared with the use of the on-line Chun nomagram, detection of primary malignant circulating prostate cells (CPCs) and free percent PSA to predict a positive second prostate biopsy. We hypothesized that men negative for circulating prostate cells have a small risk of clinically significant prostate cancer and thus may be conservatively observed. Men positive for circulating prostate cells should undergo biopsy to confirm prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: Consecutive men with a continued suspicion of prostate cancer underwent 12 core TRUS prostate biopsy; age, total serum PSA and percentage free PSA and Chun nomagram scores were registered. Immediately before biopsy an 8ml blood simple was taken to detect primary mCPCs. Mononuclear cells were obtained by differential gel centrifugation and identified using double immunostaining with anti-PSA and anti-P504S. Biopsies were classifed as cancer/no-cancer, mCPC detecton test as negative/positive and the total number of cells/8ml registered. Areas under the curve (AUC) for percentage free PSA, Chun score and CPCs were calculated and compared. Diagnostic yields were calculated with reference to the number of possible biopsies that could be avoided and the number of clinically significant cancers that would be missed. Results: A total of 164 men underwent a second biopsy; 41 (25%) had cancer; the AUCs were 0.65 for free PSA, 0.76 for the Chun score and 0.87 for CPC detection, the last having a significantly superior prediction value (p=0.01). Using cut off values of free PSA <10%, Chun score >50% and ${\geq}1$ CPC detected, CPC detection had a higher diagnostic yield. Some 4/41 cancers complied with the criteria for active surveillance, free PSA and the Chun score missed a higher number of significant cancers when compared with CPC detection. Conclusions: Primary CPC detection outperformed the use of free PSA and the Chun nomagram in predicting clinically significant prostate cancer at repeat prostate biopsy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Child Welfare
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• no.40
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• pp.41-71
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to examine longitudinal impacts of various factors on happiness in primary school children. Specifically, attachment theory and ecosystems perspective were utilized for the purpose of this study. We used Korea Youth Panel Survey, which is a 5-year longitudinal data collected from fourth grade in elementary school to second grade in middle school Latent growth model was employed as the analytic method. The findings of this study are as follow: first, academic achievement, self-esteem, parent attachment, peer attachment, teacher attachment, and community attachment all decreased over the 5-year study period. Also, the intercept and the slope variance of variables were found to be statistically significant. This means that there are significant differences in the intercept and the slope of individuals. Second, self-esteem, parent attachment, and peer attachment were found to have cross-sectional influences on happiness. This means that self-esteem, parent attachment, and peer attachment are positively associated with happiness at the intercept. Also, self-esteem, parent attachment, teacher attachment, and community attachment were found to have longitudinal influences on happiness. This means that the higher levels of community attachment at the intercept is associated with slower the rate of decrease in happiness at the slope. In addition, faster rates of decrease in self-esteem, parent attachment, teacher attachment, and community attachment are associated with faster the rate of decrease in happiness. Third, this study conducted multiple group analysis with gender. The findings of this analysis revealed no significant differences in analytic models between males and females. Based on these findings, theoretical and practice implications with regard to happiness in primary school children are discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.295-317
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• 2000

This study was conducted to prevent oral disease of primary school, middle school, and high school students, providing basic data for the development of oral health education programs. Data were collected from 898 primary school, middle school, and high school students from March 2, 1999 to May 31, 1999. The results of this study are summarized as follows; 1) The subjects of this study were primary school students(32.6%), middle school students(33.0%), and high school students(34.4%). Boy students were slightly more prevalent than girl students. That is, primary school boys were 56.3%, middle school boys were 53.2%, and high school boys were 52.6%. 2) According to the self-judgement of oral health, primary school students were better than middle/high school students and boy students were better than girl students, 63.5% of primary school students and 57.8% of middle/high school students brushed their teeth once or twice a day. 3) 76.3% of middle/high school students and 63.5% of primary school students experienced dental caries. Girl students were higher than boy students in experiencing dental caries, 35.9% of primary school students and 27.6% of middle/high school students experienced periodontal disease. 4) 22.9% of primary school students and 7.9% of middle/high school students received oral examinations periodically. Girl students showed a higher rate than boy students in primary school, while boy students showed a higher rate than girl students in middle/high school. 5) Explaining to the reasons for reluctant visits to dental hospitals and clinics, 'no time to go' was highest(22.9% of primary school students; 27.4% of middle/high school students) and the rate of 'feeling scared' was second highest. Middle/high school students were more reluctant to visit dental hospitals and clinics than primary school students. In case of problematic symptoms in the mouth, the rate of 'feeling painful or cold in teeth when eating cold or hot foods' was highest, 71.3% of primary school students was concerned about oral health, while 68.6% of middle/high school students was concerned about it. 6) In gathering to the sources of information on oral health, the rate of medical institutions was highest(30.0%) in primary school students, while the rate of family members or persons around them was highest in middle/high school students. 7) 54.9% of primary school students received oral health education, while 13.1% of middle/high school students received it. Only 4.7% of middle school and high school girls received it. In relation to dental health education, the rate of 'possibility of prevention of oral caries or disease of the gum' was highest. 79.5% of primary school students and 80.3% of middle school students answered that they would attend oral health education. 8) 60.4% of primary school students and 60.2% of middle/high school students think the purpose of oral health is to prevent dental caries and disease of the gums. In preventing dental caries, 78.8% of primary school students and 71.8% of middle school students thought that periodical oral examination was effective, 88.4% of primary school students and 88.8% of middle/high school thought that brushing one's teeth was effective and 64.1% of primary school students and 50.7% of middle school students thought that the use of toothpaste containing fluoride was effective. In preventing periodontal disease, 91.1% of primary school students and 90.2% of middle/high school students thought that brushing one's teeth was effective, while 72.4% of primary school students and 70.3% of middle/high school students thought that teeth cleaning was effective. 9) 16.0% of middle school students and 12.7% of high school students thought that their oral health condition was healthy. According to individual experiences in dental treatment, the rate of experience of middle school students was higher than that of high school students, 12.7% of middle school students received oral examinations periodically, while only 3.3% of high school students did so. 10) In cases of 'having no problematic symptoms in the mouth' and 'concerns about oral health', the rate of middle school students was higher than that of high school students. In gathering obtaining information on oral health, the rate of obtaining it through broadcast media including TV, Radio, etc. was highest in middle school students, while the rate of obtaining it through family members or persons around them was highest in high school students. 11) 81.7% of middle school students have not received oral health education. In case of girl students, 97.3% have not received it in high school students. 85.6% of middle school students and 151.2% of high school students think that oral health education is necessary. 12) According to the knowledge level of oral health, the point of high school students($26.33{\pm}2.33$) was similar to the point of high school students($26.23{\pm}2.30$). It appeared that the point of primary school students was highest($26.35{\pm}2.50$) The more concerned about oral health the students were the higher the knowledge level of oral health was. In conclusion, the middle/high school students' knowledge level of oral health was lower than primary school students. The rate of middle/high School students' experience in oral health education was too low. Therefore, it is necessary to intensify oral health education for middle/high school students. Especially, the necessity of oral health education to girl students is strongly recommended. Developing an oral health education program for primary school, middle school, and high school students, related public authority and organizations, teachers; and dentists must actively make efforts together in order to maintain healthy teeth through having students prevent dental caries and periodontal disease.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.4369-4371
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• 2012

Aim: Metastatic tumor of bone is the most common malignancy involving bone and is an important predictor of prognosis in advanced cancers. The prognosis depends upon the primary site of origin and the extent of disease. In current study, we present the pattern and distribution of metastatic bone disease seen in the leading cancer care center of Pakistan, Shaukat Khanum Cancer Hospital & Research Center (SKMCH & RC), Lahore. Materials & Methods: All cases of bony metastatic disease were included that presented in the Pathology Department, from Jan 2005 to July 2011. Patients of all ages and both sexes were included. Primary bone tumors, lymphomas, sarcomas and other malignancies were excluded. The data were recorded and analyzed with SPSS 16.0. Results: A total of 146 cases of metastatic bone disease were included in the study. Out of the total cases, 79 were male and 67 were female. Age range 25-82 years (median 52). Hip bone was the most frequent bone involved, with femur and vertebrae as second and third in the list. The commonest bone involved in males was vertebrae with 23 cases and in females was hip bone with 22 cases. Regarding primary site, cancers of breast, prostate and gastrointestinal tract were at the top of the list with prostate and breast being the most frequent primary sites of metastasis in males and females respectively. Conclusion: Bone metastasis is an important entity to consider in the differential diagnosis whenever a bony tumor especially carcinoma present in older age. Our data are comparable with international findings and the literature available regarding the site and distribution of skeletal metastatic lesions. A slight deviation noted was more common bony metastatic lesions with ovarian primaries in females and gastrointestinal tract cancers in males in our study.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.109-115
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• 2017

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the ex vivo diagnostic ability of 9 different cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) settings in the detection of recurrent caries under amalgam restorations in primary teeth. Materials and Methods: Fifty-two primary teeth were used. Twenty-six teeth had dentine caries and 26 teeth did not have dentine caries. Black class II cavities were prepared and restored with amalgam. In the 26 carious teeth, recurrent caries were left under restorations. The other 26 intact teeth that did not have caries served as controls. Teeth were imaged using a $100{\times}90-mm$ field of view and a 0.2-mm voxel size with 9 different CBCT settings. Four observers assessed the images using a 5-point scale. Kappa values were calculated to assess observer agreement. CBCT settings were compared with the gold standard using a receiver operating characteristic analysis. The area under the curve (AUC) values for each setting were compared using the chi-square test, with a significance level of ${\alpha}=.05$. Results: Intraobserver kappa values ranged from 0.366 to 0.664 for observer 1, from 0.311 to 0.447 for observer 2, from 0.597 to 1.000 for observer 3, and from 0.869 to 1 for observer 4. Furthermore, interobserver kappa values among the observers ranged from 0.133 to 0.814 for the first reading and from 0.197 to 0.805 for the second reading. The highest AUC values were found for setting 5 (0.5916) and setting 3 (0.5886), and were not found to be statistically significant(P>.05). Conclusion: Variations in tube voltage and tube current did not affect the detection of recurrent caries under amalgam restorations in primary teeth.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.207-217
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to compare the retentive forces of various types of clasps for removable orthodontic appliances for primary and mixed dentition. Seven metal models of a single tooth and two teeth were made, including maxillary left primary canine, first primary molar, second primary molar and first molar. Retentive forces of Adams clasp, circumferential clasp(C clasp), Jackson clasp, Duyzing clasp, arrowhead clasp, ball clasp, eyelet clasp, and triangular clasp were measured by Universal Testing Machine(Zwick Z020, Germany). The obtained results were as follows. 1. Jackson clasp and Adams clasp showed the highest retentive force among single tooth clasps. 2. C clasp showed the lowest retentive force, and there was no statistically significant difference in retentive force between mesial end C clasp and distal end C clasp. 3. Eyelet clasp showed the highest, and ball clasp showed the lowest retentive farce among clasps for interdental undercut. 4. Triangular clasp showed higher retentive force than ball clasp.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.29 no.9 s.240
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• pp.1022-1031
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• 2005

Temporal behavior of the laser induced incandescence (LII) signal is often used for soot particle sizing, which is possible because the cooling behavior of a laser heated particle is dependent on the particle size. In present study, LII signals of soot particles are modeled using two non-linear coupled differential equations deduced from the energy- and mass-balance of the process. The objective of this study is to obtain an appropriate calibration curve for determining primary particle size by comparing the gated signal ratio and double-exponential curve fitting methods. Not only the effects of laser fluence and gas temperature on the cooling behavior but also heat transfer mechanisms of heated soot particle have been investigated. The second-order exponential curve fitting showed better agreements with the LII signals than the gated signal ratio method which was based on the lust-order exponential curve fit. And the temporal decay rate of the LII signal and primary particle size showed nearly linear relationship, which was little dependent on the laser fluence. And it also could be reconfirmed that vaporization was dominant process of heat loss during first loons after laser pulse, then heat conduction played most important role while thermal radiation had little influence all the time.