• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.211-220
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate that the effect of dietary fatty acid composition on pro- and macro-glycogen utilization and resynthesis. The analyses were further extended for different muscle fibers (type I, type II, & type IIb) as well as tissues (i.e., liver & heart). Total one hundred sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were used, and rats were randomly allocated into four experimental groups: animals fed standard chow diet (n=40), animals fed saturated fatty acid diet (n=40), animals fed monounsaturated fatty acid (n=40), and animals fed polyunsaturated fatty acid (n=40). Animals in each groups were further divided into five subgroups: sacrificed at REST (n=8), sacrificed at immediately after 3 hr swim exercise (P-0HR, n=8), sacrificed at one hour after 3 hr swim exercise (P-1HR, n=8), sacrificed at four hour after 3 hr swim exercise (P-4HR, n=8), and sacrificed at twenty-four hour after 3 hr swim exercise (P-24HR, n=8). Soleus (type I), red gastrocnemius (type IIa), white gastrocnemius (type IIb), liver, and heart were dissected out at appropriated time point from all animals, and were used for analyses of pro- & macro-glycogen concentrations. After 8 weeks of dietary interventions, there was no significant difference in body mass in any of dietary conditions (p>.05). After 3 hr swim exercise, blood lactate level was higher compared to resting conditions in all groups, but it was returned to resting value after 1 hr rest (p<.05). Free fatty acid concentration was higher in all high fat fed groups(regardless of fatty acid composition) than CHOW consumed group. At rest, pro- & macro-glycogen concentration was not different from any of experimental groups (p>.05). Regardless of forms of glycogen, the highest level was observed in liver (p<.01), and most cases of supercompensation after 3hr exercise observed in this study were occurred in CHOW fed tissues. Except heart muscle, all tissues used in this study showed that pro- and macro-glycogen concentration was significantly decreased after 3 hr exercise. Based on these results, two conclusions were made: first, there is no different level of glycogen content in various tissues regardless of types of fatty acids consumed and second, the highest mobilization rate would be demonstrated from CHOW fed animals compare to animals that consumed any kinds of fatty acid diet if prolonged exercise is applied.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.72-79
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• 2006

1,225 healthy day-old avian broiler chicks were used to investigate the effects of activated charcoal (AC, made from willow tree), hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicates (HSCAS) and esterified glucomannan (EGM) supplementation on broiler performance, blood profiles and meat characteristics when less moldy or moldy corn was included to formulate seven isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets: Positive Control (less moldy corn diet, PC), PC+2% AC, Negative Control (moldy corn, NC), NC+0.05% EGM, NC+0.1% EGM, NC+0.5% HSCAS and NC+1% AC. PC+2% AC resulted in lower growth rate, poorer feed conversion ratio (FCR), more leg problems and higher mortality of birds than those fed PC diet (p<0.05). Inclusion of 0.05% EGM, 0.1% EGM, 0.5% HSCAS and 1% AC in NC diet did not improve average daily weight gain (ADG) or affect feed intake of birds during the first or the second three-week periods. However, 0.05% EGM tended to (p>0.05) and 0.1% EGM significantly (p<0.05) improved FCR during the first three-week period. Breast meat of NC birds had higher Minolta $L^*$ values (white) but lower $a^*$ (reddish) and $b^*$ (yellowish) values (p<0.01) than the PC birds. Addition of 0.05% EGM and 0.1% EGM in NC diet reduced the $L^*$ values (p<0.05), improved $a^*$ and $b^*$ values (p<0.05) of breast meat of birds fed NC diet, but had no effect on meat color when 0.5% HSCAS or 1% AC was included (p>0.05). Relative weight of liver to body was reduced by feeding NC diet (p<0.05) and could not be normalized by different mycotoxin adsorbents (p>0.05) to the ratio of the PC birds. Relative weight of cholecyst of NC birds was increased compared with PC birds and could only be normalized by addition of 0.05% EGM and 1% AC (p<0.05) in NC diet. NC birds had lower serum albumin level than the PC birds (p<0.05) and addition of 0.05% EGM or 1% AC in NC diet did normalize serum albumin level. Addition of 0.5% HSCAS in NC diet further reduced serum albumin, globulin, total protein and uric acid levels (p<0.05). It was concluded that lower FCR during the first three-week period of growth and deterioration of meat quality observed in bird fed moldy corn with moderate T2 and fuminisin contamination and damaged nutrients and pigment availability, might be improved by dietary supplementation of 0.05% to 0.1% EGM, but not by 1% AC or 0.5% HSCAS supplementation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권7호
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• pp.971-978
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacing corn grain for sugar cane molasses (MO) or glucose syrup (GS) in the starter concentrate on performance and metabolism of dairy calves. Thirty-six individually housed Holstein male calves were blocked according to weight and date of birth and assigned to one of the starter feed treatments, during an 8 week study: i) starter containing 65% corn with no MO or GS (0MO); ii) starter containing 60% corn and 5% MO (5MO); iii) starter containing 55% corn and 10% MO (10MO); and iv) starter containing 60% corn and 5% GS (5GS). Animals received 4 L of milk replacer daily (20 crude protein, 16 ether extract, 12.5% solids), divided in two meals (0700 and 1700 h). Starter and water were provided ad libitum. Starter intake and fecal score were monitored daily until animals were eight weeks old. Body weight and measurements (withers height, hip width and heart girth) were measured weekly before the morning feeding. From the second week of age, blood samples were collected weekly, 2 h after the morning feeding, for glucose, ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate and lactate determination. Ruminal fluid was collected at 4, 6, and 8 weeks of age using an oro-ruminal probe and a suction pump for determination of pH and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). At the end of the eighth week, animals were harvested to evaluate development of the proximal digestive tract. The composition of the starter did not affect (p>0.05) concentrate intake, weight gain, fecal score, blood parameters, and rumen development. However, treatment 5MO showed higher (p<0.05) total concentration of SCFAs, acetate and propionate than 0MO, and these treatments did not differ from 10MO and 5GS (p>0.05). Thus, it can be concluded that the replacement of corn by 5% or 10% sugar cane molasses or 5% GS on starter concentrate did not impact performance, however it has some positive effects on rumen fermentation which may be beneficial for calves with a developing rumen.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.1365-1378
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• 1999

This study is a methodological research study to develop an instrument to measure in patients with cancer and to test the validity and reliability of the instrument. The research procedure was as follows : 1) The first step was to develop conceptual framework based on a comprehensive review of the literature and in-depth interviews with patients with cancer. This conceptual framework was organized in to three dimensions (the intrapersonal dimension, the significant-other and context related dimension, the transcendental dimension). Initially 59 items were adopted. 2) These items were analyzed through the index of content validity(CVI) and 53 items were selected which met more than 80% on the CVI. 3) The pretest was carried out with 87 patients with cancer. After the pretest results were analyzed by item analysis, 44 items were selected. A second test of content validity was conducted and 6 items were eliminated considering the 80% CVI. 4) To test for reliability and validity, data collection was done during the period from January 25, 1999, to February 26, 1999. The subjects for the test were 160 patients with cancer and 185 healthy persons. analysis, item analysis and multitrait-multimethod method to analyze validity. The findings are as follows : 1) The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for internal consistency was .92 for the total 38 items and .79, .82, .85, for the three dimensions in that order. 2) The item analysis was based on the corrected item to total correlation coefficient( .30 or more) and information about the alpha estimate if this item was dropped from the scale. 3) As a result of the initial factor analysis using principal component analysis and varimax rotation, one item was deleted because of factor complexity (indiscriminate factor loadings). In the secondary factor analysis, 7 factors with eigenvalue of more than 1.0 were extracted and these factors explained 56 percents of the total variance. The seven factors were labeled as 'family relationship', 'emotional condition', 'physical discomfort', 'meaning and goal of life', 'contextual stimuli', 'change of body image', 'guilt feelings'. 4) The convergence effect between this instrument and the life satisfaction scale was identified and there was significant positive correlation(r= .52, p= .00). The discriminant validity between this instrument and the depression scale(CES-D) was tested and there was significant negative correlation(r= -.50, p= .00). The instrument for accessing the suffering of patients with cancer developed in this study was identified as a tool with a high degree of reliability and validity. In this sense, this tool can be effectively utilized for assessment in caring for patients with cancer.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.903-916
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to compare the ear-based rectal temperature measured with a tympanic thermometer with the rectal temperature measured with a glass mercury thermometer in order to test the accuracy of tympanic thermometer and to determine relationship among rectal, axilla, and abdominal temperature in neonates. The samples consisted of thirty four neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit and nursery at an university affiliated hospital. The mean age of the subjects was 4.9 days. The ear-based rectal temperatures were taken with a tympanic thermometer in rectal mode (First Temp Genius 3000). Rectal and axilla temperatures were taken with a glass mercury thermometer, Abdominal temperature was continuously monitored with the probe connected to the servo controller of incubator. The results of the study can be summarized as follows : 1. Intrarater comparison : Agreement between the first and the second ear-based rectal temperature was 97% within 0.1$^{\circ}C$. 2. Comparison of ear-based rectal temperature and the rectal temperature from a glass mercury thermometer : ear-based rectal temperature ranged from 36.95$^{\circ}C$d to 37.95$^{\circ}C$, with a mean of 37.58$^{\circ}C$(SD＝0.22$^{\circ}C$). Rectal temperature from a glass mercury thermometer ranged from 36.2$0^{\circ}C$ to 37.2$0^{\circ}C$, with a mean 36.75$^{\circ}C$(SD＝0.29). The mean difference between both temperatures was 0.84$^{\circ}C$. The correlation coefficient between both temperatures was r＝0.77(p＝0.00). 3. Comparison of rectal and axilla temperature : Axilla temperature ranged from 35.8$0^{\circ}C$ to 37.1$0^{\circ}C$, with a mean of 36.55$^{\circ}C$. The mean absolute difference between the rectal and axilla temperature was 0.23$^{\circ}C$. The correlation coefficient between rectal and axilla was r＝0.67. 4. Comparison of axilla and abdominal temperature : Abdominal temperature ranged from 36.2$0^{\circ}C$ to 37.0$0^{\circ}C$, with a mean of 36.58$^{\circ}C$. The mean absolute difference between axilla and abdominal temperature was only -0.03$^{\circ}C$. Findings of this study suggest that ear-based rectal temperature overestimates the actual rectal temperatures in neonates. Therefore, the interchangeble use of both temperatures in clinics seems problematic. The site offset(adjustment value) programmed in rectal mode of the tympanic thermometer needs to be readjusted. Choosing one optimal site for temperature measurement for each patient, and using the specific site consistently would result in more consistent measurements of changes in body temperature, and thus can be more effective in diagnosing fever or hypothermia.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.780-806
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to describe the application of 3D finite element analysis to determine resultant stresses on the bone anchored fixed prosthesis, implants and supporting bone of the mandible according to fixture numbers and load conditions. 4 or 6 fixtures and the bone anchored fixed prosthesis were placed in 3D finite element mandibular arch model which represents an actual mandibular skull. A $45^{\circ}$ diagonal load of 10㎏ was labiolingually applied in the center of the prosthesis(P1). A $45^{\circ}$ diagonal load of 20㎏ was buccolingually applied at the location of the 10mm or 20mm cantilever posterior to the most distal implant(P2 or P3). The vertical distribution loads were applied to the superior surfaces of both the right and the left 20mm cantilevers(P4). In order that the boundary conditions of the structure were located to the mandibular ramus and angle, the distal bone plane was to totally fixed to prevent rigid body motion of the entire model. 3D finite element analysis was perfomed for stress distribution and deflection on implants and supporting bone using commercial software(ABAQUS program. for Sun-SPARC Workstation. The results were as follows : 1. In all conditions of load, the hightest tensile stresses were observed at the metal lates of prostheses. 2. The higher tensile stresses were observed at the diagonal loads rather than the vertical loads 3. 6-implants cases were more stable than 4-implants cases for decreasing bending and torque under diagonal load on the anterior of prosthesis. 4. From a biomechanical perspective, high stress developed at the metal plate of cantilever-to-the most distal implant junctions as a consequence of loads applied to the cantilever extension. 5. Under diagonal load on cantilever extension, the 6-implants cases had a tendency to reduce displacement and to increase the reaction force of supporting point due to increasing the bendign stiffness of the prosthesis than 4-implants cases. 6. Under diagonal load on cantilever extension, the case of 10mm long cantilever was more stable than that of 20mm long cnatilever in respect of stress distribution and displacement. 7. When the ends of 10mm or 20mm long cantilever were loaded, the higher tensile stress was observed at the second most distal implant rather than the first most distal implant. 8. The 6-implants cases were more favorable about prevention of screw loosening under repeated loadings because 6-implants cases had smaller deformation and 4-implants cases had larger deformation.

• 한국도서관정보학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.211-240
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• 2010

"광국원종공신녹권(光國原從功臣錄券)"은 선조가 1591년 조선 왕실의 종계변무(宗系辨誣)에 공을 세운 신하들을 광국원종공신으로 책봉한 후 반사(頒賜)한 책이다. 이 연구는 현존하는 재주갑인자(再鑄甲寅字)인 경진자(庚辰字)로 인출된 "광국원종공신녹권" 4책을 대상으로, 녹권이 반사된 사유 및 경위를 알아본다. 녹권의 형태와 그 체제를 자세히 분석하여, 이를 바탕으로 녹권에 기재된 공신들을 각 등급별로 나누어 책봉된 공신들의 직함과 그들의 신분에 대한 특성을 분석하고자 하였다. 연구결과, "광국원종공신녹권"은 경진자로 찍은 금속활자본으로 크게 권수(卷首) 본문(本文) 권말(卷末)의 3부분의 체계로 구성되었다. 또한 354개의 직함에 모두 872명(1등 137명, 2등 136명, 3등 599명)이 기재되어 있었으며, 직함이 비교적 자세하게 기술되었으며 1등원종공신 직함의 품계가 2등과 3등에 비해 높았다. 문관이 무관에 비해 많았다. 그리고 원종공신들을 4개의 신분(身分)으로 분석한 결과, 다양한 신분으로 구성되어 있었으며 양반 748명, 중인 103명, 양인 13명, 천인 8명 등의 순으로 나타났으며, 양반이 원종공신의 대다수를 차지하고 있었음이 확인되었다.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.111-125
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• 2015

Objectives : The objectives of this study is to provide the theoretical basis to cure and prevent mental disease by translating and considering Benshen chapter in LingShu. Methods : First, I translate the contents of "Benshen" chapter in LingShu paragraph by paragraph. Second, I consider the contents of Benshen chapter in LingShu. Third, after considering each paragraph of Benshen chapter in LingShu, I think the relation of each paragraph and picture to myself Benshen chapter. Results and Conclusions : 1. Heart(心) appeared in Benshen chapter mediates the action of 'JeongSinHonBaek(精神魂魄)' and 'UiJiSaRyeoJi(意志思虑智)'. 2. 'UiJiSaRyeoJi(意志思虑智)' appeared in Benshen chapter means the process of the maturity of thought. 'Jeong(精)' which has a 'water(水), sink(沈), silent(靜)' image gets involved in the development from 'Ui(意)' to 'Ji(志)', because its process means the thought is deepening. 'Hon(魂)' which has a 'wind(風), cloud(雲), change(變)' image gets involved in the development from 'Ji(志)' to 'Sa(思)', because its process means the change of the thought. 'Sin(神)' which has a 'fire(火), bright(明), move(動)' image gets involved in the development from 'Sa(思)' to 'Ryeo(慮)', because its process means the expansion the horizon of the cognition. 'Baek(魄)' which has a 'metal(金), firm(剛), decide (決)' image gets involved in the development from 'Ryeo(慮)' to 'Ji(智)', because its process means the wise response to real world. 3. If one is immersed in one emotion and cannot escape from it, the functional change of Gi(氣) due to its emotion harms five spirits which move in the opposite direction and causes mental physical symptoms and has a possibility to die in the season which inhibit each five organs. 4. Five spirits(五神) acts based on 'HyeolMaekYeongGiJeong(血脈營氣精)' and in the symtoms caused by deficiency and excess of five organ Gi(五藏氣), symptoms of liver and heart appear in emotion and symptoms of spleen lung kidney appear in body. 5. Benshen chapter highlights the importance of checking 'Sin(神)' and 'Gi(氣)' treating a patient with acupuncture and mentioning the importance of observing deficiency and excess of five organ Gi(五藏氣) in the last paragraph means 'Sin(神)' and 'Gi(氣)' are inseparably related.

• 한국한의학연구원논문집
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.381-401
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• 1996

The diagnostic requirements were suggested and explained regarding the systems of differentiation of syptoms and signs in the second year study of standardization and unification of the terms and conditions used for diagnosis in oriental medicine. The systems were as follows : -differential diagnosis according to condition of body fluid, differentiation of syndromes according to the state of qi and blood, differential diagnosis according to reletive excessiveness or deficiency of yin and yang(氣血陰陽津液辨證) -differentiation of diseases according to pathological changes of the viscera and their interrelation(臟腑辨證) -analysing and differentiating of febrile diseases in accordance with the theory of the six channels(傷寒辨證) The individual diagnosis pattern was arranged by the diagnostic requirements in the following odor : another name(異名), notion of diagnosis parrern(證候槪念), index of differentiation of syptoms and sings(辨證指標), the main point of diagnosis(診斷要點), analysis of diagnosis pattern(證候分析), discrimination of diagnosis pattern(證候鑑別), a wayof curing a diseases(治法), prescription(處方) , herbs in common use(常用藥物), dieases appearing the diagnosis pattern(常見疾病), documents(文獻調査). This study was carried out on the basis of the Chinese documents and references.

• 전기전자학회논문지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.913-916
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• 2020

본 논문에서는 개인 맞춤형 국소부위 질소 냉각 장비 개발을 제안한다. 제안하는 장비는 크게 냉기공급모듈과 본체, 그리고 질소분사(건)으로 구성되며, 다음과 같은 특징들을 가진다. 첫 번째로 부피온도 감지센서로 피부온도를 측정한 정보를 활용하여 냉기의 공급량과 시간을 자동으로 제어하므로 완벽한 안전성 확보를 통한 기능상의 경쟁력을 가질 수 있다. 두 번째로 거리측정 센서를 적용함으로써 일정거리 이상 피부에 근접하게 되면, 제어 GUI와 연동하여 냉기를 차단하거나 질소의 배출을 조절하여 보다 높은 냉각요법의 효율을 높이면서도 안전한 관리가 가능하다. 세 번째로 질소의 공급을 조절할 수 있는 제어모듈을 설치하여 질소의 손실을 최소화하여 유지관리 비용을 최소화할 수 있다. 제안된 장비의 성능을 평가하기 위하여 외부시험기관에서 실험한 결과, 온도센서 정확도는 세계 최고 수준(±5%)보다 정확한 ±3.8%의 범위에서 측정이 되었고, 온도범위는 세계 최고 수준과 비슷한 110℃~-160℃의 범위가 측정되었다. 거리 정확도는 세계 최고 수준(±5%)보다 낮은 ±3.0%의 범위에서 측정이 되었고, 무게 정확도는 세계 최고 수준(±5%)보다 정확한 ±0.1%의 범위에서 측정이 되었다. 또한, 토출 제어는 세계 최고 수준(1단계)보다 높은 4단계가 측정되었고, 질소 사용량은 세계 최고 수준(6L/min) 이하인 0.8L/min로 측정되었다. 따라서 본 본문에서 제안한 개인 맞춤형 국소부위 질소 냉각 장비개발의 성능의 그 효용성이 입증되었다.