• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.131-138
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• 2008

This research is on a seating posture happening at a chair in a cinema and looked into various changes in a posture through the analysis of bodily movement in a established space like a cinema. Through the behavioral analysis of a seating posture in a limited space, each behavioral characteristic shown by a male and female and interdependent relations with a limited space were grasped. The conclusion through the above research work was as follows: 1) This research suggested a frame of analysis by dividing a seating posture into the side and upper part and was able to analyze its subsequent change characteristic of a seating posture by a male and female. 2) As for the side posture, a male was found to change fewer postures than a female, but as for the upper posture, there appeared a high frequency in posture change in case of a female. 3) As for time of staying in the side posture, a female was found to keep up a specific posture, and relatively a male changes his postures frequently while appreciating a movie; likely, as for the upper posture, it was found out that there existed a difference between the preference for the upper posture and time to keep it up. 4) A male and female were establishing a comfortable environment through their change in a posture, and there appeared changes in a posture the most within every 10 minutes in both the side and upper part postures. 5) As for the correlation between a initial posture and keep-up posture, it was found that a male tend to pursue a comfortable posture as time goes by, while a female kept up a comfortable one from her initial seating posture.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.123-128
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• 2012

A window increases the lighting quality of a space by allowing daylight into the space, and maintains visual contact with the outside. Moreover, the window with a preferred view provides many benefits such as psychological satisfaction, occupants' health and improved environmental quality. This study aimed to investigate how view elements and window luminance influence occupants' seating preference in a living room. The experiment was carried out in a mock-up model with thirty-two subjects (17 men and 15 women). The nine seating positions in a living room have different view such as natural view (trees or sky) and man-made view (paving and roof top). Subjects were asked to select a position in the room where they felt most visual comfort. Simultaneously Photolux 2.1 software was used to analyze the window luminance. The experiment results indicated that subjects prefer to be seated near a window and feel comfort in a seating overlooking the trees and sky. This would indicate that the natural elements of the view and a distance to the window affect seating preference to the occupants.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.328-335
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• 2013

This study investigated the ratios of area, according to the domains and functions, of a public library. To this end, 20 public libraries were selected as samples from the 2012 Public Library Construction Casebook and from cases of consulting on the construction and operation of public libraries. The domains of a public library were categorized into data reading, cultural education, operation, common use, and others. There was a large difference in the area ratios between public libraries that were built with the aid of consulting (Group B) and those without consulting (Group A). In functional terms, the data(bookshelf) space and reading space had similar ratios within a data reading room, while the ratio of the library information space was smaller. Within a general data reading room, the ratio of the library information space was 12%, while the ratios of the data space and seating space were 44%, respectively. Moreover, within a data reading room for children, the ratios of the library information space and children's space were adjusted to 14%, respectively, while the data space and seating space each accounted for 36%, with either 3- or 5-decker bookshelves installed. This study has identified how to calculate the area for each domain, capacity of books, and seating capacity by applying area ratios through functions in the data storage domain, along with numbers of books and seats per unit space. This study has also succeeded in calculating the required area and seats for each type of data storage room by applying the number of books that exist. However, this study has its limitation in that the regional characteristics(Metropolis, Small & medium size cities, Rural areas) were not considered because the number of samples was only 20 libraries.

• Journal of rehabilitation welfare engineering & assistive technology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.49-53
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• 2009

In this paper, we compared wheelchair seating system between wheelchair users with cerebral palsy and spinal cord injuries. Wheelchair seating system is divided into three parts, seating components, seating cushion, and special functions. Seating components are composed of 10 sections, such as headrest, footrest, etc. There are 4 seating cushions including gel, form, hybrid, and air. Also leg elevation, seat elevation, tilt-in-space, reclining, and standing are special function of the wheelchair. There are 10 wheelchair users, 5 with celebral palsy, and 5 with spinal cord injuries who have participated in this study. 10 wheelchair users have been customers of rehabilitation technology center in national rehabilitation center. On the result, SCI group mostly uses headrest, and Humeral blocks (seating components), air cushion (seating cushion), and tilt in space, reclining (special functions). On the other hand, CP group uses adductor, abductor, and pommel (seating components), form cushion (seating cushion), and some of CP group uses reclining (special functions)

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.146-153
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• 2014

This study investigates the effects of seat-design elements such as seating arrangement, shape, and height on speech privacy in high-speed trains. For the evaluation of speech privacy, acoustic simulation software was used to reproduce room acoustical conditions in passenger cars on the basis of in-situ measurement data. The influences of speech source directivity and source height on privacy distance ($r_P$) were investigated, and it was found that $r_P$ determined using an omni-directional source was relatively shorter than that determined using a directional source. It was also found that $r_P$ decreased when the source height was lower than the height of the seat-back because the seat-back blocked the propagation of speech from the sound source. The effect of seating arrangement was not significant when comparing the vis-a-vis seating and one-side seating arrangements. In addition, among the alternative seat-designs, the seats that block the space between the seats and cover the space near the ear were found to show significantly enhanced speech privacy in high-speed train passenger cars.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.3-10
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• 2013

Basic precondition for effective curriculum on learning activities to take place, the internal and external environment of the school facilities, improve the environment of the classroom space and etc. Specifically, the use of classroom space, hardly learners improve their academic motivation to achievement tend to concentrate within the party regularly scheduled class hours. Physical environment surrounding them is giving considerable impact for behavioral psychological and bodily change of the learners. In this study, we are focused on the form of the learner in the general classroom space and classroom environment that can increase the learning effect will be examined. Consequently, What is appropriate classroom environment for learning increase the concentration of elements are presented.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.23 no.2 s.74
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• pp.107-125
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• 2005

Each ethnic group has a different cultural background and has developed its own culture in the name of a tradition. The interaction between different cultures is ever increasing through the process of acculturation or culture contact The purpose of this study is to provide baseline information about domestic living of Korean immigrants in Australia and Australians for a larger cross-cultural study project. As the first step, the usage of domestic space and seating styles of 52 Korean households in Melbourne were analyzed. Ethnographic research was conducted, utilizing a questionnaire. The findings of this research are as follows: 1. The most popular type of Living-Dining-Kitchen arrangement was the one which the kitchen is separated from the living and dining area. The level of satisfaction was the highest when the living room, dining room, and kitchen were all separated. 2. A laundry room was indispensable for Koreans in Australia, and they wanted to dry laundry and do ironing in there. Most people were satisfied with the toilet separated from the bathroom A drain hole on the floor of the bathroom was not indispensable for most Korean-Australians. 3. Korean-Australians tend to engage in various activities in their individual rooms, and they estimated that the size of most rooms were small. They also wanted to renovate the house to expand the rooms. 4. The seating style of Korean-Australians was mostly chair-seating. Yet, they often made beds on the floor for guests, and made kimchi sitting on the floor. Also, when they were relaxing, they were using both chair-seating and floor-seating. 5. Korean-Australians were not very satisfied with the use of floor carpets because of the dust collected on the carpets, and the difficulty to clean. It may be related to their preferred floor seating style, as well. 6. Almost all Korean-Australians take off their shoes inside of the house for hygienic reasons. They had a shoes cabinet at the entrance inside of the house. 7. The most popular heating system was ducted heating. The level of satisfaction about this was moderate because hot air contains lots of dust and it makes rooms very dry. Many were using electric blankets and their desired heating system was Ondol (heated floor). 8. Korean-Australians thought that the living room was the most important place for the family, and believed it should be decorated well to entertain guests. They also pointed out that the lighting was not bright enough in general.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.24 no.1 s.79
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• pp.159-179
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• 2006

Each ethnic group has different cultural backgrounds and each culture has developed with its own traditions. The interaction between different cultures is getting more active through acculturation and cultural contacts. The purpose of this study was to compare domestic living of Korean immigrants with Australians in the form of a Cross-Cultural study. For this, usage of domestic space and seating style of 52 Korean households and 53 Australian households in Melbourne were analyzed. Ethnographic research with questionnaire was used. The results of the research were as follows. 1. The most popular type of Living-Dining-Kitchen arrangement was L+ K. D for Koreans and L. D . K for Australians. 2. A laundry room was indispensable for both and they all wanted to do ironing in there as well as dry. Both were satisfied with the type which toilet was separated from the bathroom Drain hole on the floor of the bathroom was not indispensable for most Koreans and Australians. 3. Koreans and Australians were doing various activities in living area and both were getting together around kitchen(dining) area. The particular thing of Koreans was that they were using the main bedroom with multiple purpose. 4. The seating style of Koreans and Australians belong to chair-seating style generally. But Koreans were using floor seating style in making bed for the guest and making Kimchi. Koreans and Australians were using mixed style of floor seating and chair-seating in relaxing time with watching TV, treating guest or so. 5. Koreans were not satisfied with using carpet cause of dust but Australians were satisfied with the carpet cause of warmness. 6. Most Koreans and Australians were take off shoes inside of the house. Koreans were organize shoes around the front door of the house usually and Australians were organize shoes in bedroom usually. 7. The most popular heating system was ducted heating for both. The level of satisfaction about ducted heating was low for Koreans because they though that it could contaminate air. Australians were satisfied with ducted heating because they though that this one was fit on the weather of this area. 8. Living room was the most important one for Koreans and Australians and they also thought it should be decorated well for entertaining guests. Most Koreans were estimate that the brightness of the light of the house was not enough but it was estimated to moderate for Australians on the contrary.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.47-61
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to provide information about domestic living of Korean immigrants in Australia and Canada who have the same cultural background for comparative study. For this, usage of domestic space and living style in housing of 52 Korean households in Melbourne of Australia and 32 Korean households in the region of Waterloo of Canada were analyzed. Ethnographic research with questionnaire were used. Results of the research were as follows. 1. Korean immigrants in each countries were living in houses which was built by company of Australia and Canada. 44.2% of Korean immigrants in Australia were using L+D K and 53.1% of Korean immigrants in Canada were using L D K. 2. Laundry was indispensable for Korean immigrants in both countries and they all wanted to use the laundry as a utility room which could dry, ironing and so on. 3. Drain hole on the floor of the bathroom was not indispensable for most Korean immigrants in both countries for hygienic reason. 4. Korean immigrants in both countries were ironing in master bedroom and they all wanted to separate it from there through renovation and extension and so on. 5. Korean immigrants in Canada were more active to use the formal lounge which has been planned as a traditional element of western house. 6. The seating style of Korean immigrants in both countries belong to chair-seating style mostly. But it was clear that they were making Kimchi with floor seating style in both countries. 7. A level of satisfaction about using carpet was not high for Korean immigrants in both countries cause of uneasiness to clean and it was considered to relate to the floor seating style of them. 8. Almost Korean immigrants were took off the shoes inside of the house and they had shoes cabinet beside the entrance or basement usually. 9. The most popular heating system was ducted heating in both countries. The level of satisfaction about this was different for Korean immigrants in Australia and Canada but most desirable heating system was Ondol for them in both countries commonly.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.257-264
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• 2000

This research suggested a method by which the driver space can be designed to best accommodate the driver's anthropometric characteristics. Three-dimensional manikins and a variable seating buck were developed and used for this study. Manikins were designed with 18 links comprising the 95th percentile male and 5th percentile female data. The seating buck was built to create various driving environments using the distance and the height between the H-point(hip pivot) of the seat and the AHP(accelerator heel point), the angle of the back rest, the angle of the steering wheel, the vertical distance of the steering wheel, and the location of the T.G.S.(transmission gear shift) knob. Measurements of each variable were collected with a coordinate measuring machine by positioning the 3-D manikin under various combinations of the design factors of the seating buck, which was constructed based on mid-size domestic passenger cars. The data were then converted to the joint angles of the driver. The combination of the measurements for an optimal driving environment is suggested by applying sets of the joint angles at which the driver feels comfortable.