• 한국농공학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.86-95
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• 1983

Evapotranspiration is a major factor determining the water consumption in the rice fields. Therefore, realistic evapotranspiration estimates are important to the agricultural water resources planning. In Korea, however, the Blaney-Criddle formula, which was developed under the meteorological condition of western arid United States and the upland cultivation, has been widely used to estimate evapotranspiration from paddy fields. Hence, it has considered that the Blaney-Criddle formula would not be the proper method for the Korean paddy condition. The purpose of this study is to select the most appropriate and realistic method for estimating evapotranspiraion from paddy field in Korea and to derive crop coefficients using the chosen method. The results are summerized as follows. 1. Total seasonal-average evapotranspiration by the field observation was 660mm for Tongil and 621. Ornm for the Japonica variety of rice. The amount of evapotranspiration for Tongil variety was 6% larger than that of the Japonica variety. 2. There was no significant differences in the amount of evapotranspiration among early, middle and late mature varieties, that is, early 638mm, middle 627mm and late 630mm for the whole growing season. 3. The rate of peak evapotranspiration appeared at the beginning of August and was in the range of 7.7-8. Omm/day according to the different mature varieties. 4. The correlation between pan evaporation data and the calculated evapotranspiration using related meteorological data from various methods suggested such as Radiation (FAO), Hargreaves, Christiansen, Hargreaves-Christiansen, Jensen-Haise, showed high statistic significance. Therefore, it seemed to use those formulars in estimating evapotranspiration inste4 of using pan evaporation data. 5. It was concluded from the analysis of field data that the evapotranspiration estimate for Blaney-Criddle method might not be appropriate in Korea. On the other hand, Penman equation showed more accurate estimation at the flourishing stage of rice than the pan evaporation method. 6. The crop coefficients for the Penman and pan-evaporation method were obtained by graphical representation.

• 산학경영연구
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• 제4권
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• pp.281-295
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• 1991

Nothing is more incorrect than forecasting. Nevertheless, forecasting is one of the most important business activities for the effective management. There has been rapid changes of the growth rate in every respect of the Korean hospitaity industry, especially the hotel industry, before and after the 88 Olympic Games. Therefore, the hoteliers shall be in need of more-than-ever accourate demand forecasting for the more systematic management and control. Under the above circumstances, this study suggested the best forecasting technique and method for the better sales and operations of the hotel rooms. The number of rooms sold is selected as a dependent variable of this study which is regarded as the best representative factor of measuring the growth rate of the rooms division performance of the hotels. The first step was to select the most verifiable independent variable diferently from the other countries or other areas of Korea. As a result, the number of foreign visitors was chosen. Empirical research, i.e. correlation and multiple regression analysis, shows that this independent variable has a strong relationship with the dependent variable told above. The second procedure was to estimate the number of rooms will be sold in 1991 on the basis of the formula calculated through the multiple regression analysis. Time series technique was conducted using the data of the number of foreign visitors by purpose of travel from 1987 to 1990. For the more correct forecasting, however, it would be desirable to adopt the data from 1989 considering the product or the industry life cycle. In addition, deeper analysis for the monthly or seasonal forecasting method is needed as a future research.

• 생태와환경
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• 제38권spc호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2005

To resolve some of the most pressing uncertainties of Peridinium identity, morphological characteristics of Korean Peridinium were examined using light and scanning electron microscopy. The Peridinium samples were collected from three different regions of Juam, Sang-sa and Togyo Reservoirs, when seasonal blooms occurred. Formula of the epithecal plate was recorded with 7 precingular, 3 intercalary, and 4 apical plates (4', 3a, 7"). An apical pore, 3 ${\sim}$ 5 ${\mu}m$ in size, was apparently present. The cingulum was easily observed under light microscope, and was considerably offset by about 15 ${\mu}m$ (2 ${\sim}$ 3 times per cingulum width). The sulcus was straight longitudinally and widened apparently towards the antapex. None of spine was found on the surface of the thecal plates on scanning electron micrographs. The average body length was 50.4 ${\mu}m$ with a range of 29 ${\sim}$ 63 ${\mu}m$. The geometric dimension, as designated to the body length:width ratio, was found from calculation to be 1.12 with a range of 1.00 ${\sim}$ 1.35, therefore, the cell was shown slightly elongated. Based on their morphology, the causative organisms of red tides in three different Korean waters were identified as P. bipes f. occultatum, which was reported for the first time in Korea.

• 한국농공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농공학회 2000년도 학술발표회 발표논문집
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• pp.47-53
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• 2000

Saemangeum coastal area is being constructed the 33km sea dike and 40,000ha reclamation area. The purpose of this study is to find the residual circulations in spring before and after the dike construction by a robust diagnostic and prognostic numerical model. Heat flux at the sea surface in May was adopted on the basis of the daily inflow of solar radiation at the earth surface, assuming an average atmospheric transmission and no clouds, as a function of latitude and time of year(George L.P.,J. E. William,1990). The discharge from the Geum, the Mankyung and the Dongjin rivers was adopted on the basis of experience formula of river flow in May(The M. of C.,Korea, 1993). Water temperature and salinity along the open boundaries are obtained from the results of field observations. The results of spring of the residual flow in the Saemangeum coastal area by a prognostic numerical model lead to the following conclusions: Water temperature in spring is the highest, salinity is the lowest and density is the lowest at the upper layer near the coast after the dike construction. The flow pattern at the upper layer during spring is anti-clockwise circulation between Wi and Shinsi islands. The flow pattern at the lower layer is clockwise circulation between Wi and Shinsi islands.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.405-412
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• 2005

Groundwater in Jeju Island, flowing through main stream, is spring water from underground. To set a fixed quantity of groundwater flowing from surface in a hydrological view, 4 downstream (Woedo stream, Gangjung stream, Yeonwoe stream and Ongpo stream) were selected to calculate the characteristic of baseflow and the base-flow discharge through the data on tachometry. There were 11 to 14 level peak caused by runoff, mostly occurred during monsoon season. Also, duration of runoff was 15 to 25 hours, well reflecting the characteristic of inclined, short stream length in Jeju Island and pervious hydrogeographical feature. In case of Gangjung stream, Yeonwoe stream and Ongpo stream, variation of stream water level by baseflow rose above during summer, which was closely linked to the distribution of seasonal precipitation. From autumn to spring, water level fell below while that of Woedo stream remained the same all year round. Data on the water level observed in Woedo stream and Gangjung stream in every single minutes was applied to weir formula(equation of Oki and Govinda Rao) to calculate baseflow discharge. Also, using the data on current and water level calculated in Ongpo stream and Yeonwoe stream, water level-water flow rating was applied to assess base flow discharge.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.15-24
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• 2009

우리 나라는 계절 동토지대로서 겨울에는 기온이 영하로 떨어져 지반에 동상현상이 발생하고, 봄에는 얼었던 지반이 융해하면서 도로포장을 파손하거나 그 수명을 단축시킨다. 이러한 동상 및 융해로 인한 도로포장의 파손을 방지하기 위하여 도로포장 하부에 동상방지층을 설치하고 있다. 그런데 국내에서는 도로 동상방지층의 두께 결정시 사용되는 동결깊이 추정식으로서 미국이나 일본에서 개발된 식을 이용하고 있다. 그러나 이 식들은 자국의 기후 및 지반 조건에서 만들어진 것이므로 국내에서 그대로 적용하는 것이 합리적이라고 말하기는 어렵다. 우리 나라의 기후 및 지반조건에 맞지 않는 동결깊이 산정식을 도로 설계시 적용할 경우 전국에 새로 설치하는 도로 동상방지층의 두께가 달라질 수 있으며, 이에 따라 공사비가 잘못 산정될 수도 있다. 따라서 도로 공사비의 효율적인 집행과 도로의 내구성 향상을 위해 국내 기후 조건과 지반 여건에 맞는 동결깊이 산정식의 개발이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 전국 89개 포장국도에서 측정한 동결깊이와 기상청 측정 기온으로부터 산정한 동결지수를 함수로 하여 동결깊이 산정식(안)을 만들어 보았다. 아울러 지역별, 음/양지(陰/陽地) 조건별로 동결깊이가 어떻게 다르게 나타나는지 분석하였다. 또한 국내에서 기존에 이용하고 있던 동결깊이 산정식 및 외국의 동결깊이 산정식들과 그 결과가 어떻게 다르게 나타나는지 분석하였다.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.27-37
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• 1996

The taxa of phytoplankton in the Dongbok reservoir consisted of 6 classes, 9 orders, 4 4 suborders, 21 families, 42 genus, 86 species, 4 varieties and 1 formula; totally 91 t taxa appeared. It contained 3 major groups that is Chlorophyceae 51 taxa(56.0 % the most high rate), Bacillariophyceae 23taxa(25.2%), Cyanophyceae 10taxa(10.9%). The most abundant with 47 taxa was in December, the least with 11 taxa was in March during research every month. The component ratio of biomass each main groups, Bacillariophyceae(51 %, the most h high rate), Cyanophyceae(38.9%), Chlorophyceae(9.8%). The most abundant class at the biomass component ratio were Cyanophyceae which contained 82.6-98.0 % of it in May and September, Chlorophyceae 79.0% in August, and Bacillariophyceae increased continuously, specially in winter and autumn. The seasonal dominant groups were Microcystis aemginosa belong to Cyanophyceae in spring and autumn, some species of Chlorophyceae in summer and Melosira granulata belong to Bacillariophyceae in winter and late autumn. Dominant index ranged from 0.33 to 0.95. The season of the lowest index was autumn and the highest was spring. Species diversity indices ranged from 1.09 to 3.99. The water environmental factors of the Dongbok reservoir were that the values of water temperature ranged between $2.4~28.9^{\circ}C$, pH 7.2~8.3, conductivity 77.0~105.5us/cm, and transparency 1.2~2.8m, also the concentration of dissolved oxygen(DO) ranged of 6.9-14.6mg/L, total nitrogen(T-N) 0.38-1.84mg/L, total phosphorus (T-P) 0.011~0.028mg/L, and chlorophyll-a $7.0~29.9mg/m^3$. In this research the proper temperature of water for algae growth, $15~20^{\circ}C$, was maintained in April. May, November and December 1 The number of species that induced water color were 14 species, that caused taste-and-odor problems were 3 species and that caused filter clogging were 5 species. A Among them, the bloom of Anahaena macrospora that caused odor problem occurred l in May and of Microcystis aeruRinosa and M. lνensenberRii that caused filter clogging in May and September.

• 한국해양학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.325-337
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• 1994

한반도 주변해역에서 의 해면 열속과 응력의 분포를 김과 강(1994)의 지표층 flux 모델을 사용하여 구하였고 이들의 계절변화를 조사하였다. 모델의 입력자료는 유럽중 기기상예보소 (ECMWF)의 1000mb 온도, 비습, 지오포텐샬고도와 미국기상청(NMC)의 해 수면온도 자료를 사용하였다. 자료의 공간해상도는 위도, 경도 2도이며 기간은 1984년 부터 87년까지의 3년이다. 한편, 해면의 단파복사량은 미국항공우주국 (NASA)의 인공 위성 자료를 사용하였고 잔파복사량은 경험식을 사용하여 구하였다. 모든 열속을 합한 순열속을 한반도 주변해역에서 보면, 1월과 10월에 각각 200∼400 Wm/SUP -2/와 100 Wm/SUP -2/로 해양이 냉각되고 4월과 7월에는 약 100 Wm/SUP -2/로 가열되고 있음을 알 수 있다. 한편, 연평균 순열속은 황해 북부를 제외한 전해역에서 음의 값이 나타나 고 있다. 가장 큰 냉각이 일어나는 해역은 쿠로시오 해역으로 이 지역의 연평균 값은 약 120 Wm/SUP -2/이다. 동해에서는 북부와 남부해역에서 60∼80 Wm/SUP -2/의 냉각이 일어나며 중부해역에서는 비교적 적은 30 Wm/SUP -2/ 정도의 냉각이 일어나고 있다. 한편, 1월의 응력 크기는 다른 달에 대하여 3∼5배 정도 크게 나타나고 이에 따라 연 평균응력의 분포는 1월의 형태와 유사하다. 연평균 응력컬은 동지나해와 남해에서 음 의 값이 나타나지만 황해 북부에서는 양의 값을 보인다. 동해의 응력컬은 북부와 남동 해역에서 양의 값이 그리고 북서해역에서는 음의 값이 나타나고 있다.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.87-99
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• 2009

2006년 광릉 활엽수림지역에서 관측된 자료를 활용하여 수정된 토양-식생-대기 모델을 보정하고 연간 순생태 교환량의 계절변동성에 대한 모델의 모의 능력을 평가하고 탄소교환을 조절하는 주요 인자에 대하여 조사하였다. 수정된 토양-식생-대기 모델(mSPA model)을 1000 LST부터 1400 LST까지 관측된 낮 시간의 평균 순 생태 교환량(Net ecosystem exchange)을 모의하도록 보정한 후 총 일차 생산량(Gross primary productivity)을 계산하는데 사용하였고 생태 호흡량(Ecosystem respiration)은 관측지에서 개발된 경험식을 사용하여 추정하였다. 모델 결과는 여름철에 낮 시간의 평균 기공 전도도는 일사량과 매우 높은 상관성이 있음을 나타내었고 수증기 포차는 기공전도도의 변화에 큰 영향을 미치지는 않음을 보였다. 모델은 성장기간에 두 개의 극대값을 갖는 관측된 순 생태교환량의 계절 변동성을 모의하였다. 모델에서 계산된 연간 총 생산량과 생태호흡량, 그리고 순 생태 교환량은 각각 $964gC\;m^{-2}\;yr^{-1}$, $733gC\;m^{-2}\;yr^{-1}$ 그리고 $-231gCm\;^{-2}\;yr^{-1}$이었다. 관측값에 기반하여 산정된 연구결과와 비교할 때 모델 추정값이 약 $140gC\;m^{-2}\;yr^{-1}$ 더 많은 탄소 흡수를 보였다. 복잡한 지형에서 연간 생태 교환량 추정의 불확실성에 대하여 논의하였다.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.86-91
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• 2005

일본의 제 3 기 퇴적암이 분포하고 있는 대규모 산사태 지역에 있어서 계절에 따른 지하수위 변동을 파악하기 위하여 전기비저항탐사를 적용하였다. 기존의 시추조사가 수행된 NE-SW 방향으로 탐사측선을 설치하고, 동일 탐사측선에 대해서 눈이 녹은 6월과 눈이 오기전의 10월에 각각 전기비저항탐사를 실시하였다. 또한 산사태 지역에 두껍게 분포하고 있는 화산쇄설성 퇴적물 시료를 재취하여 실내에서 함수비를 인위적으로 조절하면서 전기비저항을 측정하고, 이 결과로 부터 포화상태의 화산쇄성설 퇴적물의 전기비저항이 573 ohm-m 임을 밝혔다. 이 값을 이용하여 2 회에 결쳐 실시한 산사태 지역의 전기비저항분포로부터 화산쇄설성 퇴적층 내에 분포하고 있는 지하수위를 추정할 수 있었다. 그 결과 눈이 오기 전보다 눈이 녹은 후의 융설기에 지하수위가 $1.1\~4.7m$ 정도 높은 것으로 평가되었으며, 화산쇄설성 퇴적층이 두껍게 쌓여 있는 산사태 지역의 상부에서 지하수위 변동이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 이유는 눈이 녹은 시기에 다량의 융설수가 지표로 침투되어 지하수위가 상승하고 있으며, 산사태 지역의 지하수 공급이 상부의 두꺼운 화산쇄설성 퇴적층에서 일어나고 있기 때문임을 알았다.