• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
• /
• 제30권3호
• /
• pp.175-178
• /
• 2013

Recently, two instruments of cosmic ray are operating in South Korea. One is Seoul muon detector after October 1999 and the other is Daejeon neutron monitor (Kang et al. 2012) after October 2011. The former consists of four small plastic scintillators and the latter is the standard 18 NM 64 type. In this report, we introduce the characteristics of both instruments. We also analyze the flux variations of cosmic ray such as diurnal variation and Forbush decrease. As the result, the muon flux shows the typical seasonal and diurnal variations. The neutron flux also shows the diurnal variation. The phase which shows the maximum flux in the diurnal variation is around 13-14 local time. We found a Forbush decrease on 7 March 2012 by both instruments. It is also identified by Nagoya multi-direction muon telescope and Oulu neutron monitor. The observation of cosmic ray at Jangbogo station as well as in Korean peninsula can support the important information on space weather in local area. It can also enhance the status of Korea in the international community of cosmic ray experiments.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한원격탐사학회 1999년도 Proceedings of International Symposium on Remote Sensing
• /
• pp.221-226
• /
• 1999

A data assimilation system for a 1-dimensional mixed layer model has been constructed using the adjoint method. The classical adjoint method does not work well for the mixed layer variabilities due to the occurrence of spikes in the gradient of the cost function. To solve this problem, the two techniques of scaling the cost function and optimization in the frequency space are used. As a result, the heat flux can be reliably estimated with an accuracy of 8Wm$^{-2}$ rms error in the identical twin experiments. We then applied this system to the tropical Pacific TOGA-TAO buoy data. The air-sea heat flux as well as the mixed layer variability were estimated in close approximation to the buoy data, particularly on time scales longer than the seasonal one.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제7권1호
• /
• pp.67-73
• /
• 1998

Surface heat budget of the Deukryang Bay from July 1, 1992 to September 12, 1993 is analyzed by us- ing the meteorological data (by Changhung Observatory and Mokpo Meteorological Station) and oceanogaphical data (by Research Center for Ocean Industrial Development. Pukyong National University). Each flux element at the sea surface which has annual variation Is derived with application of an aerodynamical bulk method and empirical formulae. The solar radiation Is the maximum In spring and sensible heat are the maximum in autumn and water. and minimum in summer The heat .storage rate is calclilated by using the rate of water temperature variation according to the depth. The oceanic transport heat is estimated as a residual. The net heat flux, the heat storage rate are positive In spring and summer, while they are negative in autumn and winter. The oceanic transport heat Is convergence In winter and divergence In the rest of seasons.

• 상하수도학회지
• /
• 제26권3호
• /
• pp.479-486
• /
• 2012

Runoff characteristics of pollutant loads of the lower Han River was studied before full implementation of Total Pollution Load Management System(TPLMS). Magnitude of macroscopic(annual) fluctuation was in the order of Namhan River > Han River > Bukhan River, gross weight TP > gross weight TN > gross weight BOD, gross weight deviation > concentration deviation. Flux variation was higher than that of concentration. Microscopic(weekly) fluctuation showed similar pattern to macroscopic scale. TP showed the highest deviation resulting in the lowest reliability. 60% of annual flux passed during summer 3months resulting in 43-46% pass of gross weight at the lower Han River. Strong correlation was found between flux and gross weight especially in gross weight TN. Gross weight pollution increased as high as 400% while passing Seoul area due to the concentration. The deviation from moving average increased during summer season in the gross weight TP and BOD. Seasonal tendency was confirmed especially in gross weight TN and TP using autocorrelation function.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제26권9호
• /
• pp.1101-1110
• /
• 2017

In this study, we analyze changes in soil heat flux and air temperature in August (summer) and January (winter) according to net radiation, at a mud flat in Hampyeong Bay. Net radiation was observed as $-84.2{\sim}696.2W/m^2$ in August and $-79.4{\sim}352.5W/m^2$ in January. Soil heat flux was observed as $-80.7{\sim}139.5Wm^{-2}$ in August and $-49.09{\sim}137W/m^2$ in January. Air temperature was observed as $24.2{\sim}32.9^{\circ}C$ in August and $-1.5{\sim}11.1^{\circ}C$ in January. The rate of soil heat flux for net radiation ($H_G/R_N$) was 0.17 in August and 0.34 in January. Because the seasonal fluctuation in net radiation was bigger than the soil heat flux, net radiation in August was bigger than in January. We estimated a linear regression function to analyze variations in soil heat flux and air temperature by net radiation. The linear regression function and coefficient of determination for the soil heat flux by net radiation was y=0.19x-7.94, 0.51 in August, and y=0.39x-11.69, 0.81 in January. The time lag of the soil heat flux by net radiation was estimated to be within ten minutes in August 2012 and January 2013. The time lag of air temperature by net radiation was estimated at 160 minutes in August, and 190 minutes in January.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
• /
• 제13권3호
• /
• pp.200-209
• /
• 2008

2003년 7월부터 2005년 6월까지 약 24 개월 동안 북동태평양 대한민국 망간단괴 개발광구 내에 위치한 정점 KOMO(Korea Deep-Sea Environmental Study Long-Term Monitoring Station, $10^{\circ}30'N,\;131^{\circ}20'W$)에서 시계열 퇴적물 포집장치를 설치하여 물질 플럭스를 측정하였다. 약 4,960 m 수심에서 획득된 침강입자의 총질량 플럭스는 겨울(12월-2월)과 봄(3월-5월)에 높고, 여름(6월-8월)과 가을(9월-11월)에 낮은 뚜렷한 계절변동을 보였다. 생물기원 물질플럭스도 총질량 플럭스와 유사하게 뚜렷한 계절변동을 나타냈다. 특히, 겨울과 봄에 관측된 탄산염 플럭스는 여름과 가을보다 두 배가량 높게 측정되어, 다른 생물기원 구성성분들의 계절변동에 비해 가장 크게 나타났다. 심해저층에서 관측된 침강입자의 총질량 플럭스와 생물기원 물질플럭스는 표층 해양 일차 생산력의 계절변동을 반영하는 것으로 생각된다. 겨울과 봄에는 강한 바람의 영향으로 혼합층 아래로부터 영양염의 공급이 증가되어 일차생산력이 높아진 것으로 생각되며, 여름과 가을에는 바람의 약화와 강한 성층으로 인하여 영양염 공급이 약해져서 일차생산력이 감소한 것으로 판단된다. 침강입자의 총질량 플럭스와 생물기원 물질플럭스의 계절적 변동은 이전에 연구된 엘니뇨/라니냐와 같은 환경변화에 따른 물질플럭스의 변화보다 크게 나타났다. 따라서 북동태평양 적도지역에서 엘니뇨와 라니냐 같은 환경변화의 영향에 의한 해양 물질플럭스의 변화를 이해하기 위해서는 일반적인 계절적 변동을 정확하게 측정하여야 한다.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제20권8호
• /
• pp.963-975
• /
• 2011

For this research, they were monitored $CO_2$ flux and environmental factors ($CO_2$ concentration, soil temperature, soil moisture, soil organic carbon, soil pH, soil Eh) in foreshore, paddy field and woods sites at the winter season (January 2009) and the summer season (September 2009). Seasonal and spatial variations for monitored data were analyzed, and linear regression functions of $CO_2$ flux as environmental factors were estimated. $CO_2$ fluxes averaged between surface and atmosphere monitored in foreshore and paddy field at the winter season were shown $-8\;mgCO_2m^{-2}hr^{-1}$ and $-25\;mgCO_2m^{-2}hr^{-1}$, respectively. $CO_2$ fluxes averaged between surface and atmosphere monitored in foreshore and paddy field at the summer season were shown $47\;mgCO_2m^{-2}hr^{-1}$ and $117\;mgCO_2m^{-2}hr^{-1}$, respectively. Thus, $CO_2$ was sunk from atmosphere to surface at the winter season and it was emitted from surface to atmosphere at the summer season. $CO_2$ fluxes in woods site were emitted $145\;mgCO_2m^{-2}hr^{-1}$ at the winter season and $279\;mgCO_2m^{-2}hr^{-1}$ at the summer season.

• 한국토양비료학회지
• /
• 제30권1호
• /
• pp.41-45
• /
• 1997

논 토양에서 메탄의 생성과 배출 토양깊이에 따른 토양용액내 메탄 확산 등을 구명코자 미사질 양토인 호남농업시험장 시험포장에서 수행한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 시기별 메탄 flux는 유수형성기 및 출수기에서 높았으며, 유기물을 시용한 구에서는 유기물 무시용구에 보다 배이상이 높았고, 일중 메탄 flux 변화는 야간에 비해 주간에 높았다. 2. 유기물 시용구에서 토양내 메탄 생성량은 생육초기부터 높았으며 분얼기에 감소하였다가 유수형성기 이후 증가하는 경향이었다. 3. 토양용액중 메탄 함량은 토심 5cm에서 가장 높았으며, 메탄의 확산은 매우 느린 경향이었다. 4. 토양 용액중 Eh는 -150~-160mV 범위였으며 메탄 생성과 밀접한 관련이 있었다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• 제26권3호
• /
• pp.453-463
• /
• 2004

The Antarctic Peninsula is important in terms of global warming research due to pronounced increase of air temperature over the last century. The first eddy covariance system was established at King Sejong Station located in the northern region of the Antarctic Peninsula in December of 2002 and has been operated over one year. Here, we analyze turbulent characteristics to determine quality control criteria for turbulent sensible heat flux data as well as to diagnose the possibility of long term eddy covariance measurement under extreme weather conditions of the Antarctic Peninsula. We also report the preliminary result on sensible heat flux. Based on the analyses on turbulent characteristics such as integral turbulence characteristics of vertical velocity (w) and heat (T), stationarity test and investigation of correlation coefficient, they fallow the Monin-Obukhov similarity and eddy covariance flux data were reliable. ${\sim}47%$ of total retrieved sensible heat flux data could be used for further analysis. Daytime averaged sensible heat flux showed a pronounced seasonal variation, with a maximum of up to $300Wm^{-2}$ in summer. In conclusion, continuous and long-term eddy covariance measurement may be possible at the study site and the land surface may influence the atmosphere significantly through heat transport in summer.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
• /
• 제38권1호
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 2003

A time-series sediment trap was deployed at a depth of 1034 m in the eastern Bransfield Strait from December 25, 1998 to December 24, 1999. Particle fluxes showed large seasonal variation; about 99% of the annual total mass flux (49 g m/sup -2/) was collected during the austral summer and fall (January-March). Settling particles consisted primarily of biogenic silica, organic carbon, calcium carbonate, and lithogenic material. Biogenic silica and lithogenic material predominated settling particles, comprising 36% and 30% of the total mass flux, respectively, followed by organic carbon, 11% and calcium carbonate, merely 0.6%. The annual organic carbon flux was 5.4 g C m/sup -2/ at 1000 m in the eastern Bransfield Strait, which is greater than the central Strait flux. The relatively lower flux of organic carbon in the central Bransfield Strait may be caused by a stronger surface current in this region. Organic carbon flux estimates in the eastern Bransfield Strait are the highest in the Southern Ocean, perhaps because of the fast sinking of fecal pellets, which leads to less decomposition of organic material in the water column. Approximately 5.8% of the organic carbon produced on the surface in the eastern Bransfield Strait is exported down to 1000 m; this percentage exceeds the maximum EF/sub 1000/ values observed in the Atlantic and Southern Oceans. The eastern Bransfield Strait appears to be the most important site of organic carbon export to the deep sea in the Southern Ocean.