• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.178-195
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• 1999

낙동강 하구 주변 해역에서 1987년 2월부터 1988년 1월까지 1년 동안 매월 소형 기선저인망(otter trawl)을 이용하여 어류의 종조성 및 계절변동을 조사하였다. 조사기간 동안 100개 어종에 속하는 23,008마리의 어류가 채집되었다. 가장 많이 채집된 어종은 실양태(Repomucenus valenciennei), 흰베도라치(Pholis fangi), 주둥치(Leiognathus nuchalis), 전갱이(Trachurus japonicus), 밴댕이 (Sardinella zunasi)였는데, 이들 5어종은 총 개체수의 63.0%와 생체량의 47.8%를 차지하였다. 계절별 우점종을 보면, 봄에는 흰베도라치와 실양태, 여름에는 실양태와 참서대(Cynoglossus joyneri), 가을에는 열동가리돔(Apogon lineatus)과 청멸(Thryssa kammalensis), 그리고 겨울에는 설양태, 주둥치, 밴댕이 등이 우점종으로 나타났다.어종수, 채집 개체수 및 종다양도지수는 뚜렷한 계절 변동을 보였다. 또한 어종 수 및 채집 개체수는 정점에 따라 차이를 보였는데, 낙동강 하구쪽으로 갈수록 어종수 및 채집 개체수가 감소하였다. 수온은 어류 종조성의 계절변동에 가장 큰 영향을 주는 요인이었으며, 염분은 어류의 공간 분포에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.260-265
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• 2013

Background: The aim of this study was to examine the seasonal variation of death from intentional self-harm by hanging, strangulation and suffocation (HSS: Korean Standard Classification of Diseases-6 code: X70) using the 2011 death registry data. Methods: The analysis was based on data of 8,359 HSS deaths from 2011 national vital statistics in Korea. Daily, weekly, and monthly death pattern on HSS were used to examine the relationship seasonal variation and HSS deaths. Results: A total of 8,359 HSS deaths occurred in 2011, with a mean age of 50.6 years. The HSS death rate (per 100,000) was 25.5 in male and 10.8 in female. In one day 17.6 males and 8.0 females occurred HSS death on average. The number of HSS death per day was the highest on 8th June (45 deaths), and lowest on 1st February (7 deaths) during the period. The variations of daily HSS death showed wide fluctuation from a peak of 34 to 45 deaths (29th May to 9th June) to a trough of 17-26 deaths (10th-13th September: the Korean thank-giving consecutive holidays), 13-20 deaths (2nd-5th February: the new year's day by the lunar calendar) and 8-9 deaths (24th-25th December: Christmas holidays). There were no significant difference between gender and seasonal variation (month, season, and week). Conclusion: The mean number of HSS death per day was highest in June (30.6 deaths), and months with the lowest number of deaths was January and December (range, 19.4 to 19.6 deaths). HSS death were more prevalent during summer and spring and were less likely to occur during winter. On Saturdays (21.0 deaths), the number of HSS death per day was the lowest, and Monday (27.9 deaths) was the highest. HSS death was less likely to occur on holidays (21.4 deaths). There was significant seasonal variation in HSS death by weekly and monthly (p<0.01).

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.417-430
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• 1991

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the level of seasonal adaptability of rural residents from a viewpoint of clothing weight. In this study, the 631 rural residents of both sexes and all generations were selected from 5 rural districts of Kyunggi, Kangwon, Chungnam, Chonnam and Kyungbuk province, and the survey on clothes worn by subjects carried out 4 times-once in each season-from 1989. 7 to 1990. 4. The clothing weight per a unit body surface area that is the index of clothing insulative value was calculated and the seasonal variations of clothing weight were investigated in each region, sex and age. The results of this study were as follows. 1. The clothing weight changed with the season and that increased in order of summer, autumn and spring, winter. But there was no significant difference between spring and autumn. 2. In general, the clothing weight of males was havier than that of females through out the year But the underwear clothing weight of males was lighter than that of females. 3. There were significant differences of clothing weight among age groups in the spring, autumn and winter and $14\~29$ age group had smallest clothing weight. Clothing weight increased with age above 29 years and decreased with age below 20 years. In the summer there was no significant di florence of clothing weight among age groups except that clothing weight of $14\~19$ age was significantly havier than the others. 4. The thermal sensation of the clothed body was comfortable in the spring, autumn and winter but that was warm in the summer. 5. The seasonal adaptability of rural adults from a viewpoint of clothing weight was relatively good but the children's clothing life had some problem because they wore too much.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.193-198
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• 2004

Seasonal effects of the newly evolved bivoltine hybrid namely CSR$_2$${\times}$SR$_{5}$, SR$_1$ ${\times}$SR$_4$ and control hybrid KA${\times}$NB$_4$D$_2$ along with their parents SR$_1$, SR$_4$, SR$_{5}$, CSR$_2$ KA and NB$_4$D$_2$ were evaluated during different seasons of the year to understand genotype and environment interactions. Data were collected on five economic importance namely, pupation rate, cocoon yield, cocoon weight, cocoon shell ratio and filament length of the lines, hybrids and the control breeds/hybrid in three different seasons i.e., Pre-Monsoon, Monsoon and post-monsoon and subjected to relevant statistical methods. Seasonal performance of CSR$_2$, SR$_1$, SR$_4$ and SR$_{5}$ revealed superiority over control breeds KA and NB$_4$D$_2$. Both the hybrids i.e., CSR$_2$${\times}$SR$_{5}$ and SR$_1$${\times}$SR$_4$ performed well under diversified environmental conditions of tropical climate in a year indicating overall stability. These hybrids revealed highly significant (P < 0.01) variations for majority of the traits studied over the control hybrid KA${\times}$NB$_4$D$_2$.$.

• 생태와환경
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.253-259
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• 2009

낙동강 물금 지역에서 채집된 동물플랑크톤 중 윤충류인 Keratella 속을 대상으로 10년 전후(1995, 1997, 2005 그리고 2007)의 종조성 변화를 분석하고, 피갑형태에 다양한 변화를 보이는 K. cochlearis의 피갑 크기, 후돌기의 발현 여부 및 길이 그리고 후두돌기 길이의 연도와 계절에 따른 변화를 측정하였다. Keratella 속의 밀도는 봄에 높고 겨울에 낮은 뚜렷한 계절성을 보였다. 군집 내에서 K. cochlearis가 우점종이었으며 상대풍부도는 1995년과 1997년보다 2005년과 2007년에서 높게 나타났다. 연도별 K. cochlearis의 피갑 폭은 유사하였으나, 피갑 길이의 경우 여름에 감소하고 겨울에 증가하는 특징을 보였다. 모든 연도에서 후돌기를 발현하는 개체의 비율이 낮았고 특히 여름과 가을에 출현빈도가 낮았다. 후돌기의 평균 길이는 여름에 짧고 겨울에 길였으며 후두돌기 펑균 길이는 겨울에 가장 짧은 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.217-221
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• 2003

The Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument is an eight-channel gas correlation radiometer that launched on the Earth Observing System (EOS) Terra spacecraft in 1999. Its main objectives are to measure carbon monoxide (CO) and methane (CH4) concentrations in the troposphere. This study analyzes tropospheric carbon monoxide distributions using MOPITT data and compare with ozone distributions in Northeast Asia. In general, seasonal CO variations are characterized by a peak in spring and decrease in summer. Also, this study revealed that the seasonal cycles of CO are maximum in spring and minimum in summer with average concentrations ranging from 118ppbv to 170ppbv. The monthly average of CO shows a similar profile to those of O3. This fact clearly indicates that the high concentration of CO in spring is caused by two possible causes: the photochemical CO production in the troposphere, or the transport of the CO in the northeast Asia. The CO and $O_3$ seasonal cycles in the Northeast Asia are influenced extensively by the seasonal exchange of the different types of air mass due to the Asian monsoon. The continental air masses contain high concentrations of $O_3$ and CO due to higher continental background concentrations and sometimes due to the contribution of regional pollution. In summer the transport pattern is reversed. The Pacific marine air masses prevail over Korea, so that the marine air masses bring low concentrations of CO and $O_3$, which tend to give the apparent minimum in summer.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제17권11호
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• pp.1243-1253
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• 2008

The seasonal variations of picoplankton including Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus and Picoeukayotes around Ulneung Island were investigated by flow cytometry in spring, summer and autumn in 2006. All groups of picoplankton showed clear seasonal patterns in population abundance. Among the group, Synechococcus showed the most prominent seasonal variation during the study period. The maximal abundance of Synechococcus occurred in summer and the lowest in autumn. The seasonal distribution of Prochlorococcus displayed the reverse tendency with that of Synechococcus. The abundance of Prochlorococcus ranged from $2.9{\times}10^3$ cells/ml in summer to $311{\times}10^3$ cells/ml in autumn. However, the seasonal distribution of Picoeukaryotes was shown to be relatively constant, and the maximal abundance was $81.5{\times}10^3$ cells/ml in summer. The highest abundance of Picoeukaryotes occurred in summer and the lowest in autumn and the seasonal distribution in abundance of Picoeukaryotes showed a similar trend with that of Synechococcus. The estimated total carbon biomass of picoplankton were ranged from $74.7\;mg\;C/m^2$ to $1,055.9\;mg\;C/m^2$. The highest total carbon biomass occurred in summer, but lowest occurred in autumn. The pattern of the contribution of three picoplankton to total autotrophic picoplankton carbon is different. The contribution of Synechococcus to total autotrophic picoplankton carbon is increased to 75%, but the contribution of Prochlorococcus dropped to 12% in summer. The contribution of Picoeukaryotes is ranged from 24% in summer to 72.5% in spring.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.435-456
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 일기온 자료를 바탕으로 사계절을 정의하여 지난 32년(1973-2004)동안 우리나라 장기간 평균적인 사계절의 개시일과 지속기간의 공간적 분포패턴 및 최근의 그 변화추세를 분석하였다. 공간적으로, 장기간 평균적인 봄철과 겨울철 개시일은 위도 및 해발고도의 영향을 받아 남-북(성산포-대관령)으로 각각 최고 44일과 63일의 차이를 보인다. 반면, 여름철 개시일은 위도보다는 해양과 해발고도의 영향을 받아 한반도 내륙지역에서 여름철이 제주도보다 일찍 시작된다. 사계절 지속기간에 따라 긴 계절부터 짧은 계절 순으로의 조합의 공간적 패턴을 살펴보면, 우리나라에는 특징적으로 5개의 계절주기 기후유형이 군집되어 나타난다. 한편, 최근 한반도에 나타난 기후변화가 계절주기에도 반영되어, 1980년대 후반 이후에 우리나라의 전체적으로 겨울철 개시일은 4일 늦어지고, 봄철 개시일은 6일 빨라져서 겨울철 길이가 10일 정도 짧아졌다. 이러한 겨울철 축소현상은 1980년 중반이후 남부지방에서 시작되어 1990년 접어들면서 북쪽으로 확대되어 한반도 전역에 걸쳐 나타났다. 인위적으로 콘크리트화가 진행된 우리나라 대도시 지역에서는 이러한 겨울철 축소현상이 더 뚜렷하게 나타났고, 심지어 여름철 지속기간도 국지적으로 증가하는 특징을 보였다. 이러한 한반도의 겨울철 축소현상은 추운계절 동반구 극지방($0-90^{\circ}E$, $65-85^{\circ}N$)의 지오포텐셜 고도장(925hPa) 변화와 원격상관이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 밝혀진 우리나라 겨울철 지속기간의 감소현상은 최근 전 세계적인 기후변화의 시그널로 나타나는 겨울철 기온상승 추세와 일치하는 결과이다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.225-236
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• 2000

Diurnal variations of wind field and pollutant dispersion over the Yosu area under the insolation conditions of summer and winter were investigated by using the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). Initially, horizontally homogeneous wind field were assumed on the basis of sounding data at the Kwangju upper-air station for days whose morning wind speeds were below 2m/s. In these days, the sea breeze prevailed in summer while the land breeze lasted for a few hours in the morning; the effect of synoptic winds was strong in winter with some inclusion of wind variations owing to the interaction between sea and land. The predicted wind direction at the location of the Yosu weather station captured an important change of the sea-land breeze of the observed one. The predicted wind speed and the air temperature agreed with observed ones in a reasonable range. In the morning, both in summer and winter, winds around the source location were diverged and became weak between the mountainous area to the southeast and the Kwangyang Bay to the north. Winds, however, accelerated while blowing to the east and south and blowing on the mountainous area. Complicated wind fields resulted in high pollutant concentrations at almost all receptors considered. These high concentrations in the morning were even comparable to the ISCST3 calculations with the worst-case and typical meteorological conditions designated by USEPA(1996). On the other hand, in the afternoon, the wind field was rather uniform even in the mountainous area with development of mixing layer and the concentration distributions being close to the Gaussian distributions.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• 제19권E1호
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• pp.29-39
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• 2003

The 10-day interval basis measurements of precipitation samples at Yangyang, the rural and coastal area on the eastern coast of the Korea peninsula were accomplished for understanding the precipitation chemistry and the temporal variations of major ions September 1991 to February 1997. The precipitation was slightly acidic, and 37% of the samples in winter were pH less than 4.5. The concentrations of cations were found on the order $Na^+\;>\;{NH_4}^+\;>\;Ca^{2+}\;>\;Mg^{2+}\;>\;K^+$ and those of anions followed the pattern $Cl^-\;>\;{SO_4}^{2-}\;>\;{NO_3}^-$. Neglecting sea salt components, the major ions controlling precipitation chemistry were nss-${SO_4}^{2-}$ and ${NO_3}^-$ in anion and ${NH_4}^+$ and nss-$Ca^{2+}$ in cation. Concentrations of these ions were lower than those measured at urban sites in Korea, but were higher than those measured in Japan. Most of nss-${SO_4}^{2-}$ and ${NO_3}^-$ were neutralized by ammonia and calcium species, especially alkaline soil particles in spring and ammonia gas in other seasons. Considering also the annual value of ［nss -${SO_4}^{2-}$］/［${NO_3}^-$］ ratio of 2.62 and the neutralizing factors, ammonium sulphate compounds were dominant. Annual mean concentrations of these ions showed relatively small fluctuations, while larger seasonal variations were observed with higher levels in spring and winter. Precipitation amount, influence extent of acidic gases and alkaline particles long-range transported from China continent, and energy consumption pattern in each season might be able to explain this seasonal trend.sonal trend.