• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.79-91
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• 2002

Four dimensional data assimilation (FDDA) technique was considered for 3 dimensional wind field in coastal area and a set of 3 numerical experiments including control experiments has been tested for the case of the synoptic weather pattern of the weak northerly geostrophic wind with the cloud amount of less than 5/10 in autumn. A three dimensional land and sea breeze model with the sea surface temperature (SST) of 290K was performed without nudging the observed wind field and surface temperature of AWS (Automatic Weather System) for the control experiment. The results of the control experiment showed that the horizontal temperature gradient across the coastline was weakly simulated so that the strength of the sea breeze in the model was much weaker than that of observed one. The experiment with only observed horizontal wind field showed that both the pattern of local change of wind direction and the times of starting and ending of the land-sea breeze were fairly well simulated. However, the horizontal wind speed and vertical motion in the convergence zone were weakly simulated. The experiment with nudgings of both the surface temperature and wind speed showed that both the pattern of local change of wind direction and the times of starting and ending of the land-sea breeze were fairly well simulated even though the ending time of the sea breeze was delayed due to oversimulated temperature gradient along the shoreline.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.721-731
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• 2004

The dispersion of suspended particulates in the coastal complex terrain of mountain-inland basin (city)-sea, considering their recycling was investigated using three-dimensional non-hydrostatic numerical model and lagrangian particle model (or random walk model). Convective boundary layer under synoptic scale westerly wind is developed with a thickness of about I km over the ground in the west of the mountain, while a thickness of thermal internal boundary layer (TIBL) is only confined to less than 200m along the eastern slope of the mountain, below an easterly sea breeze circulation. At the mid of the eastern slop of the mountain, westerly wind confronts easterly sea breeze, which goes to the height of 1700 m above sea level and is finally eastward return flow toward the sea. At this time, particulates floated from the ground surface of the city to the top of TIBL go along the eastern slope of the mountain in the passage of sea breeze, being away the TIBL and reach near the top of the mountain. Then those particulates disperse eastward below the height of sea-breeze circulation and widely spread out over the coastal sea. Total suspended particulate concentration near the ground surface of the city is very low. On the other hand, nighttime radiative cooling produces a shallow nocturnal surface inversion layer (NSIL) of 200 m thickness over the inland surface, but relatively thin thickness less than 100m is found near the mountain surface. As synoptic scale westerly wind should be intensified under the association of mountain wind along the eastern slope of mountain to inland plain and further combine with land-breeze from inland plain toward sea, resulting in strong wind as internal gravity waves with a hydraulic jump motion bounding up to about 1km upper level in the atmosphere in the west of the city and becoming a eastward return flow. Simultaneously, wind near the eastern coastal side of the city was moderate. Since the downward strong wind penetrated into the city, the particulate matters floated near the top of the mountain in the day also moved down along the eastern slope of the mountain, reaching the. downtown and merging in the ground surface inside the NSIL with a maximum ground level concentration of total suspended particulates (TSP) at 0300 LST. Some of them were bounded up from the ground surface to the 1km upper level and the others were forward to the coastal sea surface, showing their dispersions from the coastal NSIL toward the propagation area of internal gravity waves. On the next day at 0600 LST and 0900 LST, the dispersed particulates into the coastal sea could return to the coastal inland area under the influence of sea breeze and the recycled particulates combine with emitted ones from the ground surface, resulting in relatively high TSP concentration. Later, they float again up to the thermal internal boundary layer, following sea breeze circulation.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.591-605
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• 2010

Recirculation of airmass in coastal region occurs because of the change from land to sea breeze and was shown to produce a contrary result on air quality. This study examines the numerical simulation to analyze the effect of recirculation flow in Gwangyang Bay, Korea. For this purpose two case studies are performed by the WRF-FLEXPART-CMAQ modeling system, each for a different Meso-Synoptic Index. Additionally this research make a comparative study of large domain (Domain L) and small domain (Domain S). The horizontal wind fields are simulated from WRF. Changes in the land-sea breeze have an effect on the particle dispersion modeling. The numerical simulation of air quality is carried out to investigate the recirculation of ozone. Ozone is transported to eastward under strong synoptic condition (Case_strong) because of westerly synoptic flow and this pattern can confirm in all domain. However ozone swept off by the land breeze and then transported to northward along sea breeze under conditions of clear sky and weak winds (Case_weak). In this case re-advected ozone isn't simulate in Domain S. The study found that recirculation of airmass must be concerned when numerical simulation of air quality is performed in coastal region, especially on a sunny day.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.511-522
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• 1998

The two-stage numerical model was used to study the relation between three-dimensional local wind seal area for Korean peninsula. The first stave is three dimensional time-dependent local wind model which elves the wind field and vertical diffusion coefncient. The second stage is advection/duusion model which uses the results of the first stage as input data. First, wand fields on Korean peninsula for none synoptic scale wand showed typical land and sea breeze circulation, and the emitted particles were transported by sea breeze for daytime, emissions return to sea by land breeze for nighttime.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.29-41
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• 1996

The two-stage numerical model was used to study the relation between three-dimensional local wind model, advection/diffusion model of random walk method and second moment method on Pusan coastal area. The first stage is three dimensional time-dependent local wind model which gives the wind field and vertical dirrusion coefficient. The second stage is advection/diffusion model which uses the results of the first stage as input data. First, wind fields on Pusan coastal area for none synoptic scale wind showed typical land and sea breeze circulation, and convergence zone occured at 1200LST in northern of domain, in succession, moved northward of domain. Emissions from Sinpyeong industrial district were trasnported toward the inland by sea breeze during daytime, and reached the end part of domain about 1800LST. During nighttime, emissions return to sea by land breeze and vertical diffusion also contributes to upward transport. In order to use this model for forecast of air pollution concentration on the Pusan coastal area, it is necessary that computed value must be compared with measured value and wind fields model must also be dealt in detail.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.19-26
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• 2003

The dispersion of recycled particulates in the complex coastal terrain containing Kangnung city, Korea was investigated using a three-dimensional non-hydrostatic numerical model and lagrangian particle model (or random walk model). The results show that particulates at the surface of the city that float to the top of thermal internal boundary layer (TIBL) are then transported along the eastern slope of the mountains with the passage of sea breeze and nearly reach the top of the mountains. Those particulates then disperse eastward at this upper level over the coastal sea and finally spread out over the open sea. Total suspended particulate (TSP) concentration near the surface of Kangnung city is very low. At night, synoptic scale westerly winds intensify due to the combined effect of the synoptic scale wind and land breeze descending the eastern slope of the mountains toward the coast and further seaward. This increase in speed causes development of internal gravity waves and a hydraulic jump up to a height of about 1km above the surface over the city. Particulate matter near the top of the mountains also descends the eastern slope of the mountains during the day, reaching the central city area and merges near the surface inside the nocturnal surface inversion layer (NSIL) with a maximum ground level concentration of TSP occurring at 0300 LST. Some particulates were dispersed following the propagation area of internal gravity waves and others in the NSIL are transported eastward to the coastal sea surface, aided by the land breeze. The following morning, particulates dispersed over the coastal sea from the previous night, tend to return to the coastal city of Kangnung with the sea breeze, developing a recycling process and combine with emitted surface particulates during the morning. These processes result in much higher TSP concentration. In the late morning, those particulates float to the top of the TIBL by the intrusion of the sea breeze and the ground level TSP concentration in the city subsequently decreases.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to analyze the problems of land and sea breeze model experiment that has presented in $5^{th}$ grade curriculum in chapter "Weather and our lives" and makes better model simulation so that learners can have better and more effective way to study it. To survey the opinions from dedicated teachers about land and sea breeze model experiment, we produced the survey through interview with science exclusive teacher from M elementary school. An elementary science education expert, 3 men of science EdD modified and complemented survey and started Delphi survey to 12 science teachers who have career teaching more than 3 years. The problems found in this survey were 'one heat bulb, short heating time, small temperature difference of water and sand, lack of class time, empty space between sand and water, back of transparent boxes, little amount of scent and the location of the it' etc. But the most of all, it is hard to see the successful result of the experiment. Based on these kinds of investigations, and lots of trial and error, redesigned the new model experiment that has the most similarity to the real one and high probability of success. According to this, it was able to see the smoke forms horizontal movement along the sand and the smoke goes in one circulation cycle. through this experiment, we made a conclusion that although those scientific experiments in textbook were developed through lots of considerations of expert, to consider the aspect of consumer, it needs to reach the educational agreement about simulation experiment so that It can lead to successful experiment and high quality education.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.225-236
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• 2000

Diurnal variations of wind field and pollutant dispersion over the Yosu area under the insolation conditions of summer and winter were investigated by using the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). Initially, horizontally homogeneous wind field were assumed on the basis of sounding data at the Kwangju upper-air station for days whose morning wind speeds were below 2m/s. In these days, the sea breeze prevailed in summer while the land breeze lasted for a few hours in the morning; the effect of synoptic winds was strong in winter with some inclusion of wind variations owing to the interaction between sea and land. The predicted wind direction at the location of the Yosu weather station captured an important change of the sea-land breeze of the observed one. The predicted wind speed and the air temperature agreed with observed ones in a reasonable range. In the morning, both in summer and winter, winds around the source location were diverged and became weak between the mountainous area to the southeast and the Kwangyang Bay to the north. Winds, however, accelerated while blowing to the east and south and blowing on the mountainous area. Complicated wind fields resulted in high pollutant concentrations at almost all receptors considered. These high concentrations in the morning were even comparable to the ISCST3 calculations with the worst-case and typical meteorological conditions designated by USEPA(1996). On the other hand, in the afternoon, the wind field was rather uniform even in the mountainous area with development of mixing layer and the concentration distributions being close to the Gaussian distributions.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.965-985
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• 2004

The investigation of driving mechanism for the formation of tropical night in the coastal region, defined as persistent high air temperature over than 25$^{\circ}C$ at night was carried out from August 14 through 15, 1995. Convective boundary layer (CBL) of a 1 km depth with big turbulent vertical diffusion coefficients is developed over the ground surface of the inland basin in the west of the mountain and near the top of the mountain, while a depth of thermal internal boundary layer (TIBL) like CBL shrunken by relatively cool sea breeze starting at 100 km off the eastern sea is less than 150 m from the coast along the eastern slope of the mountain. The TIBL extends up to the height of 1500 m parallel to upslope wind combined with valley wind and easterly sea breeze from the sea. As sensible heat flux convergences between the surface and lower atmosphere both at the top of mountain and the inland coast are much greater than on the coastal sea, sensible heat flux should be accumulated inside both the TIBL and the CBL near the mountain top and then, accumulated sensible heat flux under the influence of sea breeze circulation combined with easterly sea breeze from sea to inland and uplifted valley wind from inland to the mountain top returning down toward the eastern coastal sea surface should be transported into the coast, resulting in high air temperatures near the coastal inland. Under nighttime cooling of ground surface after sunset, mountain wind causes the daytime existed westerly wind to be an intensified westerly downslope wind and land breeze further induces it to be strong offshore wind. No sensible heat flux divergence or very small flux divergence occurs in the coast, but the flux divergences are much greater on the top of the mountain and along its eastern slope than on the coastal inland and sea surfaces. Thus, less cooling down of the coastal surface than the mountain surface and sensible heat transfer from warm pool over the coast into the coastal surface produce nocturnal high air temperature on the coastal inland surfaces, which is not much changed from daytime ones, resulting in the persistence of tropical night (nocturnal thermal high) until the early in the morning.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.439-445
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• 2008

In this paper, the preliminary EMC analysis process between the Communication, Ocean and Meteorological Satellite (COMS) and Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) launch vehicles in the frequency range [1MHz-47MHz] is described. The considered launch vehicles are arian V, sea Launch, land Launch, atlas III&V, delta IV, proton M/breeze M, soyuz, HII-A and Angara. The launch vehicle Radiated Emission (RE) specifications have been compared to COMS satellite Radiated Susceptibility (RS) limits. The COMS RS limits are the RS qualification levels of COMS units during launch. As a result, The radiated emission levels of arian V, sea launch, atlas III&V, delta IV, proton M/breeze M, HII-A and angara are compliant with COMS RS limits. The negative margins appear between land launch or soyuz launch vehicle RE and COMS RS. Then, if the land launch or soyuz is chosen by the customer, The tests should be performed at satellite level in order to demonstrate the compatibility with respect to launch vehicles specifications.