• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.22-31
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• 2010

In this study, elementary school teachers' needs for the website providing science instructional materials were examined. The participants were 151 elementary school teachers. The test for needs analysis consisted of fifty-three Likert-type items; 24 items for the content of website category and 29 items for the design of website category. Variables about participants' characteristics such as teaching career, the capability of using computers, and the frequencies of searching websites in obtaining science instructional materials were also examined. The results indicated that teachers' needs for the content of website category were significantly higher than those for the design of website category. Teachers' needs were relatively higher in the items concerning flawless materials, consistency of materials with science curriculum and/or learning objectives, information about target grade and/or related topics, free website, and the materials capable of immediate use in the content of website category. The items concerning the stability of website, the accuracy of links, providing easy and reliable searching methods, easy and fast downloading, and providing list of loaded materials showed relatively higher needs in the design of website category. In several items, teachers' needs were also changed with their individual characteristics.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.314-328
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• 1996

This study investigated the literature about science process skills' evaluation to analyse transition of evaluation objectives before and after a Scholastic Ability Test for College Entrance. In the literature survey the researcher established a 3 dimensional science assessment framework with X axis as science concept, Y axis as science process skills and Z axis as problem context. In order to analysis and compare each items the researcher selected 210 items from the 1st to the 7th trials and 138 items from the 1st to 4th Scholastic Ability Test for College Entrance and sampled 2873 science achievement test items from 10 high schools. In accordance with this taxonomy the researcher analysed and compared science process skills item forms. The following results were drawn : The items were evenly distributed in all the four areas(Earth Science, Biology, Physics and Chemistry) of the science concept domain, but they were heavily concentrated on data analysis and drawing a conclusion in science process domain. In the domain of problem context school context was the majority. In spite of distribution like this the ratio on science process skills measurement items and science achievement test items was increased after the Scholastic Ability Test for College Entrance was given. Also the ratio on item expression type was increased. Item form was almost 5 options selection type in the national level test. Although there were 4 options selection type, 5 options selection type, short answer type, essay type in school level test, rising from 33.1% to 65.5% on 5 options selection type is exhibited. This study showed that the school level item form was better various than the nation level. This point like this is the evidence for the improvement toward the science process skills test and influenced by Scholastic Ability Test for College Entrance. The ratio on the item which joined with the 3 axes had a mean of 99.3% in nation level test and mean 44.9% in school achievement test level. But the ratio in the school achievement test level increased after the Scholastic Ability Test for College Entrance was given. In view of this study we must furthermore study the item types which can evaluate valjdately science process skill's five stage each and evaluation method by the high school students' problem solving patterns and features in scientific inquiry on all science process skills elements.

• Journal of Science Education
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.38-49
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to analyze the paper test items of high school physics I 'Space-Time and the Universe' unit and how similar the textbook goals are to the cognitive and content areas. This study analyzed paper test items used from nine high schools and KICE about the unit. In order to analyze the distribution of items, they were classified by contents and by cognitive level which is knowledge, comprehension and application levels. As conclusion, application level items were a few, and unbalanced contents distribution appeared in school items. In comparison through the ratio difference index, the objectives of the textbook and the school items were very similar, but the similarities were low when comparing the school items with the KICE items. Based on the above, we suggested some ways to increase the validity of test items.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.575-589
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• 2018

This study analyzed the changes in Electroencephalogram(EEG) and Electrocardiogram(ECG) depending on the healing environment in order to find a way to improve the forest healing program based on the healing environment in response to the demand for qualitative improvement of the program since the program is a charged service. This study selected eight sites running forest healing programs at four national healing forests (i.e., Saneum, Cheongtaesan, Daegwanryeng, and Jangseong) - two routes per national healing forest - considering forest environments. This study chose NUMBER standard sampling plots ($20{\times}20m$) and measured three atmospheric environment items, seven physical environment items, two soil environment items, and eight vegetation environment items including forest sound and anion at each plot to evaluate physiological changes in it. EEG and ECG, which have been widely used in forest healing evaluation, were utilized as criteria. Seventy three subjects were selected with taking the age, drug, caffeine, smoking, and the time of last meal into consideration. As a result, EEG changes were correlated with three atmospheric environment items, six physical environment items, one soil environment item, and two vegetation environment items. ECG changes were significantly correlated with two atmospheric environment items, six physical environment items, two soil environment items, and two vegetation environment items (p<.05). It is expected that 11 environmental factors such as temperature, density, and altitude affecting EEG (e.g., alpha balance and gamma balance) and ECG (e.g., HRV mean) could be used as effective tools in developing more differentiated programs for improving healing effects.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.291-301
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• 2002

This study was performed to develop a scale of maternal conflict based on already established scales and the literature review. The major purpose of this study was to develop a scale of which contains difficulties which mother can feel to rearing her child and can be applied to mothers at home or employed mothers. 68 items were developed. For content validity test, the items were examined by 7 experts panel with Likert 4 scale. The 39 items were selected as high validity from 86% of the experts. The item number of each area and the misunderstanding words were corrected by advices of experts. 10 mothers again examined 39 items in order to correct the misunderstanding words and the long sentences. For reliability and factor analysis of 39 items, 496 mothers participated. 34 items were chosen because 5 items that corrected item-total correlation coefficient were lower than 0.2 were excluded by the result of reliability analysis. Factor analysis was done with 34items. 6 factors were classified higher than eigen value 1.0, 28 items were chosen because 6 items that factor loadings were lower than 0.4 were excluded. These factors were named as employment and caring for child(6 items), child education(5 items), support system for caring for child(4 items), interaction with mother and child(4 items), view of maternal role(5 items) and me as human being(4 items). Reliability analysis was done with 28 items. 1 item(36 number of factor 1) was excluded because corrected item-total correlation coefficient were lower than 0.2. Therefore, 27 items were chosen. Maternal Conflict Scale was contained 27 items. The corrected item-total correlation coefficient of 27 items were ranged from .2345 to .5240 and Cronbach alpha coefficient of those was .8207 by the results of reliability analysis. It can be evaluated that this scale had a high validity and reliability because of passing through an objective process of test.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.1097-1107
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a job stress scale for hospital-based home care nurses in Korea. The process was construction of the conceptual framework, development of the preliminary items, verification of the content validity, item analysis and test of the reliability. The preliminary items were based on literature review and in-depth interviews with home care nurses. As a result, eight categories and sixty items were selected. These were reviewed by seven specialists for content validity and finally fifty one items were chosen. Data was collected from 180 home care nurses who were engaged in 87 hospitals from August to September 2003. The result of item analysis one was excepted, The final item count was 50. Categories were as follows: overload work(8 items), lack of specialized knowledge and technique(5 items), ethical dilemma(4 items), role conflict(5 items), interpersonal relationships(6 items), visiting home environment(9 items), driving conditions(4 items) and lack of administrative support(9 items), The reliability of the scale by Cronbach's alpha was .948 and the domain's reliability ranged from .649 to .841. The result of this study could be used to measure the job stress of home care nurses. However, for further validity and reliability, repeated studies will be necessary.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.285-293
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• 2003

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify behavioral items for Korean infants under 24months by naturalistic observation. These items will be the basis for developmental scale for Korean infants. Method: Data were collected by observing and interviewing fifty one infants and their mothers during the period from November 15 to December 14, 2003. Raw data in descriptive form were obtained by unstructured naturalistic observation, and were reformed to behavioral items through discussion with professors in pediatric nursing and experienced nurses in child care department. Also, behavioral items were classified into five developmental areas. Result: Total number of behavioral items was two hundreds and thirty eight. 52 items for motor development, 66 items for personal-social, 40 items for hearing and speech, 41 items for eye-hand coordination, and 39 items for performance. Conclusion: This is meaningful that fundamental items for Korean developmental scale for infants were identified by observing behaviors of Korean infants. On the basis of these items, average age will be calculated for passing each item by testing Korean infants. We hope to develop Korean infant developmental scale as a final outcome in the future research.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.453-465
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• 2012

Purpose: The study was done to develop a shared decision-making scale for end-of-life patients in Korea. Methods: The process included construction of a conceptual framework, generation of initial items, verification of content validity, selection of secondary items, preliminary study, and extraction of final items. The participants were 388 adults who lived in one of 3 Korean metropolitan cities: Seoul, Daegu, or Busan. Item analysis, factor analysis, criterion related validity, and internal consistency were used to analyze the data. Data collection was done from July to October 2011. Results: Thirty-four items were selected for the final scale, and categorized into 7 factors explaining 61.9% of the total variance. The factors were labeled as sharing information (9 items), constructing system (7 items), explanation as a duty (5 items), autonomy (4 items), capturing time (3 items), participation of family (3 items), and human respect (3 items). The scores for the scale were significantly correlated among shared decision-making scale, terminating life support scale, and dignified dying scale. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the 34 items was .94. Conclusion: The above findings indicate that the shared decision-making scale has a good validity and reliability when used for end-of-life patients in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.156-160
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• 2011

It was confirmed that we got somewhat different results even though we performed same items with same methods from capillaries and venous blood of healthy 72 cases. Items which capillaries blood has higher value than venous blood are the numbers of erythrocyte, lymphocyte, basophil, hematocrit, MCHC and RDW. Total numbers of RBC (p<0.035), lymphocyte and basophil are shown statistically significance. Items which venous blood has higher value than capillary blood are the numbers of platelet (p<0.00) and neutrophil (p<0.01). Fallible items in clinics can be shown the numbers of RBC, platelet, lymphocyte and neutrophil because we got somewhat different results even though we performed same items with same methods from capillaries and venous blood, respectively. It is necessary to choose the clear criteria and normal value depends on clinical specimen as the number of platelets are measured with an abnormal value shown over 40% down. As normal difference according to each item and method is currently acceptable and applicable in clinics, it is considered that a new normal value depends on clinical specimen should be established and is to be useful positively in clinics.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.59-72
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• 1991

This study has formed a clear definition of the elements of inquiry skills : inference, determining relationship, causal explanation, prediction, and created the goals of assessment and the items of assessment. They have been checked the validity and the objectivity and the clarity of the items by six professors of science education. At the same time, the two times of the field trial has been executed. and checked the discriminating power and the difficulty index and the effectiveness of distracters, and modified the items. The test developed in this way was administered to 1060 students of the eighth grade, randomly cluster-sampled from the universe, and standardized. The test is the aptitude test as well as the norm-reference test. and has twenty items. The testing-time is thirty minutes. And the cotent validity is 85%, the objectivity of the answer keys 91.7%, the mean of items difficulty 68.8%, the mean of discriminating power 0.39, the standard deviation 3.31, the reliability(K-R 20) 0.69. Because it is the standardized lest, it can diagnose the well-developed skills and the ill-developed skills of the students, and monitor the development of skills.