• Human Ecology Research
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.279-291
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• 2015

Fair trade is international trade that pays just wages, supplies stable and eco-friendly products, and supports the sustainable development of economies. This study examined consumers 'cognition of fair trade, product intention of fair trade products, and consumer demand for fair trade education. We compare these variables between Korean and Chinese consumers and explored variables that affect consumers' cognition, purchase intentions and consumer education demand. This study randomly targeted 428 adult consumers in Seoul (219) and Beijing (209) to grasp the demand of customer education and a purchasing intention for fair trade products. The results of this study are as follows. First, participants showed a low cognition of fair trade and purchase intention, while consumer demand for fair trade education on concept, campaign and effect had a comparatively higher level. Chinese consumers showed a higher level of purchase intention, but a lower level of consumer education demand for fair trade concepts. Second, a higher education level resulted in a higher cognition of fair trade by Korean consumers and more experienced Chinese consumers had a higher cognition. Third, the cognition of fair trade affected the purchase intentions positively for both in Korean and Chinese consumers. Finally, cognition and purchase intention showed positive effects of the consumer demand for fair trade education on concept, campaign, and effect.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.23-33
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• 2021

Purpose: This study explored factors affecting the purchase of fair trade hand-made products. We focused on the difference between the mediating effect of purchase intention and purchase purpose, and verified the additional effectiveness of premium prices. Research design, data and methodology: The data was collected through an online survey. The reliability and validity of each variable used in the questionnaire were verified. Then, each hypothesis was analyzed through multiple regression analysis. Results: First, individual social responsibility and purchasing experience of general fair trade products have a definitive effect on the intention of purchasing fair trade hand-made products. Second, the willingness to pay premium prices varies depending on whether it is an individual's consumption or consumption for others. Third, the higher the individual's social responsibility and experience in purchasing fair trade products, the more willing he is to pay premium prices. Fourth, the purchase intention of fair trade hand-made products is to have the effect of partial mediation. Fifth, when choosing a gift for an adult, it was determined that the consumer was willing to pay premium prices the highest amount. Conclusions: In terms of factors affecting the purchase of fair trade hand-made products at premium prices, it was confirmed that individuals' social responsibilities and purchases of fair trade general products had an impact.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.306-317
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• 2021

The unbalance between system ergodic sum rate and high fairness is one of the key issues affecting the performance of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system. To solve the problem, this paper proposes a power allocation algorithm to realize the ergodic sum rate maximization of NOMA system. The scheme is mainly achieved by the construction algorithm of fair model based on α fair utility function and the optimal solution algorithm based on the interior point method of penalty function. Aiming at the construction of fair model, the fair target is added to the traditional power allocation model to set the reasonable target function. Simultaneously, the problem of ergodic sum rate and fairness in power allocation is weighed by adjusting the value of α. Aiming at the optimal solution algorithm, the interior point method of penalty function is used to transform the fair objective function with unequal constraints into the unconstrained problem in the feasible domain. Then the optimal solution of the original constrained optimization problem is gradually approximated within the feasible domain. The simulation results show that, compared with NOMA and time division multiple address (TDMA) schemes, the proposed method has larger ergodic sum rate and lower Fairness Index (FI) values.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.475-481
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• 2022

Background: This study investigated the association between fair and supportive leadership and symptoms of burnout and insomnia in police employees. Burnout and insomnia can have negative consequences for health, performance, and safety among employees in the police profession, and risk and protective factors should be thoroughly investigated. Methods: Data were collected in a police district in Norway through questionnaires administered in October 2018 and May 2019. The sample consisted of 206 police employees (52% males), with an average age of 42 years and 16 years of experience in the police occupation. Results: The results showed that a high degree of fair and supportive leadership was associated with lower levels of burnout and insomnia six months later. Fair and supportive leadership explained a greater amount of variance in burnout compared to insomnia. This finding indicates that fair and supportive leadership is a more important buffer factor against burnout than it is against insomnia. Stress was positively associated with burnout and insomnia, whereas quantitative job demands had no significant association with the concepts. Conclusion: Fair and supportive leadership can help protect employees from adverse consequences of stress and contribute to improved occupational health, whereas a low degree of support and fair treatment from leaders can both represent a stressor by itself and contribute to poorer coping of stressful events at work. The important role of leadership should be incorporated in measures aimed at preventing and reducing burnout and sleep problems.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.916-924
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• 2003

Fair queueing has been an important issue in the multimedia networks where resources are shared among nodes both wired and wireless. In most fair queuing algorithms, based on the generalized processor sharing(GPS), emphasizes fairness guarantee while overlooking bounded delay guarantee which is critical to support multimedia services in the networks. In this paper, we propose a new fair queueing scheme, delay guaranteed fair queueing (DGFQ), which guaranteeing bounded delay of flows according to their individual delay requirements for multimedia services in the wireless packet networks.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Design Studies Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.92-93
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• 2005

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.113-123
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to understand the elementary student's growth and its implications from the students' experience participating in the science fair by phenomenological study. The results are as follows. First, the students have various experiences. They acquire scientific knowledge and inquiry skills by conducting in-depth experiments, visiting several places, and interviewing experts. They have some experience in writing experiment journals to record the inquiry process in their own language, and presenting their results in public. Second, the students suffer several difficulties while preparing for the science fair. They have some difficulties when the results were not consistent with the hypothesis, or they had to repeat the experiment over and over. They feel burdened in writing the experiment journal. They had a few time to meet friends or for hobbies. Third, the students improve scientific attitude through the science fair, and they receive a positive effect on the affective side. They developed scientific interest, curiosity, cooperation, etc. And they also gained a sense of accomplishment, confidence, friendship, good relationship with teachers, career interest, etc. This study finds out that students participating in the science fair have a lot of experience that cannot be done easily in a normal science class. Even though students confront some difficulties in the inquiry process, they make good progression and feel accomplished. So the science fair is valuable experience for them.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2000.10c
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• pp.473-475
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• 2000

무선 네트워크의 급격한 성장으로 기존의 전자우편, 멀티미디어 등의 응용을 이동 컴퓨팅 환경에서 보다 효과적으로 지원해야 할 필요성이 증대되었다. 기존 유선 네트워크 환경에서 사용자의 독립적 서비스 보장과 요구 비율에 따른 자원의 공정한 배분을 위해서 Fair Queueing 기법이 제안되었다. 이 Fair Queueing 기법을 무선 네트워크에 적용하려는 연구가 진행되고 있으나 무선 미디어 자원의 빈약성과 사용자 이동에 따른 오류 발생 가능성 등으로 인해 아직까지 체계적인 기술은 미비한 형편이다. 본 논문에서는 기존 Fair Queueing 기법에서 각 세션의 가중치를 조절하여 무선 네트워크 환경에서 사용자의 다양한 서비스 품질(QoS; Queueing of Service)을 지원하고 오류 발생시 급격한 서비스 품질 저하를 방지하는 패킷 서비스 기법을 제시하고 그 성능을 분석한다.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.257-267
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• 2017

This study investigated the effects of values towards Korea fair trade coffee consumers upon attitudes and behavioral intentions and verified the moderating effects of ethical consumption consciousness between relationships among values, attitudes and behavioral intentions. A total of 283 data were analyzed for consumers of fair trade coffee residing in Seoul. Structural equation models were used to identify the relationship between the variables. As a result of the analysis, Schwartz (1994)'s 30 value items were factored into four areas: openness to change, self-enhancement, conservation, and self-transcendence. The value of 'self-transcendence' showed a significant positive impact on attitudes toward fair trade coffee, whereas 'openness to change' had a significant negative impact. Positive attitude toward fair trade coffee showed a significant impact on intentions to buy fair trade coffee. In addition, a moderating effect of ethical consumption consciousness between attitude and behavioral intention was found. Limitations and future research directions are also discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.277-289
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• 2007

International book fairs are business enterprise to promote and facilitate international trade of copyright. National reading improvement policies, on the other hand, are supposed to be made to maximize the role of national and regional libraries, not just to boost publication industry. However, Korean government authorities of the reading improvement policies and the Organizing Committee of the Seoul International Book Fair have mapped out and, in effect, carried out their plans as if reading improvement policies are closely related to hosting international book fairs. It is important to realize that hosting book fair has pecuniary motives while making policies for reading improvement must be feared toward the betterment of the general public by reading. In this respect, this study has attempted to point out the problems of the Seoul International Book Fair that are regarded as to relate to reading improvement.