• 한국가정과교육학회지
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.77-93
• /
• 2006

본 연구는 가정교과의 내용요소에 대한 교육수요자들의 시각의 변화가 일어나고 있는 현 시점에서 교육수요자가 추구하는 요구에 부응하면서 미래사회에서 인간이 살아가는데 진정으로 배워야 할 내용이 무엇인가를 원론적 차원에서 고찰하여 가정교과의 내용혁신을 시도하고자 하는 목적으로 수행된 연구이다. 현재 가정교과 교육과정의 비판적 검토를 시도한 결과 급속한 사회변화에 따른 다원화된 가족의 구성과 가족문화를 담아내지 못하고 있으며 사회 환경 변화에 따른 능동적 교과내용 도입이 지체되고 있었는데 그 원인은 가정학의 학문적 정체성에대한 문제와 교육내용의 전문성과 통합적 접근의 문제, 가정학의 학문적 보수성 그리고 교사재교육의 비실효성과 행정 정책가의 리더십 부족 등이었다. 가정교과의 내용혁신을 위한 사회적 합의로서 가정교과의 목표 및 내용체계는 가족과 소비자를 중심축으로 하여 구성되어야 할 것이다. 가족부분에서는 다양한 가족의 구성 체계와 다원적 문화를 포용하는 열린 가족의 개념을 포함하고 자녀양육이나 가사노동에 있어 양성 평등적이어야 한다. 성인지적 관점에서 개인의 사회진출부분과 가정생활기능의 사회화에서 일어날 수 있는 조정역할과 의사결정부분에 대한 가치교육, 선택과 의사결정 커뮤니케이션 그리고 자신들이 살고 있는 지역 생활공동체의 참여, 복지기관에의 자원봉사와 같은 내용에 더 중점을 두어 이러한 주제를 비판 과학적 철학에 바탕을 두고 접근하여야 할 것이다. 이와 함께 지구환경자원의 보존을 위한 지속가능 소비와 이의 실천등과 같은 사회재건 중심 교육과정 관점이 도입된 내용이어야 할 것이다. 기존의 가정교과의 영역별 전문분야별 접근보다는 통합적 접근을 지향하여야 할 것이다.

• 생태와환경
• /
• 제52권3호
• /
• pp.245-265
• /
• 2019

생물의 특징적인 서식공간을 나타내는 비오톱은 도시생태계의 효율적 조성 및 지속가능한 관리를 위해 필수적으로 파악되어야 한다. 본 연구는 우리나라의 대표적 공업도시인 포항시 전역에 성립한 비오톱 유형과 그 속성을 분석하여 이 도시를 생태적으로 관리하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 수행하였다. 포항시에 성립한 비오톱 유형은 삼림(침엽수림, 활엽수림 및 침 활 혼합림), 경작지(논과 밭), 시설녹지 (조경수목식재지), 하천, 저수지, 나지, 주거지역, 공공시설, 상업지역, 공업지역, 도로 및 학교의 12개 유형으로 구분되었다. 비오톱 유형에 따른 속성을 분석한 결과, 도시지역을 대표하는 공업지역, 주거지역 및 상업지역에는 제한된 공간에 주로 도입된 식생이 존재하였다. 더구나 그 식생은 지역과 지소의 특성을 반영하는 자생종 보다는 조경 및 원예용으로 개발된 식물들 중심으로 이루어져 있다. 생산녹지는 도심으로부터 거리에 따라 먼 곳에는 전형적인 농경지의 형태를 나타내었지만, 인접한 곳에서는 시설농업의 형태를 나타내었다. 자연녹지는 하천을 따라 성립한 수변식생과 산림식생으로 구분되었다. 그 중 산림식생은 이차림(7개 군락)과 조림지(3개 군락)로 이루어졌다. 포항시의 도시생태계는 공업지역이 차지하는 면적이 넓고, 그 중 열오염과 이산화탄소 발생량이 높은 철강산업이 주를 이루고 있다. 반면에 녹지는 양과 질 양면에서 모두 매우 부족하다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 문제를 종합적으로 검토한 후 이 지역의 생태적 질을 높이기 위한 방안으로 녹지의 양과 질을 개선할 수 있는 식생 복원방안 및 기존 녹지와 복원 예정 녹지를 묶어내는 녹지축 네트워크화 방안을 제시하였다.

• 한국항해항만학회지
• /
• 제36권6호
• /
• pp.481-488
• /
• 2012

본 연구는 항만과 해항도시 지역주민의 삶의 질(QOL)간의 관계를 분석하였다. 즉, 항만이 당해 지역 지역주민의 QOL에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 분석하였다. 그리고 이러한 연구내용을 진행하기 위하여 선행연구의 고찰을 통해 총 17개의 QOL 측정지표들을 선정하였다. 분석의 결과, 부산항과 대련항은 당해 지역의 QOL 측정지표인 인구1인당 일반세출결산액, 인구1인당 제조업체수, 인구1인당 제조업체고용자수, 도로포장율, 인구1인당 교통사고건수, 주택보급율, 인구1인당 금융기관수, 인구1인당 공원면적, 인구1인당 문화재수, 인구1인당 복지비, 인구1인당 화재발생건수 등에 공통적으로 의미 있는 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 부산항은 QOL 측정지표인 인구증가율, 인구1인당 공중위생업소수, 인구1인당 공연장시설수, 인구1인당 학교수, 인구1인당 병상수 등에 의미있는 영향을 미쳤지만, 대련항은 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 부산항은 인구1인당 범죄발생건수에 영향을 미치지 않았지만, 대련항은 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
• /
• 제18권11호
• /
• pp.16-22
• /
• 2017

인천과 시흥, 안산 소재의 위해관리계획 대상 사업장을 중심으로 인근 지역사회에 고지한 주민대피 장소 현황을 조사하고 기상자료 분석을 통하여 화학사고 시 안전한 주민대피를 위한 장소 선정 과정의 개선 방향을 연구하였다. 총 111개의 주민대피 장소 중에 학교가 30 곳으로 대다수 위해관리계획 대상 사업장이 선정하는 것으로 조사되었으며, 통상 2-3곳의 주민대피 장소를 선정하는 것으로 나타났다. 인천의 2016년도 지상기상관측자료를 분석한 결과 16방위 중 NNE 풍향 18.8525 %, NNW 풍향 18.0328 %, WSW 풍향 12.2951 %, SSE 풍향 9.0164 %, SW 풍향 8.4700 %, W 풍향 6.5574 %, S 풍향 5.7376 % 순으로 발생 빈도가 높았다. NNE 풍향이 발생빈도가 가장 높았지만 NNW 풍향과 차이가 크게 나지 않았고 상반되는 풍향인 WSW 풍향과 SSE 풍향도 비교적 높은 빈도를 나타내고 있어 연간 풍향은 어느 한쪽으로 치우쳐 있지 않는 것으로 확인되었다. 이를 고려하여 화학사고 시 안전한 방향의 대피 장소 선정에 보완점을 제시하였다.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
• /
• 제13권
• /
• pp.31-44
• /
• 1995

난대림과 온대남부림의 경계를 구분할 수 있는 식생단위를 찾아내기 위하여 난대림과 온대남부림의 경계지역에 속한다고 추정되는 금정산(북위 $35^{\circ}$03' ~$35^{\circ}$17', 동경 $129^{\circ}$01'~$129^{\circ}$05')의 현존삼림식생을 중심으로 ZM 방식으로 식생분류를 하였고, 아울러 군락의 안정성을 구명하였던 바 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있었다. 1. 금정산 일대의 상림식생은 10개군락, 9개군, 2개소군으로 분류되었다. I. 개서어나무군락(群落) (Carpinus tschonoskii community) I-A. 노각나무군(群) (Stewartia koreana group) I-B. 쥐똥나무군(群) (Ligstrum obtusifolium group) I-C. 초피나무군(群) (Carex humilis group) II. 굴참나무군락(群落) (Quercus variabilis community) III. 졸참나무군락(群落) (Quercus serrata community) III-A. 거북꼬리군(群) (Boehmeria tricuspis group) III-B. 전형군(典型群)(Typical group) IV. 등나무군락(群落) (Wisteria floribunda community) V. 신갈나무군락(群落) (Quercus mongolica community) V-A. 조릿대群(Sasa borealis group) V-B. 그늘사초군(群) (Carex lanceolata group) V-B-1. 족도리소군(小群) (Asarum sieboldii subgroup) V-B-2. 해변싸리소군(小群) (Lespedeza ${\times}$ maritima subgroup) VI. 소나무군락(群落) (Pinus densiflora community) VI-A. 사스레피나무군(群) (Eurya japonica group) VI-B. 전형군 (Typical group) VII. 떡갈나무군락(群落) (Quercus dentata communty) VIII. 소사나무군락(群落) (Carpinus coreana community) IX. 해송군락(群落) (Pinus thunbergii communily) X. 상수리나무군락(群落) (Quercus acutissima community) 2. 16개 식생단위중 소나무군락의 사스레피나무군 (Eurya japonica group)이 난대림과 온대남부림을 경계하는 지표식생군인 것으로 사료되었다. 3. 노각나무군은 치묘와 치수가 나타나지 않는 점으로 미루어 상충임관아래에서는 천연갱신이 어려운 종으로 사료되었다. 4. 분류된 식생단위와 해발과의 관계에서 개서어나무군락 굴참나무군락 졸참나무군락 등나무군락 소나무군락의 사스레피나무군 해송군락은 주로 해발 500m이하에서, 신갈나무군락 소나무군락의 전형군 떡갈나무군락 소사나무군락 상수리나무군락은 주로 해발 500m 이상에 분포하고 있었다. 5. 식생단위와 지형과의 관계에서는 개서어나무군락 굴참나무군락 졸참나무군락 등나무군락 소나무군락의 사스레피나무군은 사면중부이하에서, 신갈나무군락 소나무군락의 전형군 떡갈나무군락 소사나무군락 해송군락, 상수리나무군락은 사면중부이상에 분포하고 있었다.

• 한국환경교육학회지:환경교육
• /
• 제7권1호
• /
• pp.1-17
• /
• 1994

This study was performed to determine appropriate teaching-learning and evaluation methods for Environmental Studies. To promote the relevance of our study to the needs of the schools and concerned educational communities of environmental education, we reviewed related literature, conducted questionnaire surveys, interviewed related teachers and administrator, held meetings with experts, and field-tested our findings. For selecting and developing teaching-learning methods of Environmental Studies, findings of educational research in general are considered. moreover, principles of environmental education, general aim of environmental education, orientations of environmental education, and developmental stages of middle school students in educational psychology were attended. In addition, relevance to the purpose of the Environmental Studies curriculum, appropriateness for value inquiry as well as knowledge inquiry, small group centered class organization, social interaction centered teaching-learning process, regional environmental situation, significance of personal environment, evaluation methods of Environmental Studies, multi- and inter-disciplinary contents of the Environmental Studies textbook, suitability to the evaluation methods of Environmental Studies, and emphasis on the social interaction in teaching-learning process were regarded. It was learned the Environmental Studies can be taught most effectively in via of holding discussion sessions, conducting actual investigation, doing experiment-practice, doing games and plate, role-playing and carrying out simulation activities, and doing inquiry. These teaching-learning methods were field-tested and proved appropriate methods for the subject. For selecting and developing evaluation method of Environmental Studies, such principles and characteristics of Environmental Studies as objective domains stated in the Environmental Studies curriculum, diversity of teaching-learning organization, were appreciated. We categorized nine evaluation methods: the teacher may conduct questionnaire surveys, testings, interviews, non-participatory observations; they may evaluate student's experiment-practice performances, reports preparation ability, ability to establish a research project, the teacher may ask the students to conduct a self-evaluation, or reciprocal evaluation. To maximize the effect of these methods, we further developed an application system. It considered three variables, that is, evaluates, evaluation objectives domains, and evaluation agent, and showed how to choose the most appropriate methods and, when necessary, how to combine uses of different methods depending on these variables. A sample evaluation instrument made on the basis of this application system was developed and tested in the classes. The system proved effective. Pilot applications of the teaching-learning methods and evaluation method were made simultaneously; and the results and their implications are as follows. Discussion program was applied in a lesson dealing with the problems of waste disposal, in which students showed active participation and creative thinking. The evaluation method used in this lesson was a multiple-choice written test for knowledge and skills. It was shown that this evaluation method and device are effective in helping students' revision of the lesson and in stimulating their creative interpretations and responces. Pupils showed great interests in the actual investigation program, and this programme was proved to be effective in enhancing students' participation. However, it was also turned out that there must be pre-arranged plans for the objects, contents and procedures of survey if this program is to effective. In this lesson, non-participatory observation methods were used with a focus on the attitudes of students. A scaled reported in general description rather than in grade. Experiment-practice programme was adopted in a lesson for purifying contaminated water and in this lesson, instruction objectives were properly established, the teaching-learning process was clearly specified and students were highly motivated. On the other hand, however, it was difficult to control the class when some groups of students require more times to complete their experiment, and sometimes different results. As regards to evaluation, performance observation test were used for assessing skills and attitudes. If teachers use well-prepared Likert scale, evaluation of all groups within a reasonablely short period of time will be possible. The most effective and successful programme in therms of students' participation and enjoyment, was the 'ah-nah-bah-dah-market' program, which is kind of game of the flea market. For better organized program of this kind, however, are essential, In this program, students appraise their own attitudes and behavior by responding to a written questionnaire. In addition, students were asked to record any anecdotes relating to self-appraisal of changes on one's own attitudes and behaviours. Even after the lesson, students keep recording those changes on letters to herself. Role-playing and simulation game programme was applied to a case of 'NIMBY', in which students should decide where to located a refuse dumping ground. For this kind of programme to e successful, concepts and words used in the script should be appropriate for students' intellectual levels, and students should by adequately introduced into the objective and the procedures of the lessons. Written questionnaire was used to assess individual students' attitudes after the lesson, but in order to acquire information on the changes of students' attitudes and skills, pre-test may have to be made. Doing inquiry programme, in which advantages in which students actually investigated the environmental influence of the areas where school os located, had advantages in developing students' ability to study the environmental problems and to present the results of their studies. For this programme to be more efficient, areas of investigation should be clearly divided and alloted to each group so that repetition or overlap in areas of study and presentation be avoided, and complementary wok between groups bee enhanced. In this programme, teacher assessed students' knowledge and attitudes on the basis of reports prepared by each group. However, there were found some difficults in assessing students' attitudes and behaviours solely on the grounds of written report. Perhaps, using a scaled checklist assessing students' attitudes while their presentation could help to relieve the difficulties.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
• /
• 제28권2호
• /
• pp.3-43
• /
• 2018

The emergence of a multi-door courthouse is related with a couple of reasons as follows: First, a multi-door courthouse was originally initiated by the United States government that increasingly became impatient with the pace and cost of protracted litigation clogging the courts. Second, dockets of courts are overcrowded with legal suits, making it difficult for judges to handle those legal suits in time and causing delays in responding to citizens' complaints. Third, litigation is not suitable for the disputant that has an ongoing relationship with the other party. In this case, even if winning is achieved in the short run, it may not be all that was hoped for in the long run. Fourth, international organizations such as the World Bank, UNDP, and Asia Development Bank urge to provide an increased access to women, residents, and the poor in local communities. The generic model of a multi-door courthouse consists of three stages: The first stage includes a center offering intake services, along with an array of dispute resolution services under one roof. At the second stage, the screening unit at the center would diagnose citizen disputes, then refer the disputants to the appropriate door for handling the case. At the third stage, the multi-door courthouse provides diverse kinds of dispute resolution programs such as mediation, arbitration, mediation-arbitration (med-arb), litigation, and early neutral evaluation. This study suggests the extended model of multi-door courthouse comprised of five layers: intake process, diagnosis and door-selection process, neutral-selection process, implementation process of dispute resolution, and process of training and education. One of the major characteristics of extended multi-door courthouse model is the detailed specification of individual department corresponding to each process within a multi-door courthouse. The intake department takes care of the intake process. The screening department plays the role of screening disputes, diagnosing the nature of disputes, and determining a suitable door to handle disputes. The human resources department manages experts through the construction and management of the data base of mediators, arbitrators, and judges. The administration bureau manages the implementation of each process of dispute resolution. The education and training department builds long-term planning to procure neutrals and experts dealing with various kinds of disputes within a multi-door courthouse. For this purpose, it is necessary to establish networks among courts, law schools, and associations of scholars in order to facilitate the supply of manpower in ADR neutrals, as well as judges in the long run. This study also provides six case studies of multi-door courthouses across continents in order to grasp the worldwide picture and wide spread phenomena of multi-door courthouse. For this purpose, the United States and Latin American countries including Argentina and Brazil, Middle Eastern countries, and Southeast Asian countries (such as Malaysia and Myanmar), Australia, and Nigeria were chosen. It was found that three kinds of patterns are discernible during the evolution of a multi-door courthouse model. First, the federal courts of the United States, land and environment court in Australia, and Lagos multi-door courthouse in Nigeria may maintain the prototype of a multi-door courthouse model. Second, the judicial systems in Latin American countries tend to show heterogenous patterns in terms of the adaptation of a multi-door courthouse model to their own environments. Some court systems of Latin American countries including those of Argentina and Brazil resemble the generic model of a multi-door courthouse, while other countries show their distinctive pattern of judicial system and ADR systems. Third, it was found that legal pluralism is prevalent in Middle Eastern countries and Southeast Asian countries. For example, Middle Eastern countries such as Saudi Arabia have developed various kinds of dispute resolution methods, such as sulh (mediation), tahkim (arbitration), and med-arb for many centuries, since they have been situated at the state of tribe or clan instead of nation. Accordingly, they have no unified code within the territory. In case of Southeast Asian countries such as Myanmar and Malaysia, they have preserved a strong tradition of customary laws such as Dhammthat in Burma, and Shriah and the Islamic law in Malaysia for a long time. On the other hand, they incorporated a common law system into a secular judicial system in Myanmar and Malaysia during the colonial period. Finally, this article proposes a couple of factors to strengthen or weaken a multi-door courthouse model. The first factor to strengthen a multi-door courthouse model is the maintenance of flexibility and core value of alternative dispute resolution. We also find that fund raising is important to build and maintain the multi-door courthouse model, reflecting the fact that there has been a competition surrounding the allocation of funds within the judicial system.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제46권5호
• /
• pp.447-460
• /
• 2013

본 연구는 전국의 1,407명의 청소년 중 일반의약품과 또는 건강기능식품 비타민 무기질 보충제를 섭취한다고 응답한 청소년 921명 중 조사지 기입과 상시 면담이 가능한 남녀 각각 30명씩 총 60명 (15~18세)을 선정해, 조사지 작성 및 직접면담을 통해 일반의약품 및 건강기능식품 비타민 무기질 보충제, 3일간의 식사, 간식 섭취 실태를 조사함으로써 비타민과 무기질 최대섭취량을 파악하고 위해도를 평가하였다. 일상식사, 일반의약품과 건강기능식품 비타민 무기질 보충제 및 강화식품 섭취를 통한 비타민과 무기질 섭취량을 산출해 평균, 97.5 백분위수 (최대섭취량) 등을 구하고 권장섭취량 및 상한섭취량과 비교하였다. 일상식사를 통한 비타민과 무기질 섭취량은 권장섭취량의 0.3~4.4배이었다. 각각의 급원에서 상한섭취량 이상을 섭취한 대상자가 있는 영양소는 식사로는 비타민 A (1.7%)와 니아신 (5.0%), 일반의약품 비타민 무기질 보충제로는 비타민 C (9.1%)와 철 (5.6%), 건강기능식품 비타민 무기질 보충제로는 니아신 (8.6%), 비타민 $B_6$ (7.5%), 엽산 (2.9%), 비타민 C (2.3%)이었다. 식사, 일반의약품과 또는 건강기능식품 비타민 무기질 보충제, 강화식품을 통한 총섭취량이 상한섭취량 이상인 대상자가 가장 많은 영양소는 니코틴산 (33.3%)이었으며, 그 다음 비타민 C (26.6%) > 비타민 A (13.3%), 철 (13.3%) > 아연 (11.7%) > 칼슘 (5.0%) > 비타민 E (1.7%), 비타민 $B_6$ (1.7%)이었다. 이런 연구 결과로 볼 때, 한국 청소년 중 일상식사를 통해 충분한 비타민과 무기질을 섭취하는 경우 비타민 무기질 보충제와 강화식품을 섭취하면 비타민과 무기질 과잉섭취로 인한 부작용이 나타날 가능성이 클 것으로 여겨진다. 앞으로 더 큰 표본을 대상으로 정확한 섭취량 평가가 이루어져 비타민과 무기질의 상한섭취량 설정 및 바른 비타민 무기질 보충제와 강화식품 섭취에 대한 근거를 마련해야 할 것이다.

• 미술이론과 현장
• /
• 제4호
• /
• pp.33-56
• /
• 2006

'문화 전쟁(Culture Wars)'은 1980년대 말부터 1990년대 초 미국에서 보수주의자와 진보주의자 사이에 벌어진 문화적 논쟁을 일컫는다. 이 용어는 제임스 헌터(James Hunter)의 책 "문화 전쟁: 미국을 정의하려는 노력(Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America)"의 출간으로 대중화되었고, 당시 공화당 대통령 후보였던 패트릭 부캐넌(Patrick Buchanan)에 의해 급부상하게 된다. 그는 "이 나라에는 지금 종교 전쟁, 즉 냉전만큼 중요한 '문화 전쟁'이 일어나고 있고, 이것은 미국의 영혼을 위한 전쟁이다." 라고 부르짖으며 급변하는 문화 정체성의 위기 속에서 미국적인 전통을 지키고자 하였다. 이 문화 전쟁은 여러 다양한 논쟁을 함의하고 있었는데, 교목제도의 폐지, 교육기관에서의 다문화주의(multiculturalism) 커리큘럼 도입, 동성애자의 군복무, 낙태, 총기 소지 등의 허용 문제로 당시 미국의 교육계, 문화계뿐만 아니라 정치계, 입법부에서도 첨예한 대립 구도를 형성하였다. 미술계에서 가장 치열했던 문화 전쟁은 안드레 세라노(Andres Serrano)의 작품전과 ${\ll}$로버트 메플소프: 완벽한 순간(Robert Mapplethorpe: The Perfect Moment)전${\gg}$이 공공기금인 국립예술진흥기금(National Endowments for the Arts, NEA)의 지원을 받아 개최되는 것이 타당한 것이냐에 대한 논쟁에서 표출되었다. 이 두 전시를 기점으로 그 뒤로도 여러 미술 전시회와 음악회, 연극 등을 둘러싼 NEA 기금 지원과 관련한 분쟁은 한동안 계속된다. 이 글은 이러한 미술계 문화 전쟁의 발전 과정과 몇몇 논점에 초점을 맞추되, 세라노나 메플소프의 작품 자체를 분석하고 비평하는 글이 아님을 밝혀 둔다. 본 연구는 분쟁의 전개에 대한 상세한 기술적, 연대기적 조사보다는 그 발단과 전개 과정에서 몇 가지 핵심적인 사항들을 기술하고, 이 사항들이 암시하는 정치적, 미학적, 미술사적 시각의 충돌에 대해 지적하는 글이 될 것이다. 더 나아가 당시 이러한 논쟁이 미국 미술계에 의미하던 것, 미국 문화 전체에 의미하던 것은 과연 무엇인가에 대한 비평적 질문으로 글을 맺고자 한다.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
• /
• 제2권1호
• /
• pp.3-50
• /
• 1984

The levels of health knowledge, attitude and practice of housewives considerably effect to the health of households, communities and the nation. This study was designed to grasp the levels of health knowledge, attitude and practice of houswives and analyse the various factors effecting to health in order to provide health education services as well as materials for effective formulation and implementation of health policy to improve the health of the nation. This study has been conducted through interviews by trained surveyers for 4,281 housewives selected from 4,500 households throughout the country for 40 days during July 11-August 20, 1983. The results of survey were analysed by stepwise multiple regression and path analysis are summarized as follows; 1. Based on the measurement instrument applied to this study, the levels of health knowledge, attitude and practice of housewives were extremely low with 54.5 points out of 100 points in full. Higher level with 72 points and above was approximately 21 percent and lower level with 39 points and below was approx. 24 percent. The middle level was approx. 55 percent. In order to implement health programs successively, health education should be more strengthened and to improve the level of health knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of the nation, political consideration as a part of spiritual reformation must be concentrated on health. 2. The level of health knowledge indicated the highest points with 57.3 the level of attitude was the second with 55.0 points and the practice level was the lowest with 50.0 point. Therefore, planning and implementation of health education program must be based on the persuasion and motivation that health knowledge turn into practice. 3. Housewives who had higher level of health knowledge, showed their practice level was relatively lower and those who had middle or low level of it practice level was the reverse. 4. Correlations among health knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) were generally higher and statistically significant at 0.1 percent level. Correlation between total health KAP level and health knowledge was the highest with r=.8092. 5. Health KAP levels showed significant differences according to the age, number of children, marital status, self-assessed health status and concern on health of the housewives interviewed (p<0.001) 6. Health KAP levels also showed significant differences according to the education level, economic status, employment before marriage and grown-up area of the housewives interviewed. (p<0.001) 7. Heath KAP levels showed significant differences according to health insurance benificiary and the existence of patients in the family. (p<0.001). 8. Health KAP levels showed significant differences according to distance to government organizations, schools, distance to health facilities, telephone possession rate, television possession rate, newspaper reading rate and activities of Ban meeting and Women's club. (p<0.001) 9. Health KAP levels showed significant differences according to electric mass communication media such as television, radio and village broadcasting etc. and printed media such as newspaper, magazine and booklets etc., IEC variables such as individual consultation and husband-wife communication, however, there was no significance with group training. 10. Health KAP of the housewives showed close correlation with personal characteristics variables, i.e., education level (r=.5302), age (r=-.3694) grown-up area (r=.3357) and employment before marriage. In general, correlation of health knowledge level was higher than the levels of attitude or practice. In case of health concern and health insurance, correlation of practice level was higher than health knowledge level. 11. Health KAP levels showed higher correlation with community environmental characteristics, Ban meeting and activity of Women's club, however, no correlation with New-village movement. 12. Among IEC variables, husband-wife communication showed the highest correlation with health KAP levels and printed media, electric mas communication media and health consultation in order. Therefore, encouragement of husband-wife communication and development of training program for men should be included in health education program. 13. Mass media such as electric mass com. and printed media were effective for knowledge transmission and husband-wife communication and individual consultation were effective for health practice. Group training was significant for knowledge transmission, however, but not significant for attitude formation or turning to health practice. To improve health KAP levels, health knowledge should be transmitted via mass media and health consultation with health professionals and field health workers should be strengthened. 14. Correlation of health KAP levels showed that knowledge level was generally higher than that of practice and recognized that knowledge was not linked with attitude or practice. 15. The twenty-five variables effecting health KAP levels of housewives had 41 per cent explanation variances among which education level had great contribution (β=.2309) and electric mass com. media (β=.1778), husband-wife communication (β=.1482), printed media, grown-up area, and distance to government organizations in order. Variances explained (R²) of health KAP were 31%, 15%, and 30% respectively. 16. Principal variables contributed to health KAP were education level (β=.12320, β=.1465), electric mass comm. media (β=.1762, β=.1839), printed media, (β=.1383, β=.1420) husband-wife communication (β=.1004, β=.1067), grown-up area and distance to government organizations, in order. Since education level contributes greatly to health KAP of the housewives, health education including curriculum development in primary, middle and high schools must be emphasized and health science must be selected as one of the basic liberal arts subject in universities. 17. Variences explained of IEC variables to health KAP were 19% in total, 14% in knowledge, 9% in attitude, and 10% in health practice. Contributions of IEC variables to health KAP levels were printed media (β=.3882), electric mass comm media (β=.3165), husb-band wife com. (β=.2095,) and consultation on health (β=.0841) in order, however, group training showed negative effect (β=-.0402). National fund must be invested for the development of Health Program through mass media such as TV and radio etc. and for printed materials such as newspaper, magazines, phamplet etc. needed for transmission of health knowledge. 18. Variables contributed to health KAP levels through IEC variables with indirect effects were education level (Ind E=0.0410), health concern (Ind E=.0161), newspaper reading rate (Ind E=.0137), TV possession rate and activity of Ban meeting in order, however, health facility showed negative effect (Ind E=-.0232) and other variables showed direct effect but not indirect effect. 19. Among the variables effecting health KAP level, education level showed the highest in total effect (TE=.2693) then IEC (TE=.1972), grown-up city (TE=.1237), newspaper reading rate (TE=.1020), distance to government organization (TE=.095) in order. 20. Variables indicating indirect effects to health KAP levels were; at knowledge level with R²=30%, education level (Ind E=.0344), newspaper reading rate (Ind E=.0112), TV possession rate (Ind E=.0689), activity of Ban meeting (Ind E=.0079) in order and at attitude level with R²=13%, education level (Ind E=. 0338), activity of Ban meeting (Ind E=.0079), and at practice level with R²=29%. education level (Ind E=.0268), health facility (Ind E=.0830) and concern on health (Ind E=.0105). 21. Total effect to health KAP levels and IEC by variable characteristics, personal characteristics variables indicated larger than community characteristics variables. 22. Multiple Correlation Coefficient (MCC) expressed by the Personal Characteristic Variable was .5049 and explained approximately 25% of variances. MCC expressed by total Community environment variable was .4283 and explained approx. 18% of variances. MCC expressed by IEC Variables was .4380 and explained approx. 19% of variances. The most important variable effected to health KAP levels was personal characteristic and then IEC variable, Community Environment variable in order. When the IEC effected with personal characteristic or community characteristic, the MCC or the variances were relatively higher than effecting alone. Therefore it was identified that the IEC was one of the important intermediate variable.