• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.123-151
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• 2005

In the world of Web pages, there are oceans of documents in natural language texts and tables. To extract rules from Web pages and maintain consistency between them, we have developed the framework of XRML(extensible Rule Markup Language). XRML allows the identification of rules on Web pages and generates the identified rules automatically. For this purpose, we have designed the Rule Identification Markup Language (RIML) that is similar to the formal Rule Structure Markup Language (RSML), both as pares of XRML. RIML is designed to identify rules not only from texts, but also from tables on Web pages, and to transform to the formal rules in RSは syntax automatically. While designing RIML, we considered the features of sharing variables and values, omitted terms, and synonyms. Using these features, rules can be identified or changed once, automatically generating their corresponding RSML rules. We have conducted an experiment to evaluate the effect of the RIML approach with real world Web pages of Amazon.com, BamesandNoble.com, and Powells.com We found that $97.7\%$ of the rules can be detected on the Web pages, and the completeness of generated rule components is $88.5\%$. This is good proof that XRML can facilitate the extraction and maintenance of rules from Web pages while building expert systems in the Semantic Web environment.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2009.10a
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• pp.223-226
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• 2009

Recently, Mining negative association rules has received some attention and proved to be useful. Negative association rules are useful in market-basket analysis to identify products that conflict with each other or products that complement each other. Several algorithms have been proposed. However, there are some questions with those algorithms, for example, misleading rules will occur when the positive and negative rules are mined simultaneously. The chi-squared test that based on the mature theory and Correlation Coefficient can avoid the problem. In this paper, We proposed the algorithm PNCCR based on chi-squared test and correlation is proposed. The experiment results show that the misleading rules are pruned. It suggests that the algorithm is correct and efficient.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.36-46
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• 2007

This paper presents an automated English scoring system designed to help non-native speakers of English, Korean-speaking learners in particular. The system is developed to help the 3rd grade students in junior high school improve their English grammar skills. Without human's efforts, the system identifies grammar errors in English sentences, provides feedback on the detected errors, and scores the sentences. Detecting grammar errors in the system requires implementing a special type of rules in addition to the rules to parse grammatical sentences. Error production rules are implemented to analyze ungrammatical sentences and recognize syntactic errors. The rules are collected from the junior high school textbooks and real student test data. By firing those rules, the errors are detected followed by setting corresponding error flags, and the system continues the parsing process without a failure. As the final step of the process, the system scores the student sentences based on the errors detected. The system is evaluated with real English test data produced by the students and the answers provided by human teachers.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.21-31
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• 2009

This research is to classify game rules which are important factors for the game, and to define the basis of the each level of rules and concepts. In terms of these definitions, the process of transformation in the game rule is analyzed, and examined the development related to evolution. The rule of digital game is analogous to the biological evolution. From this point of view, This research presents the structural similarities between the game rules and biological evolution. It is for the investigation of the development using new perspective and for the conceptualization of the process. Moreover it makes us rediscover the game as a scholastic research subject.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.6028-6042
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• 2019

Since Sparse Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (SNMF) method can control the sparsity of the decomposed matrix, and then it can be adopted to control the sparsity of facial feature extraction and recognition. In order to improve the accuracy of SNMF method for facial feature recognition, new additive iterative rules based on the improved iterative step sizes are proposed to improve the SNMF method, and then the traditional multiplicative iterative rules of SNMF are transformed to additive iterative rules. Meanwhile, to further increase the sparsity of the basis matrix decomposed by the improved SNMF method, a threshold-sparse constraint is adopted to make the basis matrix to a zero-one matrix, which can further improve the accuracy of facial feature recognition. The improved SNMF method based on the additive iterative rules and threshold-sparse constraint is abbreviated as ASNMF, which is adopted to recognize the ORL and CK+ facial datasets, and achieved recognition rate of 96% and 100%, respectively. Meanwhile, from the results of the contrast experiments, it can be found that the recognition rate achieved by the ASNMF method is obviously higher than the basic NMF, traditional SNMF, convex nonnegative matrix factorization (CNMF) and Deep NMF.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.203-219
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• 2019

Recently, the Trump administration initiated a new United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) that strengthened NAFTA's rules of origin to enhance protectionism while maintaining the framework of trade agreements rather than completely abolishing them. This study focuses on the behavior of firms motivated to influence the government to practice protectionist trade by analyzing the rules of origin verification and adopting the political economics model. This paper explains the process of endogenous determination of the stringency of rules of origin verification as a non-tariff barrier using the lobbying model. Comparative static analysis shows that the more efficient technology a domestic firm has and the more government prefers to raise political contribution, the more is verification likely to be strict. This suggests that a rationale exists to maintain a free trade agreement in the form of the new agreement (USMCA) without abolishing the current NAFTA regime.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.288-291
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• 2007

The aim of this study is to clarify degrees of difficulty of the Japanese L2 (second language) learners for learning Korean sounds and phonological rules. 31 subjects took a questionnaire survey and an identification test using words. In addition, each subject's pronunciation was evaluated by 3 Korean native speakers. As for Korean sounds, the results show that Japanese L2 learners have a tendency perceiving that listening is more difficult than pronouncing, although the listening test's scores were greater than the pronunciation test's scores for a majority of the items. As for Korean phonological rules, 1) there were some difficult items for applying the phonological rules, although Japanese L2 learners had knowledge of them, and 2) there were also some items that Korean native speakers evaluated Japanese L2 learners' pronunciations as the phonological rules were applied, even though learners pronounced them without any knowledge.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.25-55
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• 2003

In the school mathematics, the negative numbers have been instructed by means of intuitive models(concrete situation models, number line model, colour counter model), inductive-extrapolation approach, and the formal approach using the inverse operation relations. These instructions on the negative numbers have caused students to have the difficulty in understanding especially why the rules of signs hold. It is due to the fact that those models are complicated, inconsistent, and incomplete. So, students usually should memorize the sign rules. In this study we studied on the didactical phenomenology of the negative numbers as a foundational study for the improvement of teaching negative numbers. First, we analysed the formal nature of the negative numbers and the cognitive obstructions which have showed up in the historic-genetic process of them. Second, we investigated what the middle school students know about the negative numbers and their operations, which they have learned according to the current national curriculum. The results showed that the degree they understand the reasons why the sign rules hold was low Third, we instructed the middle school students about the negative number and its operations using the formal approach as Freudenthal suggest ed. And we investigated whether students understand the formal approach or not. And we analysed the validity of the new teaching method of the negative numbers. The results showed that students didn't understand the formal approach well. And finally we discussed the directions for improving the instruction of the negative numbers on the ground of these didactical phenomenological analysis.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.23 no.10
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• pp.103-109
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• 2018

In this paper, we propose a dynamic document classification method which breaks away from existing document classification method with artificial categorization rules focusing on suppliers and has changing categorization rules according to users' needs or social trends. The core of this dynamic document classification method lies in the fact that it creates classification criteria real-time by using topic modeling techniques without standardized category rules, which does not force users to use unnecessary frames. In addition, it can also search the details through the relevance analysis by calculating the relationship between the words that is difficult to grasp by word frequency alone. Rather than for logical and systematic documents, this method proposed can be used more effectively for situation analysis and retrieving information of unstructured data which do not fit the category of existing classification such as VOC (Voice Of Customer), SNS and customer reviews of Internet shopping malls and it can react to users' needs flexibly. In addition, it has no process of selecting the classification rules by the suppliers and in case there is a misclassification, it requires no manual work, which reduces unnecessary workload.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.8D no.6
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• pp.823-834
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• 2001

In the active databases, whenever an event occurs, active rules with the matching event specifications are triggered automatically, its action will be executed. Because these rules may in turn trigger other rules including themselves, the set of rules may be executing each other indefinitely. These problem can be solved by rule termination analysis, and it is efficient for the rule termination to execute in compile time of rule. In this paper we not only design rule compiler with rule termination analyzer, but also propose its execution model and algorithm. The completeness of proposed model is verified by algorithm formalization of rule termination analysis.