• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제56권2호
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• pp.128-144
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• 2023

Objectives: The health system reform process is highly political and controversial, and in most cases, it fails to realize its intended goals. This study was conducted to synthesize factors underlying the failure of health system reforms. Methods: In this systematic review and meta-synthesis, we searched 9 international and regional databases to identify qualitative and mixed-methods studies published up to December 2019. Using thematic synthesis, we analyzed the data. We utilized the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research checklist for quality assessment. Results: After application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 40 of 1837 articles were included in the content analysis. The identified factors were organized into 7 main themes and 32 sub-themes. The main themes included: (1) reforms initiators' attitudes and knowledge; (2) weakness of political support; (3) lack of interest group support; (4) insufficient comprehensiveness of the reform; (5) problems related to the implementation of the reform; (6) harmful consequences of reform implementation; and (7) the political, economic, cultural, and social conditions of the society in which the reform takes place. Conclusions: Health system reform is a deep and extensive process, and shortcomings and weaknesses in each step have overcome health reform attempts in many countries. Awareness of these failure factors and appropriate responses to these issues can help policymakers properly plan and implement future reform programs and achieve the ultimate goals of reform: to improve the quantity and quality of health services and the health of society.

• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.28-40
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose is to understand the perception of medical providers at tertiary hospitals in Seoul on the importance-performance of the reform on a doctor-designation system, and to provide the policy suggestion of the perception on such a system. Methodology: To achieve the purpose, this study utilized structured survey tools to conduct a questionnaire survey of nursing, administrative and medical technology professionals at six tertiary hospitals in Seoul. An importance-performance analysis was utilized for an analysis that showed the perception of the reform on a doctor-designation system. Findings: First, it was identified that those medical providers had the highest perception of the importance about the performance of the reform on a doctor-designation system. Second, according to the result of action grid of an importance-performance analysis (IPA), it can be identified that in the 2nd stage of 'Concentrate here' included are the items as to design and effect of medical care quality and subsidies & patient infection and safety and control fees, effect of income security of the method for compensating for loss established by the government and offering sufficient information on general medical services and doctor-designation medical services. In the 1st stage of 'Keep up the Good Work', and the 2nd stage of 'Concentrate here' included is the item as to the performance of patients of the reform on a doctor designation system. Practical Implications: There could be identified the effect of the reform bill on the perception of medical providers. It is expected that a better environment would be provided for patients to use a hospital and for medical providers to offer medical services, if the goverment makes efforts to improve methods for compensating for loss and continuous monitoring of the performance of patients.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈C:초등수학교육
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.163-172
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• 2001

Recently, higher discussions are made up on the culture of mathematics classrooms. These discussions are mostly about desirable culture and reform of culture in mathematics education. This paper is to offer a view point of seeing the culture of mathematics classroom. We need to look straightly our classroom as well as to reform the culture of mathematice classroom. This paper recommend sociomathematical norms to analyze and reform classroom culture. A elementary mathematics classroom was analyzed to understand our own culture of mathematics classroom.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.773-790
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• 2015

Conducted as an ethnographic examination of science teaching and learning in an Innovative Middle School in Korea, this study employs sociocultural theory to examine how structures afford and limit student participation in an innovative school designed to promote student-centered learning. Data includes teacher and student interviews, student responses to a questionnaire, classroom observations, and analysis of video recordings of ten lessons in two in two 8th grade science classes. Using structure|agency dialectic theory, we identify and describe some structures that afford and limit teacher and student agency at the micro (science classrooms), meso (school), and macro (Korean society) levels to raise some questions about current reform measures, such as innovation schools, that seek to position classroom teachers as agents for change in science education reform in Korea. Findings suggest that while teachers and school administrators play an essential role in structuring learning opportunities at the meso and micro levels, they have limited agency to address structural constraints originating at the macro-level, which can negatively impact teaching and learning in the science classroom. We offer implications for policy and practice and argue the need for more qualitative research, informed by sociocultural theory, to inform science education reform efforts in Korea.

• 비교교육연구
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.185-216
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• 2018

이 논문은 근래 일본 교육개혁에 관한 관심이 뜨거운 상황에서, 고대접속개혁의 핵심인 대학입시 개혁의 배경과 의미, 현장의 반응 등을 면밀히 분석하고자 하는 문제의식에서 작성되었다. 학력검사에서 공통 제1차 학력시험, 그리고 대학입시센터시험과 추천입시 및 AO 입시의 등장 배경과 경과를 살펴보고, 교육재생실행회의와 중앙교육심의회, 그리고 고대접속개혁회의에 이르기까지 교육개혁의 경위를 추적하였다. 이번 개혁의 핵심인 대학입학희망자학력평가 테스트를 세밀하게 분석하고, 한국에서 특히 주목을 끌고 있는 국제 바칼로레아와 대학 입학문제를 검토하였다. 고교교육과 대학교육 개혁의 접속이라는 관점에서 대학입시개혁을 바라보고, 기술식 문항 등 새로운 유형의 평가를 시행할 때 검토할 사항, 그리고 다양한 학생을 포괄할 수 있도록 개혁 구상을 확장할 것을 제언하고, 국제 바칼로레아 도입에 앞서 검토할 사항을 제시하였다.

• 예술인문사회 융합 멀티미디어 논문지
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• 제8권11호
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• pp.659-668
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• 2018

한중 양국에 같은 고교 교육문제 주목하고 있음으로써 고교교육을 중심으로 중국 일반고교 교육과정 개혁방안의 목표와 구조, 내용, 운영 및 평가 부분에 대해 살펴보고자 하였으며, 고교 교육과정의 개혁원인과 특징, 문제점에 대해 분석하고, 문제점에 대한 제안을 해보고자 하는데 목적이 있다. 연구결과는 첫째, 중국 고교 교육과정의 개현 원인은 의무교육이 나타났기 때문이고 실제적 고교 교육에 부합하는 고교 교육과정이 필요한 원인이 있다. 둘째, 중국 고교 교육과정 육성목표의 특징은 중국 미래 사회의 발전추세에 따라 학생의 평생학습능력과 핵심능력을 초점으로 두고 있다. 구조의 특징은 교과 및 활동 교육과정의 병행과 선택 및 필수교육과정의 병행구조이다. 내용의 특징은 시대성과 기초화, 선택권을 강조했다. 운영 및 평가의 특징은 운영을 잘 이루어질 수 있도록 여러 지원을 제공하며, 발전성이 있는 평가를 채택하다. 고교 교육과정의 문제점은 교육과정 자체와 교사, 대입시험 3가지 문제점을 잡았다. 문제점에 대해 3가지 제안을 냈으며, 첫째, 고교 교육이 대입준비를 위한 것인지 아니면 국민의 교육을 위한 것인지에 대한 검토가 필요하다. 둘째, 교사의 핵심역량을 제고할 수 있는 연수를 제공하는 것이 필요하다. 셋째, 졸업 편가와 대입평가 제도에 대한 개선이 필요할 것이다.

• 정보교육학회논문지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.170-184
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• 2001

하루가 다르게 발전, 변모해 가는 정보사회에서 컴퓨터소양 및 정보소양 교육을 담당하고 있는 컴퓨터 교육의 역할은 현행 교육체제에서 그 중요성이 점차 커지고 있다. 2001학년도부터 중학교에서 시작되는 제7차 교육과정은 '정보 사회 적응력 함양 교육'을 목표로 지금까지와는 다른 컴퓨터 교육의 체계와 내용을 제시하고 있다. 이에 따라 본 고에서는 제 6, 7차 컴퓨터 교과 중학교 교육과정을 비교, 컴퓨터 교육의 패러다임 변화를 분석하며, 제7차 교육과정에 따른 교과서 교재 개발을 위하여 교재 개발 지침, 내용 전개 및 구성, 다양한 학습방법에 따른 교수-학습의 가능성 검토, 다양한 평가 방법에 의한 학업 성취도 평가를 중심으로 그 가능성을 모색, 제언하고자 한다.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.252-269
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• 2018

The era of information technologies has stimulated the demand of educational reform based on the use of information and communication technology (ICT). It requires explicit guidelines, vibrant objectives, mobilization of resources and political commitment at all levels of the country to achieve the desired results. However, change is not easy, it requires to overcome the impediments that hinder the successful integration of ICT in public schools. The pace of this reform is active in developed countries, while developing countries are lagging behind in achieving the required goals. The foremost purpose of this study is to highlight the barriers in the effective integration of ICT faced by developed countries in general and developing countries in particular. Reviewing the impediments to the integration of ICT in public schools may assist educators to become technology adopters in the future. Findings of the study reveal that intrinsic barriers are easy to surmount; once extrinsic barriers have been subdued successfully.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈C:초등수학교육
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.111-125
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• 2000

This paper presents cross-national perspectives on challenges in implementing current mathematics education reform ideals. This paper includes detailed qualitative descriptions of mathematics instruction from unevenly successful second-grade classrooms both in Koran and in the U. S with regared to reform recommendations. Despits dramatic differences in mathematics achivement between Korean and the U.S student. problems in both countries with regard to mathematics education are perceived to be very similar. The shared problems have a common origin in teacher-centered instruction. Educational leaders in both countries have persistently attempted to change the teacher-centered pedagogy to a student-centered approach. Many teachers report familiarity with and adherence to reform ideas, but their actual classroom teaching practices do not reflect the full implications of the reform ideals. Given the challenges in implementing reform, this study explored the breakdown that may occur between teachers adoption of reform objectives and their successful incorporation of reform ideals by comparing and contrasting two reform-oriented classrooms in both countries. This comparison and contrast provided a unique opportunity to reflect on possible subtle but crucial issues with regard to reform implementation. Thus, this study departed from past international comparisons in which the common objective has been to compare general social norma of typical mathematics classes across countries. This study was and exploratory, qualitative, comparative case study using grounded theory methodology based on constant comparative analysis for which the primary data sources were classroom video recordings and transcripts. The Korean portion of this study was conducted by the team of four researchers, including the author. The U.S portion of this study and a brief joint analysis were conducted by the author. This study compared and contrasted the classroom general social norms and sociomathematical norms of two Korean and two U.S second-grade teachers who aspired to implement reform. The two classrooms in each country were chosen because of their unequal success in activating the reform recommendation. Four mathematics lessons were videotaped from Korean classes, whereas fourteen lessons were videotaped from the U.S. classes. Intensive interviews were conducted with each teacher. The two classes within each country established similar participation patterns but very different sociomathematical norms. In both classes open-ended questioning, collaborative group work, and students own problem solving constituted the primary modes of classroom participation. However in one class mathematical significance was constituted as using standard algorithm with accuracy, whereas the other established a focus on providing reasonable and convincing arguments. Given these different mathematical foci, the students in the latter class had more opportunities to develop conceptual understanding than their counterparts. The similarities and differences to between the two teaching practices within each country clearly show that students learning opportunities do not arise social norms of a classroom community. Instead, they are closely related to its sociomathematical norms. Thus this study suggests that reform efforts highlight the importance of sociomathematical norms that established in the classroom microculture. This study also provides a more caution for the Korean reform movement than for its U.S. counterpart.

• International Journal of Contents
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.43-48
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• 2010

Because of the social and political reasons, Chinese design higher education has come a long and difficult road. Before and after the Reform and Opening-up, Chinese design higher education system has gone through two different models: "Arts and Crafts" and "Arts & Design". By comparing external environment and Education Concept of two models, this paper points out that the correct direction of design higher education reform is to understand and learn the advantages of two education systems.