• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.155-167
• /
• 2022

Purpose : Accumulation of accurate data regarding the use and adequacy of subsidies is important to provide optimal development rehabilitation services. However, no reports have discussed the status regarding the use and adequacy of subsidies available for motor development rehabilitation as a part of development rehabilitation services in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. In this study, we investigated the current use and subsidy adequacy of motor development rehabilitation as an essential part of development rehabilitation services in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Methods : The study included parents of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy, who underwent motor development rehabilitation of development rehabilitation services (n=148). The participants were administered a questionnaire to investigate the current use and subsidy adequacy of the motor development rehabilitation part of development rehabilitation services. Results : Most respondents indicated that 310,000-410,000 /month was an appropriate subsidy and agreed that the subsidy should be extended to adults with cerebral palsy. We observed a significant difference in the appropriate subsidy based on age groups (p=.029), as well as type of development rehabilitation service most needed (p=.005) and whether or not agree to extend the subsidy to adults according to gross motor function classification system level (p=.015). There were significant relations of appropriate subsidy (p<.001) and appropriateness of copay (p=.004) according to degree of transportation cost burden. Moreover, there were significant relations of appropriateness of current subsidy (p=.015) and appropriate subsidy (p<.001) according to degree of inconvenience of using transportation. Conclusion : This study highlights the need to increase subsidies for motor development rehabilitation of development rehabilitation services and that the subsidy should be determined based on the burden of transportation costs and the inconvenience of using transportation. Development rehabilitation service for adults with cerebral palsy should also be supported.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.27-41
• /
• 2023

Purpose: Pediatric palliative care is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary approach that supports children with life-limiting conditions and their families. However, there is limited evidence on how to effectively support bereaved parents and siblings. The purpose of this study is to explore the therapeutic impact of art therapy for bereaved families, in accordance with John Bowlby's four-stage theory of mourning. Methods: This single-case study employed the consensual qualitative research method. Art therapy records of bereaved families were reviewed individually, and records from one case were selected. Verbal statements made during the art therapy sessions and photocopies of the artworks were analyzed to understand the mourning process of the family. Results: A total of 113 statements and 12 artworks from 19 art therapy sessions were analyzed. As the art therapy progressed, each family member exhibited a pattern of engaging in more positive and healthy conversations in daily life, demonstrating the final stage of mourning: reorganization and recovery. The family dynamics also revealed that they reconstructed their inner world and redefined the meaning of loss, which is the final stage of mourning. The art therapy provided a safe environment for the family, allowing them to fulfill their wishes and regain the strength needed for recovery. Conclusion: This study suggests that art therapy supports bereaved families in alleviating their psychological difficulties, engaging in a healthy mourning process, and functioning as members of society. Further research is needed to better understand the effect of art therapy as a bereavement support tool in pediatric palliative care.

• Child Health Nursing Research
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.69-92
• /
• 1996

The purpose of study was : 1) to analyze the trend of research on the family with chronically ill children in Korea, 2) to suggest direction for future study on the family with chronically ill children, and contributing to the use of intervention in family nursing practice. Research studies on the family with chronically ill children were selected from the Korean Nusre, the Korean Nurses' Academic Society Journal, and from dissertations, which were conducted between 1975 and 1995. The total numbers of the studies were 35. These studies were analyzed for 1)time of publication or presentation, 2)research design, 3)characteristics of subjects, 4) type of chronic disease, 5)main concepts, 6)measurement tool, 7) the sis for a degree or nondegree, 8) result of correlational studies. The findings of the analysis were as follows : 1) The numbers of studies on the family with chronically ill children have increas rapidly the early 1990's. In research design, the numbers of survey research studies were the highest. Especially, the most frequently research design was the correlational survey. There were 19 correlational studies(25.7%) during the early 1990's. 2) The subjects in 16 studies(45.7%) were mother of chronically ill children and, in 8 studies (22.9% ) were their parents. 3) In most types of chronic diseases, there were 14 hematooncologic disease(32.6%) and 14 hadicapped children (32.6% ). 4) Frequently used research concepts were stress, degree of coping or way of coping, social support, parents' support, family functioning, intensity of family and family adaptation. 5) Acceding to the results of correlational studies, the more family stress was higher the more degree of coping, family functioning, intensity of family and degree of family adaption was lower. The more degree of social support was higher the more stress was lower and degree of coping, family functioning and intensity of family was higher. The more family functioning was higher the more intensity of family and family adaptation was higher. 6) 24 researches on the family with chronically ill children were done for a thesis for a degree and 11 were nondegree research studies. The following suggestions are made based on the above findings : 1) The pattern of these studies related to the family with chronically ill children in domain of Nursing need to be compared with trend in other domains. 2) More replicated research on the family with chronically ill children is needed to develop family nursing intervention and prove the effect of that and more qualitative research on the family with chronically ill children is needed to comprehensive indepth the family with chronically ill children. 3) Further research on the family with chronically ill children is needed to verify subjects and type of chronic disease, develop applicable measurement tools in Korea and identify relation between other concepts. 4) Family nursing researchers should make an effort to apply research result in various clinical settings and community settings, and try to carry out not only team research with clinical nurse but also other multidisciplinary researcher related to the family.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.289-306
• /
• 1998

For continuous development of professional nursing to the powerful professional organization, it is essential that the public understand and help nursing. This research was done to identify the image of nurses and factors that determine that image. The study subjects were 97 admitted patients 95 family members of patients who were admitted to a university hospital and a general hospital in Seoul and 164 parents of stutents in elemantary, middle, high schools in Seoul. The total numbers of subjects was 356. The researcher collected the data from April 13.1998 to April 20.1998. The Research tool was developed by the researcher following a literature review. Cronbach ${\alpha}$ for the tool of the image of nurses was 0.9397 and Cronbach a for the tool for determinants of the image was 0.8764. The obtained data were processed by SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) and the results are as follows : 1. The mean score for the image of nurses was 90.40${\pm}$15.15(range 47${\sim}$138) indicating a positive response. 2. Analysis of the image of nurses : Four factors were identified traditional. social. professional and personal image. The mean score for traditional image was 3.27. the second highest score. and for social image. 2.95. the lowest score. The mean score for professional image score was 3.48. the highest score. and for personal image, 3.20. a lower score. 3. The image of nurses according to respondents There were significant differences for traditional. social, professional. personal factors between subject groups. A more positive responses was found in the patients and patient' families as a compared to the students' parents. 4. Image of nurses related general characteristics : There was a significant difference for age and school graduation. More negative responses were found in the 31${\sim}$40 years old age group and in the higher educated group. 5. Image of nurses related to experience of nurses The respondents showed a more negative image when their experience related to nurses through the mass media, as a compared to the experiences of having talked with patient who had been admitted to hospital. For the social image factor. a more negative attitude was revealed for those who had the experience of patient who had been admitted to hospital as compared to other factors. 6. Determinants of image of nurses : There were three factors that were named subjective. administrative and media . The mean for the subjective factor score was 3.85. the highest score of the three factors. The mean for the administrative factor score was 3.53. And the mean for the media factor score was 3.27. 7. Determinants of image of nurses according to respondents group : There were no significant differences(F= 1.95, P= .14) Consequently the result showed a low social image of nurses. So. nurses must work to improve the social image of nurses through scientific approaches and by monitoring the mass media for correct descriptions of nurses. Also. it is necessary that excellent education for service and politeness be continually provided in order to positively effect the personal image field. It is also importent to raise the expectations of the recipients of nursing care by having a strategy for the determinants of the image of nurses that allows nurses to personnally develop professionally.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.25 no.3
• /
• pp.189-203
• /
• 2020

Objectives: This study was performed to identify the current barriers of obesity management for children using Community Child Care Centers and their caregivers (parents and teachers working in the Centers). Further, this study explored the possibility of utilizing a mobile phone application for tailored obesity prevention and management programs to overcome the current difficulties associated with children's obesity management. Methods: The qualitative data were collected through in-depth interviews with 20 obese and overweight children or children who wanted to participate in this study using Community Child Care Centers, 12 teachers working at the Centers, and a focus group interview with five parents of children using the Centers. Data were analyzed with a thematic approach categorizing themes and sub-themes based on the transcripts. Results: The current barriers of obesity management of obese and overweight children using Community Child Care Centers were lack of self-directed motivation regarding obesity management (chronic obesity-induced lifestyles and reduced self-confidence due to stigma) and lack of support from households and Community Child Care Centers (latchkey child, inconsistency in dietary guidance between the Center and household, repetitive pressure to eat, and absence of regular nutrition education). Mobile phone applications may have potential to overcome the current barriers by providing handy and interesting obesity management based on visual media (real-time tracking of lifestyles using behavior records and social support using gamification), environmental support (supplementation of parental care and network-based education between the Community Child Care Center and household), and individualized intervention (encouragement of tailored and gradual changes in eating habits and tailored goal setting). It is predicted that the real-time mobile phone program will provide information for improving nutritional knowledge and behavioral skills as well as lead to sustainable children's coping strategies regarding obesity management. In addition, it is expected that environmental factors may be improved by network-based education between the Community Child Care Centers and households using the characteristics of mobile phones, which are free from space and time constraints. Conclusions: The tailored education program for children using Community Child Care Centers based on mobile phones may prevent and reduce childhood obesity by overcoming the current barriers of obesity management for children, providing environmental and individualized support to promote healthy lifestyles and quality of life in the future.

• The Mathematical Education
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.74-104
• /
• 1986

This study aims at investigating the correlation between such variables as a child's family circumstance and personality and that of the child's mathematical ability. For the objects of the study five hundreds and sixteen students (male 273, female 243) were andomly selected from the fifth grade primary school students in the city of Seoul. For the tool of measure the investigation of Korean family circumstances with particular characteristics, the personality test by Chong Pom Mo and Kim Ho Kwon, and the intelligence test by Lee Sang Ro, Chin Whal Kyo and Pyon Chang Jin were employed. For the statistical analysis S. A. S. C., the statistical analysis package of KAIST was employed. The resutis of the test can be summarized as follows. The correlation between the variable of family Circumstance and that of mathematical alility 1) In case of the significance level 0.05 the education of the childs mother and the order of the child's birth have much to do with the perception speed. In case of the significance level 0.1 it makes some difference in the child's perception spead whether the clild's mother has a job or not. 2) In case of the significance level 0.05 the education of the child's father and mother, the father's job and the type of habitation have influence on the child's perception of space. 3) In case of the significance level 0.05 the education of the child's father and mother, the father's job, the order of the child's birth, the type of habitation, their religion, and their cultural, and economic standard have influence on the child's ability of inference. 4) In case of the significance level 0.05 the education of the child's father and mother, the father's job, the type of habitation, their religion and their cultural and economic standard have influence on the child's ability of calculation. 5) In case of the significance level 0.05 any variable of the child's family circumstance has nothing to do with the child's memory. In case of the significance level 0, 1 the type of family and the type of habitation have effect on the child's memory. 6) In case of the significance level 0.05 the education of the child's parents, the jobs of the parents, the type of habtation, their religion, and their cultural and economic standard have influence on the child's linguistic notion. The correlation between the variable of the child's personality and that of the child's mathematical ability 1) In regard to the priority of the variables influencing the child's perception speed, the child's discretion comes first in order, and then sociability and impulsiveness of the child. 2) The child's discretion has effect on the child's space perception. 3) The child's discretion has effect on the child's ability of inference. 4) In regard to the child's ability of calculation the child's discretion comes first in order, and then impulsiveness and sociability of the child. 5) The child's discretion has effect on memory. 6) The child's discretion has effect on the child's linguistic notion.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.61-85
• /
• 2012

The OSPG(Observation Scale for Parents of the Gifted in Korean Traditional and Western Music) is one of the tools for screening of the Gifted in Korean traditional and Western music. So the validity and reliability of the OSPG has an influence on securing validity of the whole identification process. The purpose of this study is to examine the validity and reliability of the OSPG-2 that input screening processing, and to suggest systematization of identification processing for the Gifted in Korean traditional and Western Music. For the achievement of this purpose, this study administered the OSPG-2 to 261 gifted students aged between 13 and 16 in the middle or high school for the arts. To validate the OSPG-2, I analyzed items of the OSPG-2, and conducted the exploratory and confirmative factor analysis. I also examined the internal consistency. As a result of the exploratory factor analysis, I collected 40 items of the OSPG-2 finally. Furthermore, I could identify psychological construct of the Gifted in Korean traditional and Western Music. The consequence of confirmative factor analysis, the model provided good fit to observed data. As a result of reliability analysis, the internal consistency of the internal characteristic verified Cronbach's ${\alpha}$=.939, and the internal consistency of the external environmental characteristic verified Cronbach's ${\alpha}$=.887. This result of validity study reflects the fact that the OSPG-2 is a valid scale and is able to input to gifted educational field instantly.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• v.22 no.2 s.26
• /
• pp.215-222
• /
• 1989

The relationship between cadmium level and mental retardation was investigated. The 297 subjects with mental retardation were drawn from two schools providing special educational services, one, consisted of children living in an orphan home, another, children with parents. The 117 control subjects were drawn from whom had got average or above average academic achivement in a general elementary school. Hair sample was taken from the nape of the neck and the cadmium and zinc analysis were carried out on an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (IL 551). Children in the retarded group had significantly higher cadmium levels compared with control but not in zinc levels. There was no relationship between metal concentrations and age except control male group, which showed significant positive linear relationship in zinc, and there was no difference between sex in both metal except the male orphan group in cadmium. In the orphan group, there was relationship between severity of retardation and cadmium concentration in both sex but not in retarded children with parents. No difference in cadmium levels between the group with Down's syndrome, one of causes of mental retardation, and the control group suggested the cadmium as a possible cause of mental retardation. In the case of accompanying autism, zinc level was significantly lower than that of other accompanying diseases. Although not establishing an etiologic relationship, findings of this study suggest that there are some influeces of cadmium on mental retardation, and call for a continuing study.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• v.39 no.3
• /
• pp.235-242
• /
• 2006

Objectives: We wanted to determine the distribution of the clustering of the metabolic risk factors and we wanted to evaluate the related factors in young schoolchildren. Methods: A cross-sectional study of metabolic syndrome was conducted in an elementary school in Seoul, Korea. We evaluated fasting glucose, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, blood pressures and the body mass index, and we used parent-reported questionnaires to assess the potential risk factors in 261 children (136 boys, 125 girls). We defined the metabolic risk factors as obesity or at risk for obesity ($\geqq$ 85th percentile for age and gender), a systolic or diastolic blood pressure at $\geqq90th$ percentile for age and gender, fasting glucose at $\geqq110mg/dl$, triglyceride at $\geqq110mg/dl$ and HDL cholesterol at $\leqq40mg/dl$. Results: There were 15.7% of the subjects who showed clustering of two or more metabolic risk factors, 2.3% of the subjects who showed clustering for three or more risk factors, and 0.8% of the subjects who showed clustering for four or more risk factors. A multivariate analysis revealed that a father smoking more than 20 cigarettes per day, a mother with a body mass index of = $25kg/m^2$, and the child eating precooked or frozen food more than once per day were associated with clustering of two or more components, with the odds ratios of 3.61 (95% CI=1.24-10.48), 5.50 (95% CI=1.39-21.73) and 8.04 (95% CI=1.67-38.81), respectively. Conclusions: This study shows that clustering of the metabolic risk factors is present in young schoolchildren in Korea, with the clustering being associated with parental smoking and obesity as well as the child's eating behavior. These results suggest that evaluation of metabolic risk factors and intervention for lifestyle factors may be needed in both young Korean children and their parents.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.10 no.5
• /
• pp.1115-1125
• /
• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the Safety-practice and Its Related Factors among Elementary students in rural area, to provide the basic data for prevention for safety accident occurrence in order to improve the QOL. Methods: The subjects of this study were 549 elementary students using self-report questionnaires. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe's test, Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple regression with SPSS 12.0 Program. Results: The mean score for level of the safety awareness was 3.55(${\pm}.36$) and of the safety practice, 2.98(${\pm}.48$). The score of Safety-practice was statistically significant difference according to students' gender(p= .028) and students' grade(p= .004), the number of friends(p= .002), the level of school life adaptation(p= .000), recognized learning proficiency(p= .000), personality(p= .005), curiosity(p= .003), the level of demand for safety education(p= .000), the level of safety-education conducted by parents(p= .000), the level of safety-education conducted by teacher(p= .000). Stepwise multiple regression analysis for Safety-practice revealed that the most powerful predictor was level of Safety-awareness and self-esteem, the level of safety-education conducted by parents explained 28.8% of the variance. Conclusions: Therefore, it is necessary to develop safety practice promotion program in order to enhance the quality of life of elementary students. Future studies need to be pursued to find various variances.