• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.768-774
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• 1999

Background: It is well known that rifampin decreases the hypoprothrombinemic effect of warfarin by induction of cytochrome P-450 enzyme in healthy volunteer. However, in patients the dosage schedule of warfarin during rifampin therapy is not established. Therefore, patients taking both rifampin and warfarin were reviewed to find out the adequate dosage schedule of warfarin in addition to side effects by interaction of two drugs. Method: Patients taking both rifampin and warfarin were retrieved from patients who were admitted due to heart disease and tuberculosis at Boochun Sejong Hospital from January of 1995 to August of 1999. To decide the adequate dosage of warfarin, the dosage of warfarin before, during, and after rifampin was evaluated in patients who kept adequate hypoprothrombinemic effect of warfarin during rifampin. To decide the adequate dosage schedule of warfarin, the time interval from the beginning of rifampin to normalization of prothrombin time(INR$\geq$1.1) was evaluated. And, the side effects by interaction of two drugs were reviewed. Results: All 12 patients taking both rifampin and warfarin were retrieved. Among them only 6 kept adequate hypoprothrombinemic effect of warfarin during rifampin. The dosage of warfarin during rifampin was $2.4{\pm}0.6$(mean$\pm$standard deviation) times as much as that before rifampin but the dosage after rifampin was the same as that before rifampin. The time interval from the beginning of rifampin to normalization of prothrombin time was $5.8{\pm}2.9$(mean${\pm}$standard deviation) days. 2 out of 12 had complication related to the interaction of rifampin and warfarin, one cerebral embolism just after the beginning of rifampin and the other cerebral hemorrhage just after the discontinuation of rifampin. Conclusion: When both rifampin and warfarin are prescribed, it would be a possible method to be confirmed by prospective study that warfarin be gradually increased about 2 times more than that without rifampin over 1 week or so after the beginning of rifampin and be tapered to the same dosage as that before rifampin when rifampin is discontinued. And, it would be prudent that prothrombin time be monitored frequently during rifampin and warfarin therapy, especially the beginning or discontinuation of rifampin.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.53-72
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• 1996

The Purpose of this study was to identify characteristics of fatigue and the relationship between fatigue and related factors in patients on hemodialysis. This study was a survey study using a cross-sectional design. The subjects for this study were 101 patients on hemodialysis who were registered in the six hemodialysis clinics among a total of eleven clinics in Seoul. The period of data collection was from February 28, 1995 to May 2, 1995. Data were collected through an interview with a structured packet and the physiological data. The tools used in this study were the Visual Analogue Scale-Fatigue developed by Lee et al(1990) and translated by Lee(1991), the fatigue interview schedule developed by this researcher, Zung's self rating depression scale(Zung, 1965), the self-efficacy scale developed by Sherer et al(1982) and the Norbeck Social Support Questionnaire(NSSQ) translated by Oh(1984). The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics(mean, standard deviation, frequency, range), Pearson correlation coefficients and Stepwise multiple regression. The results were as follows ; 1. Characteristics of Fatigue of hemodialysis patients : 1) 79 of 101 hemodialysis patients complained fatigue. 2) The mean fatigue score as measured by the VAS-F was 36.2mm. 3) The mean duration of fatigue was 2.9 hours 2. Characteristics of fatigue related factors : 1) The physiologic factor which included Hgb, Hct, BUN, creatinine, potassium and interdialytic weight gain deviated from normal range. 2) The psychological factor which included depression and self-efficacy was about the same level as for patients with other chronic diseases. 3) The environmental factor which included social support had wide variation. 3. The relationship between fatigue and related factors : 1) Interdialytic weight gain in the physiologica factor was the only valuable with fatigue （p＜.05） 2) The relationship between fatigue and the psychological factor of depression showed a positive and strong correlation（p＜.05）. According to the findings of this study, fatigue was highly correlated with the depression. This indicates that nurses should try to assess and control psychological factors when patients complain of fatigue rather than just considering physiological factors. Nursing has to develop effective nursing interventions to reduce fatigue in patients with chronic diseases using the relationship between fatigue and physiological, psychological and environmental factors.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.341-356
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• 1990

Cancer is still a threat to human beings. The incidence and mortality rate of cancer have been gradually increasing as the life span has been lengthened. Radiotherapy is one of the most commonly used treatments for cancer. This study explored the influence of social support and stress on sick role behavior of patients receiving radiotherapy for cancer. The subjects for this study were 60 patients undergoing radiotherapy for cancer, selected from the radiotherapy treatment unit of the out patient departments of two major medical centers in Jeonju. Data were collected from February 1 to 28, 1990 by a Likert Scale Questionnaire and an interview schedule designed by the inverstigator. Data analysis included percentages, mean and standard deviation, t or F-test, Pearson Correlation Coefficient and stepwise multiple regression. Results included the following : 1. Support came primarily from sons and daughters (90.1%) ; the type of support was primarily emotional support from friends(60.0%) ; informational support came from health personnel(81.7%) ; and material support was sons and daughters(40.0%) ; satisfaction with support was highest for the spouse(4.02$\pm$.52). 2. Among the patient's demographic status was occupation the was the only socioeconomic characteristic influencing sick role behavior (F＝2.91 , p＝.029). 3. Directly perveived support was positively correlated with sick role behavior (r＝.2374, p＝.034). 4. Stepwise multiple regression was used to determine the predictors of sick role behavior. Directly perceived support was the most significant predictor accounting for the hightest contribution to sick role behavior(5.6%). Directly perceived support. socioeconomic status, perceived stress and indirectly perceived support variables together, accounted for only 6.8% of sick role behavior.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.1731-1737
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• 2007

This paper considers subway routing problem. Given a schedule of train to be routed by a railway stock, the routing problem determines a sequence of trains while satisfying turnaround time and maintenance restrictions. Generally, the solution of routing problem is generated from set partition formulation solved by column generation method, a typical integer programming approach for train-set. However, we find the characteristics of metropolitan subway which has a simple rail network, a few end stations and 13 departure-arrival patterns. We reflect a turn-around constraint due to spatial limitations has no existence in conventional railroad. Our objective is to minimize the number of daily train-sets. In this paper, we develop two basic techniques that solve the subway routing problem in a reasonable time. In first stage, we formulate the routing problem as a Min-cost-flow problem. Then, in the second stage, we attempt to normalize the distance covered to each routes and reduce the travel distance using our heuristic approach. Applied to the current daily timetable, we could find the subway routings, which is an approximately 14% improvement on the number of train-sets reducing 15% of maximum traveling distance and 8% of the standard deviation.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.86-90
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• 2014

Background: Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) was selected as a biomarker of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to explore the accumulation level in the bodies of workers at rubber smoke sheet factories in southern Thailand. Methods: Spot urine samples were taken from four groups of workers from June 2006 to November 2007. The nonexposure or control groups included habitual cigarette smokers and nonsmokers. The other two groups were workers exposed to particle-bound PAHs from rubber wood smoke and they were nonsmokers. All spot urine samples were analyzed for 1-OHP and creatinine levels. Results: The mean${\pm}$standard deviation urinary 1-OHP in the control group of habitual smokers and the nonsmokers was $0.24{\pm}0.16{\mu}mol/mol$ creatinine and not-detected to $0.14{\mu}mol/mol$ creatinine, respectively. In the workers, the 1-OHP levels on workdays had no significant difference from the 1-OHP levels on the days off. The yearly average 1-OHP level was $0.76{\pm}0.41{\mu}mol/mol$ creatinine whereas the average 1-OHP level during 10 consecutive workdays was $1.06{\pm}0.29{\mu}mol/mol$ creatinine (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The urinary 1-OHP levels of workers exposed to PAHs were high. The accumulation of 1-OHP in the body was not clear although the workers had long working hours with few days off during their working experience. Therefore, a regular day off schedule and rotation shift work during high productive RSS should be set for RSS workers.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.208-220
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• 2018

Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of neurofeedback training for reducing stress and enhancing self-regulation in late adolescence to identify the possibility of use for nursing intervention. Methods: A nonequivalent control group pre-post quasi-experimental design was used. Participants were 78 late adolescents assigned to the experimental group (n=39) that received the neurofeedback training and the control group (n=39). Data were collected on heart rate variability (HRV) and skin conductance level (SCL) to assess stress-biomarker response. The questionnaire contained 164 items from: Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) and Self-regulatory Ability scale. The neurofeedback training was based on the general adaptation syndrome and body-mind medicine. The intervention was conducted in a total of 10 sessions for 30 minutes per session with high-beta, theta and sensory motor rhythm training on scalp at central zero. Results: There were significant difference in standard deviation of normal to normal interval (p=.036) in HRV and SCL (p=.029) of stress-biomarker response between the two groups. Negative affect (p=.036) in PANAS and obsessive compulsive (p=.023) and depression (p<.001) in SCL-90-R were statistically significant. Self-regulation mode (p=.004) in self-regulation ability scale showed a significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: The results indicated that the neurofeedback training is effective in stress-biomarkers, psychoemotional stress response and self-regulation. Therefore, neurofeedback training using neuroscientific approach based on brain-mind-body model can be used as an effective nursing intervention for late adolescents in clinics and communities for effective stress responses.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.47-55
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• 2000

To date many software engineering cost models have been developed to predict cost, schedule, and effort of the software under development. The COCOMO Ⅱ is well- suited for the new software development life cycle such as non-sequential and rapid- development processes. The traditional regression approach based on the least square criterion is the most commonly used technique for empirical calibration in the COCOMO Ⅱ model. It has a few assumptions frequently violated by software engineering data sets. The source data is also generally imprecise in reporting size effort, and cost-driver ratings, particularly across different organizations. And that the outlier for the source data is a peculiarity and indicates a data point. To cope with difficulties, in this paper, we propose a new regression method for calibrating COCOMO Ⅱ post-architecture model based on the minimum relative error(MRE) criterion. The characteristic of the proposed method is insensitive to the extreme values of the data in the empirical calibration. As the experimental results, It is evident that our proposed calibration method MRE was shown to be superior to the traditional regression approach for model calibration, as illustrated by the values obtained for standard deviation(^σ), and prediction at level LPRED(L) measures.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.159-167
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• 2015

We consider a wafer lot transfer/release planning problem from semiconductor wafer fabrication facilities to probing facilities with the objective of minimizing the deviation of workload and total tardiness of customers' orders. Due to the complexity of the considered problem, we propose a two-level hierarchical production planning method for the lot transfer problem between two parallel facilities to obtain an executable production plan and schedule. In the higher level, the solution for the reduced mathematical model with Lagrangian relaxation method can be regarded as a coarse good lot transfer/release plan with daily time bucket, and discrete-event simulation is performed to obtain detailed lot processing schedules at the machines with a priority-rule-based scheduling method and the lot transfer/release plan is evaluated in the lower level. To evaluate the performance of the suggested planning method, we provide computational tests on the problems obtained from a set of real data and additional test scenarios in which the several levels of variations are added in the customers' demands. Results of computational tests showed that the proposed lot transfer/planning architecture generates executable plans within acceptable computational time in the real factories and the total tardiness of orders can be reduced more effectively by using more sophisticated lot transfer methods, such as considering the due date and ready times of lots associated the same order with the mathematical formulation. The proposed method may be implemented for the problem of job assignment in back-end process such as the assignment of chips to be tested from assembly facilities to final test facilities. Also, the proposed method can be improved by considering the sequence dependent setup in the probing facilities.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 2013

Purpose : The purpose of this research was to research on Needs for the Construction of the CSFT(Cluster with a Strongpoint for Field Training) on students and professors of health-related majors. Methods : We investigated 164 students and professors using a self-reporting method with experience of Field Training. A statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 17.0 for window version. Results : It showed that educational satisfaction had scored 4.05 in curriculum, 4.00 in environment, 3.52 in schedule, 3.71 in evaluation and 3.71 in teaching and 3.84 in industrial-college systems for Field Training. Needs for the Construction of the CSFT had scored 4.17 in $mean{\pm}standard$ deviation. Conclusion : Characterization of Nursing, Department of Health and local health care environment and conditions, if you think the quality of education for the Department of Health Nursing, gradually, the acquisition and improvement of the base hospital is necessary. Therefore, it is considered to be institutionalized by installing the strongpoint hospital at least one in each region, so that they can contribute to the improvement of people's health.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.309-319
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• 2019

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of watching a virtual reality (VR) forest video on stress reduction in adults. Experiments were performed in an artificial climate chamber where temperature, humidity and illumination were controlled. To cause stress in subjects, the subjects were asked to multiply two digit numbers by one digit numbers for two minutes. The subjects then watched a VR forest video for five minutes. During the experiment, the heart rate variability (HRV) and heart rate (HR) of subjects were continuously measured for evaluating their physiological state. After measuring the baseline and watching a VR forest video, their psychological state was evaluated using the profile of mood state (POMS), semantic differential (SD) method, and positive affect and negative affect schedule (PANAS). The results of physiological evaluation after watching a VR forest video showed a decrease in the stress index and HR, an increase in the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system, and the standard deviation of normal to normal RR intervals (SDNN). The results of psychological assessment confirmed that watching a VR forest video induced "comfort", "natural", and "soothed" feelings in subjects. In addition, watching a VR forest video decreased "tension-anxiety (T-A)", "depression-dejection (D)", "anger-hostility (A-H)", "fatigue (F)", "total mood disturbance (TMD)", and increased "vigor (V)" compared to the base line, and decreased "negative affect" and increased "positive affect." These results indicate that watching a VR forest video decreases adults' stress index, stabilizes physiological state, and has a positive impact on psychological state. The findings of this study can serve as a basis for providing forest welfare services to people in the blind spots of forest welfare, and can lay a foundation for the adoption of VR, one of the technologies of the fourth industrial revolution in forestry.