• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.62 no.1
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• pp.70-79
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• 2024

Raman analyzer is an analytical technique that utilizes the "Raman effect", which occurs when light is scattered by the inherent vibrations of molecules. It is used for molecular identification and composition analysis. In the natural gas industry, it is widely used in bunkering and tank lorry fields in addition to LNG export and import terminals. In this study, a LNG-specific Raman analyzer was installed and operated under actual field conditions to analyze the composition and principal properties (calorific value, reference density, etc.) of LNG. The measured LNG composition and calorific value were compared with those obtained by conventional gas chromatograph that are currently in operation and validated. The test results showed that the Raman analyzer provided rapid and stable measurements of LNG composition and calorific value. When comparing the calorific value, which serves as the basis for LNG transactions, with the results from conventional gas chromatograph, the Raman analyzer met the acceptable error criteria. Furthermore, the measurement results obtained in this study satisfied the accuracy criteria of relevant international standards (ASTM D7940-14) and demonstrated similar outcomes compared to large-scale international demonstration cases.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.321-347
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• 1994

Muscle spindle afferents from masseter muscle were labelled by the intra-axonal HRP injection and were processed for light microscopic reconstruction. Regions containing terminal arbors scattered in the central portion of the masseteric motor neuron pool (type I a) and those restricted to 2-3 small portion of it (type II) were selected and processed for electronmicroscopic analysis with serial sections. The shape of the labelled boutons was dome or elongated shape. Scalloped or glomerulus shape with peripherial indentation containing pre or postsynaptic neuronal propiles, which is occasionally found in the trigeminal main sensory nucleus and spinal dorsal horn, was not observed. Both type Ia and type II boutons had pale axoplasm and contained clear, spherical vesicles of uniform size(dia : 49-52nm) and occasionally large dense cored vesicles(dia : 87-118nm). The synaptic vesicles were evenly distributed throughout the boutons although there was a slight tendency of vesicles to accumulate at the presynaptic site. The average of short and long diameter(short D. + long D./2) of type I a bouton was smaller than that of type II bouton. All the labelled boutons, which showed prominent postsynaptic density, large synaptic area and multiple synaptic contact, made asymmetrical synaptic contact with postsynaptic neuronal propiles. Most of the type Ia and type II boutons made synaptic contact with only one neuronal propile and boutons which shows synaptic contact or more neuronal propiles was not observed. Most of the type Ia boutons(87.2%) were presynaptic to the soma or proximal dendrite and a few remainder(12.8%) made synaptic contact with dendritic shaft or distal dendrite. In contrast, majority of type II boutons showed synaptic contact with dendritic shaft and remainder with soma or proximal dendrite. In conclusion, terminal boutons which participate in the excitatory monosynaptic jaw jerk reflex made synaptic contact with more proximal region of the neuron, and showed very simple synaptic connection, compared with those from the primary afferenst in the other region of the central nervous system such as spinal dorsal horn and trigeminal main sensory nucleus which assumed to be responsible for the mediating pain, tactile sensation, sensory processing or sensory discrimination.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.50-59
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• 1998

Purpose : Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been involved in several forms of immune-related glomerulopathy but the pathogenic role of HBV infection is not clear. To evaluate the clinicopathological features of HBV-associated glomerulopathy, a clinicopathological analysis and immunohistochemical stain for HBs Ag and HBe Ag were done. Methods : Clinicopathological features of HBV-associated glomerulopathy were analyzed with renal biopsies in 28 HBsAg seropositive patients from April 1990 to February 1997 at Pusan Paik Hospital, and immunohistochemical evaluation for HBsAg and HBeAg was done in renal tissues. Light microscopic, immunofluorescent and electron microscopic examination and immunohistochemical staining for HBsAg (DAKO) and HBeAg (BIONIKE) of renal tissue were performed. Result ; 1. The age distribution was 6 to 73 years old, and eight were children and 20 were adults. Male : female ratio was 3:1. Nineteen (67.9%) and 21 (75.0%) of 28 cases showed hematuria and proteinuria, respectively at the time of biopsy. Sixteen (57.2%) of them had nephrotic syndrome. 2. Liver function test was performed in 11 patients and seven (63.6%) of them showed increased AST and ALT levels. Liver biopsy was done in three patients and revealed findings of chronic active hepatitis. 3. HBV-associated glomerulopathy was membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) in 10 (35.7%), mesangiopathy in 8 (28.6%), membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) in 7 (25.0%) and minimal change disease in 3 (10.7%) out of 28 cases. 4. Ultrastructurally HBV-associated MGN showed conspicuous subepithelial deposits with intramembranous, mesangial and subendothelial deposits and proliferation of mesangial cells and matrix, which were suggestive of MPGN. In HBV-associated MPGN, intramembranous and subepithelial deposits were scattered. 5. Immunohistochemical staining revealed no expression for HBsAg, but positive reaction for HBeAg along capillary wall in 8 cases (28.6%), of which 3 cases were checked for serum HBeAg, all showed positivity. Conclusion : HBV-associated glomerulopathy showed a wide morphologic spectrum and overlapping ultrastructural features in MGN and MPGN, and the activity of hepatitis B virus may be related to the development of HBV-associated glomerulopathy but further studies are recommended to confirm this relationship.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.53-56
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• 2014

Hong Kong, a well-known metropolis characterized by skyscrapers on both sides of the Victoria Harbour, consists mainly of 3 parts, namely the Hong Kong Island, the Kowloon peninsula and the New Territories (N.T.) which is the land area north of Kowloon plus a number of outlying islands. Located in the N.T. are all the new towns, market towns; and in the plains and valleys lie scattered village houses of not more than 3 storeys within the confines of well-defined village. These village houses are governed by a rural housing policy that could be traced back to the very beginning of the former British administration in the N.T. By the Convention of Peking of 1898, the N.T., comprising the massive land area north of Kowloon up to Shenzhen River and 235 islands, was leased to Britain by China for 99 years from 1st July 1898. Soon after occupation, the colonial government conducted a survey of this uncharted territory from 1899 to 1903, and set up a land court to facilitate all land registration work and to resolve disputed claims. By 1905, the Block Crown Leases with Schedule of Lessees and details of the lots, each with a copy of the lot index plan (Demarcation Plan) were executed. Based on the above, Crown rent rolls were prepared for record and rent collection purposes. All grants of land thereafter are known as New Grant lots. After completion and execution of the Block Crown Lease in 1905, N.T. villagers had to purchase village house lots by means of Restricted Village Auctions; and Building Licences were issued to convert private agricultural land for building purposes but gradually replaced by Land Exchanges (i.e. to surrender agricultural land for the re-grant of building land) from the early 1960's until introduction of the current Small House Policy in October 1972. It was not until the current New Territories Small House Policy came into effect in December 1972 that the Land Authority can make direct grant of government land or approve the conversion of self-owned agricultural land to allow indigenous villagers to build houses within the village environs under concessionary terms. Such houses are currently restricted to 700 square feet in area and three storeys with a maximum height of 27 feet. An indigenous villager is a male descendent of a villager who was the resident of a recognized village already existing in 1898. Each villager is only allowed one concessionary grant in his lifetime. Upon return of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China on July 1st, 1997, the traditional rights of indigenous villagers are protected under Article 40 of the Basic Law (a mini-constitution of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region). Also all N.T. leases have been extended for 50 years up to 2047. Owing to the escalating demand and spiral landed property prices in recent years, abuse of the N.T. Small House Policy has been reported in some areas and is a concern in some quarters. The Hong Kong Institute of Land Administration attempts to study the history that leads to the current rural housing policy in the New Territories with particular emphasis on the small house policy, hoping that some light can be shed on the "way forward" for such a controversial policy.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.421-433
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• 2003

To examine the leaf epidermal microstructure, nine species in five genera (Daphne L. - 4 spp., Diarthron Turcz. - 1 sp., Edgewarthia Meisn. - 1 sp., Stellera L. - 1 sp., Wikstroemia Endl. - 2 spp.) of the Korean Thymelaeaceae were investigated by light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The stomata of stuo야ed taxa were 'hypostomatic type' and the size range of guard cell was $13.8-34.4{\times}8.7-22.9{\mu}m$: the smallest size of stomata was found in Diathran linifolium ($15.9{\pm}2.6{\times}10.0{\pm}1.3{\mu}m$), while the largest one was measured to Daphne adara ($32.8{\pm}1.6{\times}20.7{\pm}1.3{\mu}m$). The stomatal complex was anomocytic in the most studied taxa, except Daphne kiusiana by having combined with anisocytic together. The shapes of epidermal cells are undulate anticlinal wall. The size range of epidermal cell was $20.7-61.0{\mu}m$; the smallest size of epidermal cell was found in Stellera charnaejasme ($26.0{\pm}1.9{\mu}m$), on the other hand the largest one was found in Edgeworthia chrysantha ($53.6{\pm}3.1{\mu}m$). The well-developed flaky epicuticular waxes can be divided three kinds of pattern - (1) smooth in comparison, not entire platelets and scattered, (2) isolated flake-like platelets, mostly paralleled, sparsely, (3) flake-like platelets, flat, membraneous, protruding from the surfaces at varying angles and densely. Two types of trichome are recognized; (1) Type I: uniseriate trichome of striate surface (D. genkwa, Diarthron linifalium, E. chrysantha, W. ganpi and W. trichotama), (2) Type II: multicellular trichome of papillose surface, uncinated 3-4 nodes (Diathron linifolium). Finally, the systematics significance of the leaf micromorphological features in identification and elucidation of Korean Thymelaeaceae, especially between or within the genera including among the species is also briefly discussed.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.555-565
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• 2006

The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the biological stability of the zirconia/alumina composite abutment by histologic and radiographic examination in clinical cases. 17 partially edentulous patients (5 men and 12 women, mean age 47) were treated with 37 implants. The implants were placed following the standard two-stage protocol. After a healing period of 3 to 6 months, zirconia/alumina composite abutments were connected. All radiographs were taken using paralleling technique with individually fabricated impression bite block, following insertion of the prosthesis and at the 3-, 6-, 12 month re-examinations. After processing the obtained images, the osseous level was calculated using the digital image in the mesial and distal aspect in each implant. An ANOVA and t-test were used to test for difference between the baseline and 3-, 6-, 12 months re-examinations, and for difference between maxilla and mandible. Differences at P <0.05 were considered statistically significant. For histologic examination, sample was obtained from the palatal gingiva which implant functioned for 12 months. Sections were examined under a light microscope under various magnifications. Clinically, no abutment fracture or crack as well as periimplantitis was observed during the period of study. The mean bone level reduction(${\pm}standard$ deviation) was 0.34 rom(${\pm}\;0.26$) at 3-months, 0.4 2mm(${\pm}\;0.30$) at 6-months, 0.62 mm(${\pm}\;0.28$) at 12-months respectively. No statistically significant difference was found between baseline and 3-, 6-, 12-months re-examinations (p > 0.05). The mean bone level reduction in maxilla was 0.33(${\pm}0.25$) at 3-months, 0.36(${\pm}0.33$) at 6-months, 0.56(${\pm}0.26$) at 12-months. And the mean bone level reduction in mandible was 0.35(${\pm}0.27$) at 3-months, 0,49(${\pm}0.27$) at 6-months, 0.68(${\pm}0.30$) at 12-months. No statistical difference in bone level reduction between implants placed in the maxilla and mandible. Histologically, the height of the junctional epithelium was about 2.09 mm. And the width was about 0.51 mm. Scattered fibroblasts and inflammatory cells, and dense collagen network with few vascular structures characterized the portion of connective tissue. The inflammatory cell infiltration was observed just beneath the apical end of junctional epithelium and the area of direct in contact with zirconia/alumina abutment. These results suggest the zirconia/alumina composite abutment can be used in variable intraoral condition, in posterior segment as well as anterior segment without adverse effects.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.16-26
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• 2016

In this paper, we collected information on Palgyeong of the Gangneung area that were scattered around several literatures, and analyzed and interpreted regional distribution, elements of scenery and inherent meanings from various angles. we shed light on the origin and the meaning of Palgyeong, which have been passed down in the Gangneung area. Palgyeong of the Gangneung area have been accumulated and expanded for a long period of time, since Goryeo up to the modern times, and it does not simply reflect the beauty of natural scenery, but also reflect historical facts and sentiments rooted in this region. In addition, given the comprehensive veiw of Palgyeong of the Gangneung area and in consideration of its type and distribution of the eight sceneries the most common format is similar to Sosang(瀟湘類似型). What are repeatedly appearing among them include 'smoke from cooking supper' and 'catching fish', showing the living conditions of local residents of Gangneung at the time, which refers to the fact that Palgyeong consisted of village units. Palgyeong in the Gangneung area are distributed in diverse ranges between the city and Nujung. Most of Palgyeong are clustered in the east of Gangneung city and in the region tangent to Gangdong-myeon and Gujeong-myeon. When we consider the situation where most of Palgyeong in the Gangneung area are distributed in this region, it suggests that the region occupies the heart of scenery of Gangneung. Palgyeong of the Gangneung area consists of 60% natural factors, 36% humanity factors, and 4% other factors, where the natural factors hold the beauty of nature itself and the humanities and other factors hold the legends and history contained in the targets. The sceneries expressed by Palgyeong cannot be individually separated. Namedaecheon, Jukdobong, Sumseokcheon, Sumdulmaeul, Gunseongang, Pungho and Kyungpoho were connected to Nujung and Hongjamam, and they eventually became a panorama. Hansongjung, Hwanseondeung, Hansongsa, Pungho and Gunseongang are related to Hwarang of Silla and have become representative historical sceneries of the Gangneung area. Judging from the fact that currently non-existing sceneries such as Kyeonjodo, Hansongjung and Gulsansa remained in Palgyeong and been passed, Palgyeong have positioned imaginary spaces of the Gangneung people beyond simply expressing sceneries. In conclusion, Palgyeong in the Gangneung area are aesthetical objects and while at the same time, they are historical and cultural space, and furthermore, we can see that they still remain as imaginary spaces.