• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.63 no.2
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• pp.9.1-9.5
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• 2023

A 5-year-old Labrador Retriever presented with a subcutaneous mass on the right scapular region with localized calor. On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a heterogeneously hypointense mass was seen on T1-weighted images (WI) and hyperintense on T2WI and fat-suppressed T2WI with marginal contrast enhancement on postcontrast T1WI and invasion into the surrounding tissue. Histopathological examination of the mass confirmed subcutaneous mast cell tumor (MCT) infiltrating to the adjacent subcutaneous fat. This is the first report to describe the MRI findings of subcutaneous MCT in veterinary medicine. This study suggests that MRI may help evaluate the extent of invasion of subcutaneous MCT.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.90-97
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• 2024

Shoulder impingement syndrome (SIS) is a common musculoskeletal condition characterized by pain and functional limitation due to the impingement of subacromial structures. This comprehensive review elucidates the complex nature of SIS, covering its pathophysiology, diagnostic methodologies, treatment options, and preventive measures. Through an exhaustive examination of current literature and clinical practices, the review highlights the importance of a multifaceted approach to SIS management. Physical therapy plays a pivotal role, focusing on exercises to strengthen shoulder musculature, enhance scapular stability, and improve range of motion. The review also discusses the strategic use of medications such as NSAIDs and corticosteroid injections, emphasizing their effectiveness in pain and inflammation management. Additionally, it advocates for structured rehabilitation programs post-treatment to restore function and prevent recurrence, recommending preventive strategies like ergonomic adjustments, targeted exercises, and proper technique training. This paper underscores the need for personalized and evidence-based treatment strategies, integrating physical therapy and pharmacological management when necessary.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.57-66
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• 2016

Background: For the treatment of forward head posture (FHP) and forward shoulder posture, methods for strengthening scapular retractors and deep cervical flexors and stretching pectoralis and upper cervical extensors are generally used. No study has yet assessed whether suboccipital release (SR) followed by cranio-cervical flexion exercise (CCFE) (SR-CCFE) will result in a positive change in the shoulders and neck, showing a "downstream" effect. Objects: The purpose of this study was to investigate the immediate effects of SR-CCFE on craniovertebral angle (CVA), shoulder abduction range of motion (ROM), shoulder pain, and muscle activities of upper trapezius (UT), lower trapezius (LT), and serratus anterior (SA) and LT/UT and SA/UT muscle activity ratios during maximal shoulder abduction in subjects with FHP. Methods: In total, 19 subjects (7 males, 12 females) with FHP were recruited. The subject performed the fifth phase of CCFE immediately after receiving SR. CVA, shoulder abduction ROM, shoulder pain, muscle activities of UT, LT, and SA, and LT/UT and SA/UT muscle activity ratios during maximal shoulder abduction were measured immediately after SR-CCFE. A paired t-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used to determine the significance of differences in scores between pre- and post-intervention in the same group. Results: The CVA (p<.001) and shoulder abduction ROM (p<.001) were increased significantly post-versus pre-intervention. Shoulder pain was decreased significantly (p<.001), and LT (p<.05) and SA (p<.05) muscle activities were increased significantly post- versus pre-intervention. The LT/UT muscle activity ratio was increased significantly post- versus pre-intervention (p<.05). However, there was no significant change in UT muscle activity and SA/UT muscle activity ratio between pre- and post-intervention (p>.05). Conclusion: SR-CCFE was an effective intervention to improve FHP and induce downstream effect from the neck to the trunk and shoulders in subjects with FHP.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.15-26
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to find the effects of scapular pattern and hold-relax technique of propriocetive neuromuscular facilitation(PNF) on the range of motion(ROM) and to find the effects of pain relieve through visual analogue scale(VAS) in frozen shoulder patients. The subjects were consisted of thirty frozen shoulder patients(men ; 9, women ; 21). The measurement of the shoulder range of motion was taken by measuring the degrees of flexion, abduction, and external rotation with a goniometer and the measurement of pain was performed by VAS from pre treatment to one to four weeks The results were as follows : 1. There was the statistical significance not only in the range of motion such as shoulder flexion, abduction, and external rotation, but also in VAS during four weeks(p<.05). 2. By the result of Scheffe's multiple comparison test. there was statistical significance between the values of pre treatment and treatment after one week in the range of motion of shoulder flexion. In that of shoulder external rotation, there was statistical significance between the values of pre treatment and treatment after one week, and between those of treatment after one and two weeks. As the result of this statistical significance of shoulder external rotation, the early treatment was thought to be more effective. However, there was statistical significance in the treatment after two and three weeks in shoulder abduction and was statistical significance between the values of pre treatment and the treatment after one weeks, and between those of treatment after two and three weeks in VAS (p<.05). 3. There was not statistical significance between men and women in the range of motion of the shoulder and in VAS(p>.05). 4. There not statistical significance between th right and left frozen shoulder patients in the range of motion of shoulder and in VAS(p>.05).

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.573-587
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was conducted in order to analyze the effects of the manual intervention and self-corrective exercise models of general coordinative manipulation(GCM) on the balance restoration of spine & extremities joints with distortions and mal-alignment areas. The subjects were the members who visited GCM Musculoskeletal Prevent Exercise Center from March 1 2012 to December 31 2013 because of spine & extremities joints distortion and mal-alignments, poor posture, and body type correction. All subjects were diagnosed with the four types of the GBT diagnosis. And according to the standards of the mobility vs stability types of the upper & lower body, they were classified into Group 1(40 persons) and Group 2(24 persons). For every other day for three times a week, GCM intervention models were applied to all subjects for four weeks, adding up to 12 times in total. Then the balance restoration effects were re-evaluated with the same methods. The results are as follows. 1) Balance restoration effects of VASdp(Visual analysis scale pain & discomfort) and ER(Equilibrium reaction: ER) came out higher in GCM body type(GBT) II III IV of Group 1. 2) In case of balance restoration effects in Moire and postural evaluation areas, Group 1 was higher and cervical and scapular girdle were higher in Group 2. The balance restoration of the four GBT types was significant in all regions(p<.05), and the scapular girdle came out as high in the order of GBTII IV I. 3) In case of thoracic-lumbar scoliosis and head rotation facial asymmetric cervical scoliosis ribcage forward, the balance restoration effects of the upper body postural evaluation areas came out the highest in Group 1 and Group 2, respectively. The balance restoration effects of the four GBT types were significant in all regions(p<.05), and came out the highest in lumbar scoliosis GBTIII I, ribcage forward and thoracic scoliosis GBTII IV. 4) The balance restoration effects of the lower body postural evaluation areas came out higher in Group 1 and Group 2 for pelvis girdle deviation patella high umbilicus tilt and hallux valgus foot longitudinal arch: FLA patella direction, respectively. The balance restoration effects of the four GBT types were significant in all regions(p<.05), and came out the highest in pelvis girdle deviation GBTIII I and patella high-direction GBTIV II I. 5) The balance restoration effects between the same GBT came out significant (p<.05) in all evaluation areas and items. The conclusions of this study was the manual intervention and self-corrective exercise models of the GCM about the mal-alignment of the spine & extremities joints across the whole body indicated high balance restoration effects(p<.05) in spine & extremities joints in all evaluation areas.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.221-229
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• 1998

We measured, with manual goniometer, the active and passive arc of motion of the shoulder in 31 healthy male subjects who were right-hand dominant and who ranged in age from twenty to thirty-one years. Among ten directions through the four motion plane, the range of motion on the dominant side were significantly smaller than those on the non-dominant side in the motion of six directions. We also measured the motion fraction of the glenohumeral and scapulothoracic movement using fluoroscope in 30-degree intervals of arm elevation in the scapular plane. The ratio of glenohumeral to scapulothoracic movement(θGH/θST) was 1.6 for the full range of motion in scapular plane. At the lower angles of abduction, scapulothoracic movement was slight compared with glenohumeral movement. The motion fraction of scapulothoracic joint was increased from 60-degree to 150 degree of arm angle especially between 120 to 150 degree. During arm elevation, scapula was also extended from 42 degrees to 20 degrees tilting as well as internal rotation. The measuring technique of glenohumeral to scapulothoracic movement(θGH/θST) with fluoroscopy could be applied to the simple radiographic measurement at the out-patient clinic in order to identify the pathology and recovery of shoulder motion after treatment.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.32-39
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• 1994

One hundred and sixty patients had reconstructive surgery of the lower extremity with the microsurgical technique at the department of orthopaedic surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine from 1982 to 1989. There were ninty-six cases of men and sixty-four cases of women, in which the mean age was 23.8 years. These patients were followed for 21.4 months. The causes were 114 cases from traffic accidents, 18 cases from tumors, 12 cases from machinery injuries, 5 cases from burns, 2 cases from explosive injuries, and 9 cases from other reasons. There were 55 cases of scapular flap, 35 cases of groin flap, 23 cases of free vascularized osteocutaneous flap, 18 cases of parascapular flap, 9 cases of combined scapular and latissimus dorsi flaps, and 8 cases of segmental resection and rotationplasty. Success in reconstructive surgery with the microsurgical technique was achieved in one hundred and thirty four cases, and function and cosmetic results were excellent. Free vascularized flap with development of the microsurgical technique has taken an important role in reconstruction of large extremity defects where skin graft and distant flap were not applicable. Reconstruction of the lower extremity with the microsurgical technique is indicated with free vascularized osteocutaneous flap when there is a large defect of bone, a need for injured nerve replacement, and in the case of needed multiple staged operations. In these instences, this technique is regarded as simple one-staged reconstructive surgery.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.441-445
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• 2012

X-ray Chest P-A is very important and basic diagnosis examination for pregnant women. For a pregnancy period pregnant women should be treated very carefully not to be exposed to any radiation which might cause harmful damage to women and babies as well. Lead apron is one of the effective methods to protect pregnant women from the X-ray radiation. However, it is difficult to obtain the accurate position of pregnant women during X-ray Chest P-A since conventional lead apron method forces pregnant women to hold the apron by themselves only to make pregnant women very uncomfortable and hard to maintain accurate position during radiation. As a consequence, it is common to get low quality images of X-ray Chest P-A due to the overlap of apex of lung and scapular. In order to fix this problem, we made new design lead apron that allowed pregnant women to be more comfortable to maintain accurate position during X-ray Chest P-A position. Finally, with this new design lead apron, it was possible to get the best optimized images of X-ray Chest P-A of pregnant women by minimizing overlapping apex of lung and scapular.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.71-79
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• 2020

Background: The glenoid version of the shoulder joint correlates with the stability of the glenohumeral joint and the clinical results of total shoulder arthroplasty. We sought to analyze and compare the glenoid version measured by traditional axial two-dimensional (2D) computed tomography (CT) and three-dimensional (3D) reconstructed images at different levels. Methods: A total of 30 cases, including 15 male and 15 female patients, who underwent 3D shoulder CT imaging was randomly selected and matched by sex consecutively at one hospital. The angular difference between the scapular body axis and 2D CT slice axis was measured. The glenoid version was assessed at three levels (midpoint, upper one-third, and center of the lower circle of the glenoid) using Friedman's method in the axial plane with 2D CT images and at the same level of three different transverse planes using a 3D reconstructed image. Results: The mean difference between the scapular body axis on the 3D reconstructed image and the 2D CT slice axis was 38.4°. At the level of the midpoint of the glenoid, the measurements were 1.7°±4.9° on the 2D CT images and -1.8°±4.1° in the 3D reconstructed image. At the level of the center of the lower circle, the measurements were 2.7°±5.2° on the 2D CT images and -0.5°±4.8° in the 3D reconstructed image. A statistically significant difference was found between the 2D CT and 3D reconstructed images at all three levels. Conclusions: The glenoid version is measured differently between axial 2D CT and 3D reconstructed images at three levels. Use of 3D reconstructed imaging can provide a more accurate glenoid version profile relative to 2D CT. The glenoid version is measured differently at different levels.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.121-138
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• 1996

Impingement syndrome is mechanical impingement between the greater tubercle of the humerus and the under surface of the coracoacromial arch, is a common source of shoulder pain in the athletes as well as non-athletes. Several factors contribute to shoulder impingement syndrome, including rotator cuff weakness, capsular tightness, poor scapulohumeral rhythm, and muscle imbalance of the scapular upward rotation force couple. The purpose of this article is to review current concepts of anatomy and biomechanics and the underlying pathomechanics as it relates to evaluation and treatment of shoulder impingement syndrome.