• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.1109-1118
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• 2021

The construction of STELLA-2 facility is on-going to demonstrate the safety system of PGSFR and to provide comprehensive understanding of transient behavior under DBEs. Considering that most events are single-phase natural circulation flow with slow transient, STELLA-2 was designed with reduced-height of 1/5 length scale. The ratio of volume to surface area in the vessel can relatively increase resulting in excessive heat transfer. Therefore, a steady-state thermal-hydraulic analysis was performed and the effect of design change to reduce the heat transfer through redan was investigated. The heat transfer through single wall redan in STELLA-2 was 3% of the core power, comparable to 1% of the core power in PGSFR. By applying the insulated redan, about 70% of decrease effect was observed. The effect on transient behavior was also evaluated. The conclusion of this study was directly applied to the STELLA-2 design and the modified version is under construction.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2004년도 Proceedings of ISRS 2004
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• pp.344-346
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• 2004

IKONOS 1m satellite imagery is particularly well suited for 3-D feature extraction and 1 :5,000 scale topographic mapping. Because the image line and sample calculated by given RPCs have the error of more than 11m, in order to be able to perform feature extraction and topographic mapping, rational polynomial coefficients(RPCs) camera model that are derived from the very complex IKONOS sensor model to describe the object-image geometry must be refined by several Ground Control Points(GCPs). This paper presents a quantitative evaluation of the geometric accuracy that can be achieved with IKONOS imagery by refining the offset and scaling factors of RPCs using several GCPs. If only two GCPs are available, the offsets and scale factors of image line and sample are updated. If we have more than three GCPs, four parameters of the offsets and scale factors of image line and sample are refined first, and then six parameters of the offsets and scale factors of latitude, longitude and height are updated. The stereo images acquired by IKONOS satellite are tested using six ground points. First, the RPCs model was refined using 2 GCPs and 4 check points acquired by GPS. The results from IKONOS stereo images are reported and these show that the RMSE of check point acquired from left images and right are 1.021m and 1.447m. And then we update the RPCs model using 4 GCPs and 2 check points. The RMSE of geometric accuracy is 0.621 m in left image and 0.816m in right image.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.77-84
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• 2008

제트상사성 이론에 의해 잘 이해되어온 층류부상화염의 부상화염 거동에 대해 연료 노즐 직경 변화 효과를 통한 부력효과의 중요성을 밝히기 위한 실험적 연구를 수행하였다. 부력 효과를 평가하기 위해 연료노즐 직경을 $0.1{\sim}6\;mm$ 정도의 크기까지 변화시켰고, 헬륨을 희석제로 프로판과 메탄 화염을 순수 연료로부터 희석하면서 부상 거동을 체계적으로 관찰하였다. 부상화염 거동 설명을 위해 중요 물리 변수인 희석율로 표현되는 연료강도, 화염 스트레치, 화염 곡률 효과로 부상 거동을 체계적으로 설명하기 위해 척도 법칙(scaling law)을 통한 중요 물리 변수를 실험 변수로 유도하였다. 노즐 직경이 큰 경우와 연료 희석율이 큰 경우에 대해서는 부력 효과가 중요하다는 것을 실험 결과로부터 입증하였다. 또한, Chen 등의 결과에 따라 0.5

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.283-290
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• 2024

The aggressive scaling of dynamic random-access memory capacitors has increased the need to maintain high capacitance despite the limited physical thickness of electrodes and dielectrics. This makes it essential to use high-k dielectric materials. TiO₂ has a large dielectric constant, ranging from 30~75 in the anatase phase to 90~170 in rutile phase. However, it has significant leakage current due to low energy barriers for electron conduction, which is a critical drawback. Suppressing the leakage current while scaling to achieve an equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) below 0.5 nm is necessary to control the influence of interlayers on capacitor performance. For this, Pt and Ru, with their high work function, can be used instead of a conventional TiN substrate to increase the Schottky barrier height. Additionally, forming rutile-TiO₂ on RuO₂ with excellent lattice compatibility by epitaxial growth can minimize leakage current. Furthermore, plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) can be used to deposit a uniform thin film with high density and low defects at low temperatures, to reduce the impact of interfacial reactions on electrical properties at high temperatures. In this study, TiO₂ was deposited using PEALD, using substrates of Pt and Ru treated with rapid thermal annealing at 500 and 600 ℃, to compare structural, chemical, and electrical characteristics with reference to a TiN substrate. As a result, leakage current was suppressed to around 10^-6 A/cm² at 1 V, and an EOT at the 0.5 nm level was achieved.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2001

본 연구는 터널내 화재발생시 자연 배기에 의한 연기의 거동을 해석하기 위하여 축소모형 실험을 수행하였다. 터널내 연기의 유동은 부력에 의해 지배되므로 Froude scaling에 의해 실물 터널을 1/20로 축소한 모형터널에서 실험을 수행하였으며 배기구의 위치변화에 따른 영향을 평가하기 위하여 화원으로부터 각각 1m, 2m, 3m 떨어진 곳에 배기구를 대칭으로 위치시켜 세가지 경우에 대해 실험을 실시하였다. 지름이 4.36 cm인 화원의 경우, 배기구의 위치에 관계없이 배기구 통과 후 연층의 온도가 배기를 실시하지 않은 경우와 비교하여 약 7~$8^{\circ}$ 낮게 유지되었다. 지름이 5.23cm인 화원의 경우, 배기구가 화원에 가까울수록 배기구 통과 후 연기의 평균속도가 감소하였으며 최대 3.86초가 지연되었다. CASE 1에서는 배기구 통과 후 천장에서 약 $8^{\circ}c$, 수직온도가 약 $7^{\circ}c$ 감소하였으며, CASE 2에서는 천장과 수직온도가 약 $3^{\circ}c$ 감소하였으며, CASE 3에서는 각각 약 $2^{\circ}c$가 감소하였다. 레이저와 디지털 캠코더를 이용하여 배기구 주위의 연기 유동을 가시화하여 화재발생 약 1분 후부터 연층의 두께가 터널높이의 25%이하로 일정하게 유지되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.142-151
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• 1991

In the present investigation, it has been proposed to utilize a direct contact heat exchanger as an evaporator to solve the difficulties such as scaling, corrosion and law thermal efficiencies, associated with the conventional evaporator. Liquified nitrozen was utilized as a working fluid to investigate basic natures of bubble dynamics in the evaporator, and spray nozzles were adopted to inject liquified nitrozen into the spray column with varying flow rates of dispersed phase fluids. Experimentations were carried out in the range of $6.54{\times}10^{-4}kg/s$ - 0.030 kg/s for dispersed phase flow rates with one, three and five nozzle holes. Observing the bubble dynamics for the evaporator the feasibility of utilizing a direct contact heat exchanger as a LNG evaporator has been evaluated. The results show that no eruption phenomena was observed in the present investigation with $LN_2$ and the interface between $N_2$ bubbles and water was fully turbulent. It is believed that the high injection velocity of $LN_2$ through the spray nozzles provide good mixing effects for both heat and mass transfers between water and $N_2$ bubbles. Ice was formed on the surface of the spray nozzle for higher $LN_2$ flow rates. However, even in this case, it is observed that the ice was detached as soon as it was formed. Under the present experimental conditions, the shapes of $LN_2$ bubbles were in the spherical-cap region according to the Clift, Grace and Weber Graphs. The height of foam region caused by the breakup of larger bubbles keeps increasing with high injection velocities until it reaches it's maximum height.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.211-218
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• 2011

한반도 고지도들은 많은 역사적 의미를 가지고 있으므로, 이것을 분석하여 역사적인 사실들을 추정할 수 있다. 하지만, 고지도는 국부적인 영역들을 결합하여 전체적인 영토를 표현하기 때문에, 현재의 지도와 직접적으로 비교하는 것이 어렵다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 평가할 대상 고지도를 기준 지도의 특성에 맞게 회전, 크기 변환 및 위치이동을 수행하여 쉽게 영역을 비교할 수 있도록 변환한다. 한반도 영역의 주축을 계산하여 기준 지도의 주축의 차이만큼 회전하고, 외곽 사각형의 비율을 이용하여 비대칭적으로 폭과 높이의 크기를 수정한다. 마지막으로 영역의 중심을 일치하여 두 영역을 겹치고, 두 가지 유사도 수식을 이용하여 고지도를 평가한다. 실험 결과에서 영역 비율과 휘어짐 각도차의 유사도가 현대에 가까워지면서 유사도가 높아지는 것을 볼 수 있다. 따라서 제안하는 기법은 한반도의 고지도를 사료로 분석하는데 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.269-274
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• 2004

본 연구에서는 터널에서 화재 발생시 역기류의 위치를 결정하기 위하여 축소실험을 실시하였다. Froude 상사를 사용하여 1/20로 축소된 모형터널에서 실험을 실시하였으며 가연물질로는 에탄올을 사용하였다. 한 변의 길이가 8-16cm의 화원을 사용하였으며 발열량은2.47-12.30㎾이다. 터널 단면의 종횡비(터널높이/터널폭)가 증가할수록 역기류를 제어하기 위해 더 큰 배연 풍속이 요구됨을 확인하였다. L$_{B}$$^{*}$ ＜5일 때 역기류를 막기 위한 배연속도가 0.25승에서부터 발열량에 비례하여 증가한다. L$_{B}$$^{*}$ $\geq$5에서는 발열량의 0.3승에 비례한다.

• 천문학회보
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.41.2-41.2
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• 2016

We perform three statistical studies on the physical properties and oscillations in the confined plasma such as a photospheric sunspot and confined coronal loop. From the statistical studies on the sunspot umbra and its oscillation, we find that (1) the total magnetic flux inside the umbra for the three groups increases proportionally with the powers of the umbral area and the power indices in the three groups significantly differ from each other; (2) the three groups have different characteristics in their umbral area, intensity, magnetic field strength, and Doppler velocity as well as their relationships; (3) the mean frequency of the umbral oscillations increases with the umbral mean magnetic field strength and height; (4) the time delay of the core intensity of Fe I absorption line relative to the continuum which are de-convolved with the frequency range higher than 3.5 mHz is mostly positive, implying that the photospheric umbral oscillations are likely upwardly propagating; (5) the umbral mean plasma beta ranges approximately 0.6-1.1 and does not vary significantly from pores to mature sunspots. From the comparative study on the quasi-periodic pulsations (QPPs) in the solar and stellar flares, (6) we find that the power index of the periods scaling the damping times observed in the stellar QPPs is consistent with that observed in the solar QPPs, suggesting that physical mechanisms responsible for the stellar QPPs are likely the magneto-hydrodynamic oscillation of solar coronal loops.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.15-34
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• 2011

Three wind-tunnel simulations of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) flow in suburban country exposure were generated for length scale factors 1:400, 1:250 and 1:220 to investigate scale effects in wind-tunnel simulations of the suburban ABL, to address recommended wind characteristics for suburban exposures reported in international standards, and to test redesigned experimental hardware. Investigated parameters are mean velocity, turbulence intensity, turbulent Reynolds shear stress, integral length scale of turbulence and power spectral density of velocity fluctuations. Experimental results indicate it is possible to reproduce suburban natural winds in the wind tunnel at different length scales without significant influence of the simulation length scale on airflow characteristics. However, in the wind tunnel it was not possible to reproduce two characteristic phenomena observed in full-scale: dependence of integral length scales on reference wind velocity and a linear increase in integral length scales with height. Furthermore, in international standards there is a considerable scatter of recommended values for suburban wind characteristics. In particular, recommended integral length scales in ESDU 85020 (1985) are significantly larger than in other international standards. Truncated vortex generators applied in this study proved to be successful in part-depth suburban ABL wind-tunnel simulation that yield a novel methodology in studies on wind effects on structures and air pollution dispersion.