• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.181-190
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• 2011

Since the radar satellite missions such as TerraSAR-X and COSMO-SkyMed were launched in 2007, the spatial resolution of spaceborne SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar) images reaches about 1 meter at spotlight mode. In 2011, the first Korean SAR satellite, KOMPSAT-5, will be launched, operating at X-band with the highest spatial resolution of 1 m as well. The improved spatial resolution of state-of-the-art SAR sensor suggests expanding InSAR(Interferometric SAR) analysis in urban monitoring. By the way, the shadow and layover phenomena are more prominent in urban areas due to building structure because of inherent side-looking geometry of SAR system. Up to date the most conventional algorithms do not consider the return signals at the frontage of building during InSAR phase and SAR intensity simulation. In this study the new algorithm introducing multi-scattering in layover region is proposed for phase and intensity simulation, which is utilized a precise LIDAR DSM(Digital Surface Model) in urban areas. The InSAR phases simulated by the proposed method are compared with TerraSAR-X spotlight data. As a result, both InSAR phases are well matched, even in layover areas. This study will be applied to urban monitoring using high resolution SAR data, in terms of change detection and displacement monitoring at the scale of building unit.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.219-243
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• 2004

Generally, electricity market has monopoly market structure because of need of enormous investment for infrastructure. However, the introduction of competition in network industry as electricity is a tendency of the world with decreasing the effects of economy of scale due to the advancement of technology. Now, electricity industry restructuring is in progress but the competition in electricity retail market is not in force yet in Korea. Whether a effective competition exist or not is very important to policy decision maker who drive restructuring, but there are small numbers of quantitative researches on that. In this study, we estimated the effectiveness of competition in the electricity retail market through switching costs. If switching costs are high, consumers actually can be locked in incumbent firm in spite of introduction of competition. Therefore switching is a critical factor to determine effectiveness of competition and to estimate the size of switching costs quantitatively can proffer the information about whether the competition in the electricity retail market is effective or not in the future. We estimated switching costs using consumer' stated-preference data by conjoint analysis. In according to estimation results, the cost of switching process is not so high, but the relative brand loyalty of an incumbent company is significantly high. And the price is considered as the most important factor choosing an electric service commodity. Based on the empirical results, it is possible to analyze the relationship between suppliers' competitiveness resulted from management efficiency and customers' switching possibilities. The paper therefore provides guidance for suppliers in deciding to enter into retail competition and for policy makers in introducing retail competition. And it has a significance of estimating the switching costs directly.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.9 no.12
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• pp.55-61
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• 2018

Purpose - It suggests that making a policy and strategies for a way of Dubai has a strong priority strategy on science and technology by using much oil dollars to prepare risk when oil dollar's decrease. This has been now investigated how the leading innovator has changed the periphery countries. Research design, data, and methodology - Analyze policy, status, what other neighbouring Middle East countries also want to benchmark a successful case of a leading Dubai strategy. Higher manpower is needed absolutely to develop S&T. and etc. Dubai and Arab countries establish university to nurture as well as invite the talented manpower from overseas to recover deficient manpower. Dubai built totally academy city and invited branch of the overseas famous university, and Saudi Arabia built university(KAUST) and invite faculty and support good scholarship for students. Abrab countries especially, This is studied the process of differentiating and integrating the migrant workers of these cities into the globalized cities. This has resulted in large-scale employment for foreign and local companies in these cities and the spread of science and innovation. Results - Dubai supports venture or SMEs by using a strong priority strategy and attracts foreigner's investor, with which the neighbouring countries have been preparing together for 4th wave. It demonstrates that the gravitational model has been activated from neighboring countries of innovation science to create Dubai's hub. The maturity of long-term urban innovation is related to innovation capability through the national response and review. As a result, the flow of skilled international migration has been localized because of the mutual intersection with the local employment structure, and the development has spread as it spreads to neighboring countries. Conclusion - For the exploiting of new Distribution market in the neighbouring countries, Middle East countries' a strong priority strategy on S&T and education system give an influence on economic situation of the 4th wave in the world and world order of leading by USA, Japan, or EU, and etc. This is due to the creation of clusters in the form of SEZs, friendly industrial policies and world-class infrastructure and innovation development. Its neighbours benchmark the cases of distribution of science innovation and centralizes the surrounding people.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.227-238
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• 2006

Line density index(LDI) was developed to quantify a densely isothermal line rate as standard index in the ocean environment. Theoretical background on the LDI development process restricting index range 0 to 100 was described. And validation test was done for the LDI application condition that total line length is not greater than 1/10 of unit area. NOAA SST(Sea Surface Temperature) data were used for the experimental application of LDI in the South Sea of Korea. Using GIS, $0.1^{\circ}C$ isothermal lines were linearized as vector data form SST raster data, and unit area were built as polygon data. For the LDI calculation, spatial overlapping(line in polygon) was implemented. To analyze the effect of unit area size for the LDI distribution, two cases of unit area size were designed and descriptive statistics was calculated including performing normality test. The results showed no change of LDI's essential characteristics such as mean and normality except for the range of value, variance and standard deviation. Accordingly, it was found that complex structure of thermal front and even smaller scale of front width than unit area size could influence on the LDI distribution. Also, correlation analysis performed between LDI and difference of temperature(${\Delta}T^{\circ}C$), and horizontal thermal gradient(${\Delta}T^{\circ}C/km$) on the front was obtained from linear regression model. This obtained value was compared with the results from previous researches. Newly developed LDI can be used to compare the thermal front regions changing spatio-temporally in the ocean environment using absolute index value. It is considered to be significant to analyze the relationship between thermal front and marine environment or front and marine organisms in a quantitative approach described in this study.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.319-329
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• 2010

Objectives: This study was performed to determine the levels of quality of life (QOL) according to the grade of long-term care service for the elderly people who were admitted from long-term care insurance, and to reveal its association with the physical and mental functioning such as the Activity of Daily Living (ADL), the Instrumental Activity of Daily Living (IADL), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), and the Mini-Mental State Examination-Korean version (MMSE-K). Methods: The interviews were performed during the period from March 1 to May 31, 2009, for 958 elderly people in urban and rural areas. The questionnaire items included various indices such as the ADL, IADL, CES-D, and MMSE-K, as independent variables and the index of QOL, as the dependent ones. For statistical analysis, t-tests were used for the mean scores of QOL according to gender and the grade of long-term care services, and Spearman's correlation was used for each variable. The effects of physical and mental functioning for QOL were assessed by covariance structure analysis. The statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: The mean scores of QOL among all the subjects was $55.4{\pm}15.62$ (Grade I: $49.7{\pm}14.17$, Grade II: $56.8{\pm}14.62$, Grade III: $59.4{\pm}16.36$), and it was lower according to the higher grade of long-term care insurance. In terms of the correlation matrix of the QOL and the physical and mental function factors, the QOL showed positive correlation with the ADL, IADL and MMSE-K, while it had negative correlation with depression. On the analysis of covariance, mental functioning (depression and the MMSE-K) had a greater influence on the level of QOL than the physical functioning (ADL and IADL). Conclusions: The level of the QOL in the elderly people who were admitted from long-term care insurance was lower according to higher the grade of long-term care insurance. Also, the mental functioning (depression and MMSE-K) was more influential on the level of the QOL than the physical functioning (ADL and IADL).

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.17-29
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• 2003

This paper preliminarily investigates the effectiveness of various control systems, such as passive, active, semiactive and hybrid control, for seismic protection of cable-stayed bridges by examining the ASCE first generation benchmark problem for a cable-stayed bridge. This benchm.0.00000ark problem considers the cable-stayed bridge that is scheduled for completion in Missouri, USA In 2003. Seismic considerations were strongly considered in the design of this bridge due to location of the bridge and its critical role as a principal crossing of the Mississippi River. Based on detailed drawings of this cable-stayed bridge, a three-dimensional linearized evaluation model has been developed to represent the complex behavior of the bridge. A set of eighteen evaluation criteria has been developed to evaluate the capability of each control system. In this study, four passive control systems, one active control system, two semiactive control systems and three hybrid control systems are considered. Numerical simulation results show that all the control systems are effective in reducing the responses of the benchmark cable-stayed bridge under the historical earthquakes. To get good performance, however, the passive control systems need quite large control forces compared to other control systems. The simulation results also demonstrate that the passive, semiactive and hybrid control systems are robust to the stiffness uncertainty of the structure. Therefore, the semiactive and hybrid control systems are more appropriate in real applications for full-scale civil infrastructures.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.135-135
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• 2017

The Gramene database (http://www.gramene.org) is a powerful online resource for agricultural researchers, plant breeders and educators that provides easy access to reference data, visualizations and analytical tools for conducting cross-species comparisons. Learn the benefits of using Gramene to enrich your lectures, accelerate your research goals, and respond to your organismal community needs. Gramene's genomes portal hosts browsers for 44 complete reference genomes, including crops and model organisms, each displaying functional annotations, gene-trees with orthologous and paralogous gene classification, and whole-genome alignments. SNP and structural diversity data, available for 11 species, are displayed in the context of gene annotation, protein domains and functional consequences on transcript structure (e.g., missense variant). Browsers from multiple species can be viewed simultaneously with links to community-driven organismal databases. Thus, while hosting the underlying data for comparative studies, the portal also provides unified access to diverse plant community resources, and the ability for communities to upload and display private data sets in multiple standard formats. Our BioMart data mining interface enable complex queries and bulk download of sequence, annotation, homology and variation data. Gramene's pathway portal, the Plant Reactome, hosts over 240 pathways curated in rice and inferred in 66 additional plant species by orthology projection. Users may compare pathways across species, query and visualize curated expression data from EMBL-EBI's Expression Atlas in the context of pathways, analyze genome-scale expression data, and conduct pathway enrichment analysis. Our integrated search database and modern user interface leverage these diverse annotations to facilitate finding genes through selecting auto-suggested filters with interactive views of the results.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.84-96
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• 2008

This research investigated the landscape characteristics of the skyline and the cognitive characteristics of Mt. Mudeung (1,186m) from various viewpoints. Mt. Mudeung, the representative landscape of Gwangju City, has been recognized as a natural landmark and theme of paintings. By analyzing the perspective from 32 points with a digital terrain model, some landscape indices of the skyline were derived and the relationships are discussed. Assessment of the semantic differential scale with 21 adjective variables and representativeness to 15 landscape photographs of the mountain were accomplished. 1. Through regression analysis of the skyline indices, significant relationships were found between them the angle from the visual axis and number of skyline jumps, the vertical angle fluctuation and number of jumps per degree, the visual depth fluctuation and vertical angle fluctuation of skyline, and between the vertical angle mean and number of jumps per degree. Meaningful relations were found between the number of jumps of skyline to number of jumps per degree and the angle from visual axis to visual distance. However, in the representative assessment no difference was found on the angle from visual axis of viewpoints. On the other hand, it seemed to relate representativeness with visual clarity based on visual distance. 2. We found 4 factors "familiarity", "fluctuation of skylines", "openness", and "feeling of texture" in the results of factor analysis of semantic differential assessment. When considering the results of assessment for representativeness, adjective words for familiarity and openness seemed to have a close assessment. Specifically, the research showed that the landscape representation was highly assessed in a view which could be seen from the higher parts to the lower part of hills. This result indicates that the management of viewpoints which could get a scene from intermediate to distant, and locating a high elevation is important. 3. In the picturesque expression of Mt. Mudeung, various impressions from the different points, a skyline based on the top of Mt. Mudeung and a mono structure by overlapping hills were common characteristics. These common characteristics were also partially found through the analysis of topographical landscape indices and landscape images. Therefore, the viewpoints for the representative landscape management should be selected in natural or open spaces.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.90-104
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• 2007

Landmarks like high-rise building are one of the important elements for the enhancement of city identity and provides the hierarchy of city streets, playing a central and symbolic role in cities. Research on physical attribute of landmarks, such as height, distance, location and shape, which are suitable for a city scale, can help a city create a distinct image and maintain comprehensible structure. To achieve this purpose, it is necessary to understand the spatial and cognitive characteristics of a landmark for the establishment and management of it. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: 1. The level of representativeness of a landmark increases in proportion to the degree of cognitive intensity on it. The relation between representativeness and cognitive intensity can be explained as the log-function as follows: Log(the number of people who respond "It has representativeness")=$-1.2579+1.5908{\times}$(cognitive intensity); 2. There are a few differences based on the attributes of respondents: while gender has no distinct influence, residential period and age show statistically meaningful influence on cognitive intensity of a vertical landmark Cognitive intensity of an individual landmarks especially, differs according to the class of main users. Because of frequent changes in occupation or employment, respondents consider the distance from a residential area more important than the distance from a working area in evaluating cognitive intensity of landmarks; 3. landmark can be classified into two kinds: a district landmark and an urban landmark A district landmark is closely connected with physical attributes of the landmark itself, such as distance, size and height. An urban landmark is mainly related to cognitive attributes such as the image and identity of a city as a whole. As a result, the landmark analysis data in this research provides spatial order and identity in a city. It is difficult to establish and reinforce the image of a city as a single element ike a landmark. However, withy steady follow-up research, this study could be seen as a systematic and logical model to improve urban landscape and image.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.17-26
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• 2011

Health care service's added value and sustainability has been formed, through the product developing about sports equipment and special equipment for disabled in order to improve the life quality, with the increasing population of elderly and the attention about health care. This research's design and 3 testing sections has been done according to design process for design development of functional bike. 1st test is done through researching from 4 aspects: structure, aesthetic, function and using. In the 2nd testing, 10 universal design items were used to evaluate 10 modeling samples, and sample F which has high evaluation overall was chosen. In 3rd test, evaluation was done from the user service scene about the mock-up with 1/4 scale size. PPP (product performance program) which is constructed with 60 evaluation items about functional bike's service was tested, and these items were fixed through discussing with experts. Through the result we knew the aesthetic elements had relationship with proportion, unity and typicality. In 10 items (55 survey items), the scores of items with physical exposure's minimization, simple and intuitively usage showed high, on the contrary, the other items' scores was very low, such as information delivery's consideration and thought, failure preventing. The evaluation will be done once more by health care experts, designers and elderly together if the physical model could be made for getting accurate measurement about above test result in the future.