• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.158-164
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• 2009

Biosorption uses adsorbents derived from non-living biomass and removes toxic metals from industrial wastewater. The objective of this research was to evaluate the potential of low cost biosorbents to remove heavy metal ions (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) from aqueous solutions using chemically modified rice husk and saw dust (Pseudotsuga menziesi, Quercus, Populus). Batch-type adsorption experiments were carried out using rice husk and saw dust treated with NaOH and/or tartaric acid in artificial wastewater 100 mg metal/L). The experimental results showed that the adsorption specificity of each biosorbent was Pb > Cu > Cd > Zn irrespective of the types of biosorbents. The adsorption capacity of Pb and Cu onto NaOH-treated sawdust was increased 2${\sim}$3 times compared to the untreated one. In addition, the tartaric acid treatment increased the adsorption capacity of rice husk for Zn and Cd approximately 5${\sim}$10 fold compared to the untreated one. Surface conditions and changes in functional groups by chemical modification of each biosorbent were confirmed by SEM and FT-IR. Overall, the results show that chemical modification increases the metal removal capacity of rice bran and sawdust.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.89-94
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate the suitability of various agricultural by-products as basal substrates for the mycelial growth and fruiting body formation of Hericium erinaceum. For this aim, oak sawdust, cotton waste, sugarcane bagasse, Job's tears, rice hull, Chinese cabbage, and coconut waste were used as sole or mixed substrate(s). Corn waste and rice bran were used as nutrient supplements. The growth and density of mycelium, yield of fruiting body, and biological efficiency were compared among tested substrates colonized by Hericium erinaceum. The best measurement of mycelial growth and density, yield of fruiting body, and biological efficiency in a laboratory test was found in a spawn substrate composed with oak sawdust 80% and rice bran 20%. The suitability of this spawn substrate composition for Hericium fruiting body production was testified through practical tests in plastic bottles (850 ml) in a mushroom farm which had bottle cultivation facility. However, test in a mushroom farm which had plastic bag cultivation facility, best production of Hericium fruiting body (520 g per one bag) was observed in a spawn substrate composed of cotton waste 40%, saw dust 40%, corn waste 10%, and rice bran 10%.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.139-146
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• 2000

A trial was carried out to investigate the effect of fermented saw-dust pig manure (FSP) and N fertilizer application on physical, chemical properties and microbial population of soil on Cheju brown volcanic ash pasture during the period from September, 1997 to January, 1999. Average soil N contents during 3 different periods, August and October, 1998, and January, 1999 were 0.39, 0.41 and 0.39% for fertilizer N level 0, 150 and 300kg/ha, respectively. Soil N contents determined in January, 1999, was significantly increased by an increase of fertilizer N. Nitrogen contents in the soil applied with 0, 3, 6 and 12 tons 1 ha of FSP were 0.43, 0.40, 0.38 and 0.38%, respectively, showing decreasing tendency of soil with increasing levels of FSP application. Soil N contents determined in August, 1998 and January, 1999, were significantly decreased by increasing levels of FSP application. Organic matter contents of the soil applied with N 0, 150 and 300 kg/ha was 8.04, 8.37, and 9.08%. Soil organic matters determined on the 1st and 2nd period trended to increase with increasing level of fertilizer N. FSP application significantly decreased organic matter contents of pasture soil, (9.14, 8.79, 8.28 and 7.78% OM in soil applied with FSP 0, 3, 6 and 12 tonlha of FSP), respectively. Soil OM determined in October, 1998, also showed a significant decrease with increasing level of FSP. Soil pH, available phosphorus, exchangeable K, Ca, Mg and Na in soil studied were not influenced by fertilizer N or FSP application during all three periods. N application tended to increase soil bacteria count, ($27.0\;{\times}\;10^4\;cfu/g,\;29.4\;{\times}\;1-^4\;cfu/g$ and $53.6\;10^4\;cfu/g$ in the soil applied with 0, 150 and 300 kg N/ha, respectively). The number of colonies of soil bacteria and fungi determined in June and October, 1998 was not increased remarkably by FSP application, but the number of colonies of bacteria determined in March, 1998 showed a significant increase with increasing level of FSP application. In conclusion, N contents and OM of soil increased with increasing level of N application, but decreased with increasing level of FSP application.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.859-872
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• 2015

Pebble matrix filtration (PMF) is a water treatment technology that can remove suspended solids in highly turbid surface water during heavy storms. PMF typically uses sand and natural pebbles as filter media. Hand-made clay pebbles (balls) can be used as alternatives to natural pebbles in PMF treatment plants, where natural pebbles are not readily available. Since the high turbidity is a seasonal problem that occurs during heavy rains, the use of newly developed composite clay balls instead of pure clay balls have the advantage of removing other pollutants such as natural organic matter (NOM) during other times. Only the strength properties of composite clay balls are described here as the pollutant removal is beyond the scope of this paper. These new composite clay balls must be able to withstand dead and live loads under dry and saturated conditions in a filter assembly. Absence of a standard ball preparation process and expected strength properties of composite clay balls were the main reasons behind the present study. Five different raw materials from industry wastes: Red Mud (RM), Water Treatment Alum Sludge (S), Shredded Paper (SP), Saw Dust (SD), and Sugar Mulch (SM) were added to common clay brick mix (BM) in different proportions. In an effort to minimize costs, in this study clay balls were fired to $1100^{\circ}C$ at a local brick factory together with their bricks. A comprehensive experimental program was performed to evaluate crushing strength of composite hand-made clay balls, using uniaxial compression test to establish the best material combination on the basis of strength properties for designing sustainable filter media for water treatment plants. Performance at both construction and operating stages were considered by analyzing both strength properties under fully dry conditions and strength degradation after saturation in a water bath. The BM-75% as the main component produced optimum combination in terms of workability and strength. With the material combination of BM-75% and additives-25%, the use of Red Mud and water treatment sludge as additives produced the highest and lowest strength of composite clay balls, with a failure load of 5.4 kN and 1.4 kN respectively. However, this lower value of 1.4 kN is much higher than the effective load on each clay ball of 0.04 kN in a typical filter assembly (safety factor of 35), therefore, can still be used as a suitable filter material for enhanced pollutant removal.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.57-65
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• 2003

Livestock farming is one of several industries that have faced criticism because of its impact on the water quality, soil contamination and air pollution. The livestock feces can cause some environmental problems. The best way to treat the feces is to recycle the manure as an organic fertilizer after fermentation or composting. This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of composting of manure in several composting conditions. The variations of physicochemical characteristics of each compost piles containing different level of air volume were analyzed throughout the composting period. In this study, pigs manure compost piles mixed with saw dust were composted in 110L of laboratory scale plastic vessels and $1.5m^3$ of small cubic wooden composting vessels for 60days. The compost piles were ventilated continuously with air pump throughout the composting duration. The air volume ventilated into the piles was regulated by chock valve attached to the inlet pipe. The ventilation level was adjusted by 20, 50, 100, 150 and $200L/m^3/mim$, respectively. The highest temperature of the compost increased to $72^{\circ}C$ during composting period. After 20days from beginning of fermentation, concentrations of $H_2S$, $CH_3SH$, DMS and DMDS generated from compost piles were 29, 16, 6 and 5ppb in blow in state compost pile, conversely, in blow out state compost pile, the parameters were 32, 24, 15 and 14ppb, respectively.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.37-46
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• 1979

In order to investigate the compositional change of the lauan and pine sawdust media during the coltivation of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) chemical components of the two media and mushroom were analized periodically from spawning to ending. The results are summerized as follows: 1) The total yield of mushroom from the lauan sawdust media was 6.39 kg/$m^2$, and from the Pine saw-dust media 6.31 kg/$m^2$, 94％ of which was produced from the first and second cropping period. 2) In both media ash content increased gradually, while organic matter content decreased as the cultivation progressed. Moisture content, which was about 79％ at the time of spawning, decreased a little during the priod of mycelial propagation, after which no change was observed. 3) Total nitrogen content of the two media decreased gradually as the cultivation progressed, and total loss of insoluble nitrogen was greater than that of soluble nitrogen. Amino nitrogen content tended to increase continually. 4) In both media pentosan, $\alpha$-cellulose, lignin and C/N ratio decreased gradually, while the content of reduced sugar, trehalose and mannitol continued to increase. 5) In both media phosphorus, potassium, manganese and zinc decreased, and magnecium, calcium, iron and copper showed irregular changes. 6) CMC-saccharifying and liquefying activity gradually increased from after mycelial propagation to the second cropping, after which it decreased in both media. Xylanase activity rapidly and greatly increased during the second cropping period rather than the first period. At the start of the third cropping period the activity decreased slowly. Protease activity was highest after mycelial propagati, after which it gradually decreased. The pH of the two media decreased as the cultivation progressed. 7) In both media little change was observed in the content of the components of mushroom cropped from the first to the third period, but slight decrease was noticed at the fourth cropping.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.57-63
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• 1978

Enzymatic hydrolysis of the substrate from Alnus hirsuta (Spach) Rupr (8-14years) was investigated using cellulase preparations of Trichoderma viride Pers. ex. Fr. SANK 16374 and conduced on the optimum reaction conditions of the cellulase on saccharification. The crude cellulase was produced by the submerged culture process and produced in the culture fluid was salted out quantitatively by the use of ammonium sulfate. The method of delignification from wood(Saw dust) was treated by the peracetic acid (PA) method. Reducing sugar was determined by the dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method. The results were summerized as follows; 1. The optimum pH of cellulase was 5.0 and the range of stability with respect to pH was generally from 4.0 to 6.0 2. The optimum temperature of cellulase was generally $40^{\circ}C$, but reducing sugar formation did not show significent differences at 5% levels in the reaction temperature from $40^{\circ}C$ to $50^{\circ}C$. 3. The redusing sugar were increased with increase of cellulase concentration. 4. The reducing sugar were decreased with increase of substrate concentration. 5. Fructose was a very good inhibitor of the enzyme from Trichoderma viride, but glucose inhibition was generally weak.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.160-167
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• 2000

This study was performed to evaluate efficiency of soil microbial inoculator for active composting of food waste. In addition the number of microorganisms in roil microbial inoculator and the effect of seeding in the process of composting were investigated. food waste samples collected from a refectory were analyzed for physical-chemical properties. The samples were adjusted to moisture content of 65% by saw dust and seeded with soil microbial inoculator of 10% by the weight in case of reactor B. The number of microorganisms, aerobic bacteria, actinomyces, yeast, and fungi in soil microbial inoculator were over $2.98{\times}10^9/g$, $3.93{\times}10^7/g$, $1.21{\times} 10^5/g$, and $5.79{\times}10^7/g$, respectively. During the process of composting, the highest temperatures were $63.4^{\circ}C$ at reactor A(unseeded control)after 10 days and $66.8^{\circ}C$ at reactor B(seeded compost) after 4 days. The pH values of reactor A and B rapidly increased after 3 days and after first few days during composting period, respectively. The highest $CO_2$ concentrations were 6.1%(after 10 days) and 10.8%(afer 4 days) in reactor A and B, respectively. The degradation rates of organic matter(rd) between reactor A and B increased by 17.1% and 64.5%, respectively Consequently, the effects of Inoculation on comporting parameter such as temperature increasing, pH change, chemical properties, and the degradation rates of organic matter(rd) were higher in seeded compost than in unseeded control.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.182-189
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• 2005

This research was conducted to determine physical properties of four root media, peatmoss + vermiculite (1:1, v/v; PV), peatmoss + composted rice hall (1:1, PR), peatmoss + composted saw-dust (1:1 : PS) and peatmoss + composted pine bark (1:1 PB), as influenced by incorporation rate of Stock-sorb C (STSB). Each root medium containing STSB was packed in 22 cm diameter plastic pot and the physical properties were determined at 5 weeks after packing. As incorporation rate of STSB were elevated, total porosity increased in PV, PS and PB media with statistical differences at $5{\%}$ level. Those also resulted in increase of container capacity in PS and PB media, but statistical differences were not observed in PV and PR media. Elevated incorporation rate of STSB in PV, PS and PB media resulted in increase of air space with statistical differences. Trends in air space of the three root media showed a linear as well as quadratic responses to STSB contents of media. As incorporation rate of STSB increased, more water was retained in four root media at the soil moisture tension of 4.90 kPa, 9.81 kPa, 29.4 kPa and 1.5 MPa. The amount of water retained in PS medium was the highest at the moisture tension at 29.4 kPa and 1.5 MPa followed by PB, PR and PV medium. These results indicated that elevation of incorporation rate of STSB to various root media increased moisture retention capacity, but did not increase the available water holding capacity.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.190-195
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• 2005

This research was conducted to investigate the changes in soil chemical properties of root media as influenced by incorporation rate of a polyacryl amide hydrogel, Stocksorb C. The pH at 5 weeks after treatment in four root media such as peatmoss + vermiculite (1:1, v/v; PV), peatmoss + composted rice hull (1:1; PR), peatmoss + composted saw dust (1:1; PD) and peatmoss + composted pine bark (1:1; PB) containing STSB were in the range from 7.04 to 7.30, which was too high. Elevated incorporation rate of STSB resulted in increase of EC in soil solution of four root media with linear and quadratic response. The concentrations of $NH_4^+-N,\;NO_3^--N,\;PO_4-P^{3-},\;K^+,\;Ca^{2+}and\;Mg^{2+}$ in four kinds of root media increased as incorporation rates of STSB were elevated. But the $NO_3^-$-N concentrations in PS media were lower than those in other there root media tested. The Fe concentrations in PV, PR and PS media increased as incorporation rates of STSB were elevated, but those in PB medium did not show significant different. The concentrations of $Fe^{2+},\;Mn^{2+},\;Zn^{2+}and\;Cu^{2+}$ in PS media were higher than those in other three root media.