• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.1-7
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• 2012

1. Objectives : In Sasang constitutional medicine, it has been known that diagnosing Sasang constitution correctly is mostly important. We had developed an Integrated Sasang Constitutional Analysis Tool (SCAT) ${\beta}$-version using face, voice, body shape and questionnaire before. The purpose of this study is to suggest whether SCAT ${\beta}$-version is reliable or not. 2. Methods : We collected 371 subjects from 6 oriental medical clinics. We analyzed the Sasang constitutional diagnostic results using Kappa and coincidence rates between experts in Sasang constitution and SCAT ${\beta}$-version which was developed on the basis of face, body shape, voice and characteristics and symptom questionnaire data. 3. Results : The agreement rates between SCAT ${\beta}$-version and experts was 69.3% in total, and 73.2%, in Taeeumin, 70.8% in Soeumin, and 56.9% in Soyangin in detailed. The Kappa was 0.510 (p value<.000). There was an increasing trend of agreement rates and kappa value corresponded to increasing constitutional probability. When The constitutional probabilities were changed from below 40%, to over 40%, 50%, 60%, the agreement rates corresponded from 50.8% to 79.5%, 91.4%, 95.7% respectively. 4. Conclusions : A SCAT combined with a constitutional probability seemed to help experts to diagnose a patient's Sasang constitution correctly.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.131-142
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the personality traits and cognitive characteristics of the Sasang constitution by comparing the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), Continuous Performance Test (CPT) and Stroop Test. Methods: One hundred and six healthy subjects (age 20 to 40) were analyzed; 45 Taeeumin, 30 Soyangin and 31 Soeumin. The Sasang constitution was diagnosed by a sasang constitutional medicine specialist based on the results of a Two Step Questionnaire for Sasang Constitution Diagnosis (TS-QSCD), the external appearance, temperament and symptoms. The results of the EPQ, TCI, CPT and Stroop Test were compared between Sasang constitutions. Results: Among the seven dimensions of EPQ, Taeeumin and Soyangin scored significantly higher than Soeumin in Extraversion. Soyangin scored significantly higher than Soeumin in Impulsiveness. Among the four temperament dimensions of TCI, Taeeumin and Soyangin scored significantly higher than Soeumin in novelty seeking, reward dependence and persistence. Soeumin scored significantly higher than Taeeumin and Soyangin in harm avoidance. Among the three character dimensions of TCI, Soyangin scored significantly higher than Taeeumin in self transcendence. The results for CPT showed no significant differences between sasang constitutions. Taeeumin had a significantly higher color score in the stroop test than Soeumin. Conclusions: The personality tests showed significant differences between Sasang constitutions, but the neuropsychological test did not show any differences. Further studies should be performed to identify neuropsychological differences between Sasang constitutions.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.95-106
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to study the personality traits of Sasang constitutions by comparing the profiles of Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ). Methods : A total of 110 healthy people (20 to 40 years old), except for 2 Taeyangin (TY type), were analyzed; 45 Taeeumin (TE type), 32 Soyangin (SY type), and 31 Soeumin (SE type). A Sasang constitutional medicine specialist diagnosed the Sasang constitution after analyzing the result of a Two Step Questionnaire for Sasang Constitution Diagnosis (TS-QSCD), the external appearance, temperament and symptoms. The dimensions of TCI and EPQ were compared among the different Sasang constitutions, using an analysis of variance, and correlations between TCI and EPQ were analyzed by a Pearson correlation method. Results : Among the four temperament dimensions of TCI, SY type showed a significantly higher score than the SE type in Novelty Seeking. SE type showed significantly higher score than TE and SY type in Harm Avoidance. SY type showed significantly higher score than SE type in Reward Dependence. TE and SY type showed significantly higher score than SE type in Persistence. There were no significant differences in the character dimensions of Self-directness, Cooperativeness and Self-Transcendence. Among the seven dimensions of EPQ, TE and SY type showed significantly higher score than SE type in Extraversion. SE type showed significantly higher score than SY type in Lie. SY type showed significantly higher score than TE and SE type in Impulsiveness. Conclusions : The results demonstrated that there are some significant differences of personality traits among Sasang constitutions. This could help diagnose and understand each Sasang constitution.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.53-72
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• 2007

1. Objectives In oriental medicine, there is no method to diagnosis Sasang constitution of school aged children. The objective diagnostic method is necessary to improve the health condition of children. The method must be able to reduce time and to correct subjective error. So the purposes of this study are developing the questionnaire to diagnosis Sasang constitution of school-aged children. 2. Methods The questionnaire consists of selected substance of ${\ulcorner}$Dongyisusebowon${\lrcorner}$, characteristic questionnaire of children and questionnaire for the Sasangin Diagnosis Questionnaire(for adult). Experts, element school children and a scholar on Korean literature revise the questionnaire. 3. Results and Conclusion Experts examed pre-questionnaires and selected the final questionnaries by CVI 0.8 at propriety of contents. Sasangin Diagnosis Questionnaire (SDQ) for Child consists of 84 questions (24 questions for child, 48 questions and 12 questions for doctor).

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.185-192
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• 2005

Objectives : This study is for discovering the clinical Features of the sleep in ordinary symptoms based on the Sasang Constitution. The result of this study could be helpful to understand and to identify the patients as Soeumin in contrast with the other constitutions-Soyangin, Taeumin and Taeyangin. Methods : There were 1,229 patients(700 female), who answered the questionnaire about their ordinary sleeping patterns. They had been diagnosed, including their clinical Sasang Constitution, by the Sasang Constitution specialist at Bundang Oriental Hospital of Dongguk University. By applying the binary logistic regression analysis, we can measure the characteristics and the influence of ordinary sleeping patterns to the dependent variable(Sasang Constitution). Results : As a result of the binary logistic analysis on the observed questionnaire, we found the characteristics of the ordinary sleeping patterns on Soeumin in contrast the other constitutions. Firstly, Soeumin has a tendency that he wouldn't snore well in comparison with the others. Secondly, Soeumin has a tendency that he will dreams more, when he sleeps in contrast with the others. Thirthly, Soeumin has a tendency that he will sleep longer than 6-7hours. Fourthly, Soeumin has a tendency that he will struggle during sleeping in contrast with the others. Conclustion : This study will be used to identify patients as Soeumin in contrast with the others-Soyangin, Taeumin and Taeyangin.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2013

Objectives This study is to investigate the related factors to contribute the metabolic syndrome according to Sasang Constitution. Methods Nine hundred twenty six persons out of 1774 persons, over 40 years old, participated in community-based cohort in Wonju City of South Korea from June 2006 to August 2009. The diagnosis of metabolic syndrome was carried out by NCEP-ATP III(National Cholesterol Education Program in Adult Treatment Panel III) and Asian Pacific Criteria for abdominal obesity. The related factors were checked using questionnaire and blood samples. Sasang Constitution was verified by a Sasang Constitution specialist using the results of PSSC(Phonetic System for Sasang Constitution), facial pictures and simplified Sasang Constitutional questionnaires. Metabolic syndrome incidence rate according to Sasang Constitution and binary logistic regression analysis were performed with SPSS 19.0. Results Metabolic syndrome incidence rate was 30.3% and the majority of newly categorized as metabolic syndrome was Taeeumin(40.7%). There were significant risk factors like systolic blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, triglyceride and female and a significant defense factor like HDL-cholesterol. In terms of constitutional view, there were significant risk factors like waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, triglyceride in Soyangin, female, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, triglyceride in Taeeumin, female, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, triglyceride in Soeumin. And there was a significant defense factor like HDL-cholesterol in only Taeeumin. Conclusions Regimens on metabolic syndrome were considered to be changed according to Sasang Constitution. Taeeumin female and Soeumin female should be cautious of body weight and metabolic syndrome when elderly. There are more cautious risk factors in each constitution; systolic blood pressure and triglyceride in Soyangin and fasting blood sugar and serum lipids levels in Soeumin and Taeeumin.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.81-97
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• 2013

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between osteoporosis and cardiovascular risk factors according to Sasang constitution. Methods A total of 1773 participants, over 40 years old, were examined as part of a community-based cohort in Wonju city in Gangwon province of South Korea, from June 2006 to August 2009. We measured bone mineral density by Achilles ultrasonometer, serum levels of lipids, fasting blood sugar, insulin and other cardiovascular risk factors like blood pressure and waist circumference. Constitution was verified by a Sasang constitution specialist using the results of PSSC(Phonetic System for Sasang Constitution), facial photos and a simplified Sasang constitutional questionnaire. Results The prevalence rate was 11.2% in total participants, and 10.6% in Soyangin, 10.4% in Taeeumin and 13.9% in Soeumin. In general characteristics, educational and economic property and exercise were concerned with osteoporosis. Systolic blood pressure, pulse rate and total cholesterol were significantly high in osteoporosis group. Age and menopause were the key risk factors for osteoporosis. There was a significantly high prevalence in Soeumin for osteoporosis in men alone. Low physical activity was a major risk factor for osteoporosis. Waist circumference and hip circumference had significantly high odds ratio and weight had significantly low odds ratio. By Sasang constitution, Soyangin has the negative correlation with free fatty acid, Taeeumin has the negative correlation with waist circumference, pulse rate, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein and Soeumin has the positive correlation with body fat amount. Conclusions Regimens on osteoporosis should be considered according to Sasang constitution. Cardiovascular diseases should be considered according to Sasang constitution. Soeumin should be cautious of osteoporosis and gain weights and reasonable amount of fat food. Soyangin had better do exercise lower body and eat little food containing triglyceride. Taeeumin had better lose weights and eat little cholesterol food.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.372-382
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• 2000

The purpose of this quasi-experimental study was to explore the differences in the effect of aromatherapy according to the type of Sasang constitution. The subjects were fifty-three nursing students experiencing clinical practice from March 10th. 2000 to April 22nd, 2000. For experiment, researcher used inhalation of 2% grape seed oil mixed with Rosemary oil for 2 minutes and massage with same oil for 20 minutes on the back of subjects in the speed of 20 strokes per minutes. The instruments used for this study were Questionnaire of Sasang Constitution Class II program for personal computer developed by Kim Sun Ho et al., (1996), and Mood Questionnaire developed by Ryman. Biersner, & Larocco (1974). The concentration of IgA within saliva was analyzed by immunoturbidimeter assay. The data were analyzed using SPSS and hypotheses were examined with paired t-test and ANCOVA. The results were as follows : 1) The mean score of mood was increased significantly after aromatherapy. 2) The mean concentration of salivary IgA was increased significantly after aroma therapy. 3) There was no significant difference in the mean score of mood after aromatherapy according to the type of Sasang constitution, 4) There was no significant difference in the mean concentration of salivary IgA after aromatherapy according to the type of Sasang constitution. In conclusion, the results suggest that aromatherapy with Rosemary oil have effect on the improvement of mood and IgA within saliva in the nursing students under stress caused by clinical practice regardless of the type of Sasang constitution.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.381-390
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to study the personality traits and cognitive characteristics of the Sasang constitution by comparing the Personality Test and Neuropsychological Test. Methods: A total of 121 subjects were analyzed with the results of a Two Step Questionnaire for the Sasang Constitution Diagnosis (TS-QSCD). Among them, the Personality Tests (SPQ, EPQ, TCI) and the Neuropsychological Tests (A-VLT, CPM, Stroop-CWIT, WCST) were processed and analyzed for Soyangin, Taeeumin, Soeumin. Results: 1. In the results of the SPQ, the Soyangin showed a significantly higher score than did the Taeeumin and Soeumin in Behavior, Emotionality, Cognition, as well as the Total Score. The SPQ-C score and SPQ-T were significantly higher for Soyangin, Soeumin and Taeeumin, in that order. 2. In the results of the EPQ, the Soyangin showed a significantly higher score than did the Taeeumin and Soeumin in Extraversion - introversion. Soeumin showed a significantly higher score than did the Soyangin and Taeeumin in Neuroticism. Soyangin also showed a significantly higher score than Taeeumin in Venturesomeness. 3. For the results of the TCI, the Soyangin showed a significantly lower score than did Taeeumin and Soeumin in Harm-Avoidance, but a significantly higher score in Persistence and Self-Directedness. Soyangin and Taeeumin showed a significantly higher score than did Soeumin for the total score of Self-Directedness+Cooperativeness. 4. The results of the Computerized Neuropsychological Tests (A-VLT, CPM, Stroop-CWIT, WCST) showed no significant differences between the Sasang constitution. Conclusions: The EPQ, TCI score showed significant differences between the Sasang constitution. But the Computerized Neuropsychological Tests developed to evaluate cognitive abilities did not show differences between the constitutional individuals and showed limitations as a research tool. Further studies are needed to devise a research method for ascertaining the cognitive behavioral characteristics of the Sasang constitution.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.23-42
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• 2011

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference of somatization psychological mechanism among Sasang constitution. Methods : Subjects were seventy four students of Won-Kwang university responded the questionnaire. We evaulated the subjects using Minnesota Questionnaire for the Sasang Constitution Classification II(QSCC II), Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2(MMPI-2), 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), Somato-Sensory Amplification Scale(SSAS), Symptom Interpretation Questionnaire(SIQ) and The Ways of Stress Coping Questionnaire(SCQ). Results : From the results of Clinical scale of MMPI-2, the scores of 2nd, 9th, 10th scales was significantly difference. In Lesser Yin group 10th score was the significantly highest of the others, 1st, 3rd, 6th, 7th, 8th score were the highest but not significant. and From the results of PSY-5 scale(The Personality Psychopathology Five scale) of MMPI-2, In Lesser Yin goup, INTR(Introversion/Low Positive Emotion) score was significantly highest, PSYC(psychoticism), NEGE (Negative Emotionality/Neuroticism) was higher than the others. In TAS-20K, SSAS, SIQ and SCQ Lesser Yin group was not significantly difference. but Lesser Yin group had the tendency of difficulty describing feelings and externally oriented thinking and higher score in physical and psychological interpretation. We observed generally lower levels of stress coping strategy scores than the others. Conclusions : These results showed that Lesser Yin group tend to somatization compared other constitution.