• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.311-341
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• 1998

The objective of this article is to induce that the conception of 'Qi-jul(氣質) and Qi-pum(氣稟)' was introduced to the Sasang(四象) Constitutional Medicine from bibliographic study on the theory of 'Qi-pum(氣稟)'. The conclusions summerized as followings. 1. In the oriental medicine, qualitative difference of 'zheng-qi(正氣)' among the individuals, the opposing power against a disease, is regarded as constitution. Having been used as 'nature(素)', 'quality(質)' and 'character(氣質)' in the oriental medical book, the word of 'Che-Jil(體質)' was used in good earnest at the end of 'Qing(情)' dynasty. 2. The nature(性) is divided into two, original nature(本然之性) and charicteristic nature(氣質之性) in the 'New confucianism(新儒學)' and the former means a principle(理), is a pure and good thing and used as a conception of universality, the latter is a principle of character and a imperfect imitation of principle(理). 3. It was repeatedly confirmed that 'Qi-jil and Qi-pum' meant the difference among the individuals by the dispute of 'Li-Qi(理氣)' caused by Lee Hwang(李滉) and Lee Yi(李耳) and by that of 'Ho-Rak(湖洛)' in the Ch'o-son(朝鮮) dynasty. 4. Han Sok-Ji, based on Meng-Zi(孟子)'s doctrine that man's inborn nature is good, criticized the theory of 'Qi-pum' which was 'Zhu-Zi(朱子)'s opinion and his opinion about the life(命) was thought to clue to the classification of the 'Sasang(四象)' invented by Lee Je-Ma as Park Se-Dang's theory that everyone has common nature but has different life(命). 5. By introducing the theory of 'Qi-pum' and the conception of life(命) which was understood as a special character by Han Sok-Ji and Park Se-Dang to Sa-sang constitutional medicine, Lee Je-Ma explained the reason why each man who was classified four constitutions, 'Taiyang'(太陽), 'Taiyin'(太陰), 'Shaoyang'(少陽), 'Shaoyin'(少陰), had the different formation of the visceral department(臟局).

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.84-91
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• 2003

Sasang Constitutional Medicine (SCM) is based on the theory of Sasang (Taeyang, Soyang, Taeum, Soeum) in Traditional Korean Medicine (TKM). It is hypothesized that all of the things in the material world can be divided into the four categories of SCM. We made a new attempt to combine nutritive components, and patterns in physical activities with SCM. At first, we hypothetically divided the nutrients into 4 compartments according to SCM theory, and human body composition as well. These factors could be basically related to Sasangin Exercise Treatment (SET). Therefore, we applied sasangin theory to exercise prescription. As a research method, we hypothesized that human beings' types can be distinguished by mind and body. Mind was focused on exercise psychological aspects, and body also handled by nutrients, body compositions, body shapes, and exercise physiological aspects. For application of sasang theory to the exercise prescriptions, Taeumin as a sample sasangin was selected in this study. We concluded that in perspective of general traits, Taeumin have to reduce their carbohydrate intake volume, but greatly increase their intake of vitamins, minerals, and water in daily diet. They are also recommended exercises that can increase cardiorespiratory function and make them sweat, like endurance running, hiking, swimming, cycling, etc.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.9-18
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• 2019

Objectives Sasang Constitutional Medicine(SCM) is uniquely established in the field of Korean Medicine. Taegeuk Acupuncture(TGA) and Eight Constitution Acupuncture(ECA) which are created upon SCM are applied in clinics. However, there exists no established theory but hypothesis with regard to the composition of acupoints of constitution acupuncture. The purpose of this study was to help establish the Sasang constitution acupuncture(SCA) method. Methods Thirties studies were found on various Oriental medicine journals and 17 literatures with the key words relevant to constitution and acupuncture. Results For the principle of acupoint selection, 12 studies were included which were classified into TGA, ECA, SCA, other constitution acupuncture. Among 17 literatures, most of them were relevant to SCA. For the clinical studies, eight of total 13 using ECA were for musculoskeletal diseases. Conclusions Among studies and literatures chosen, the application of Saam's acupuncture method was most frequently found in SCA method. For establishing the SCA method, the two main concepts need to be considered, which are the consideration of four areas namely Lungs, Spleen, Liver and Kidneys and upward-downward-loosening-tightening movement of the Qi according to Sasang constitution type.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.303-320
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• 2021

Objectives: Although medical typologies based on indigenous biopsychological ideas have been described, their integrity has been questioned due to its theory-driven nature in categorization. Therefore, studies on the Sasang typology, a temperament-based traditional Korean medicine, are needed to examine whether it is possible to classify types of specific biopsychological profiles using data-driven analysis. Methods: Psychological measures of the Eastern Sasang Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) and Western NEO-Personality Inventory (NEO-PI) along with physical measures and Sasang types were acquired from 2,049 participants. Latent groups based on the SPQ and NEO-PI subscale scores were extracted using Latent Profile Analysis. Their psychosomatic features were then compared with those of Sasang types. Results: Three SPQ-based latent groups showed distinctive psychological and physical features consistent with those of Sasang types. However, four NEOPI-based latent groups presented only psychological features. Furthermore, SPQ-High and SPQ-Low latent groups demonstrated similar psychosomatic profiles to those of So-Yang and So-Eum Sasang types, respectively. Conclusions: This study illustrates that biopsychological profiles of Sasang types are supported by psychosomatic features of latent groups based on SPQ of Eastern psychology, signifying that the categorization of Sasang typology have acceptable validity and reliability.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.12-23
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• 2011

1. Objectives: This study reviews the general theory on Li-Qi (理-氣) found in Dongmu Lee Jema (東武 李濟馬) and Nosa Gi Jeongjin (蘆沙 奇正鎭)'s works and explores the associations between their philosophical systems. 2. Methods: The main ideas on Predisposition (氣稟論) found in Dongmu's works were explored in connection with the Li-Qi (理-氣) theory and compared with the perspectives suggested by Nosa. 3. Results and Conclusions 1) Nosa criticized the "weakened supervision of Li (理)" and the "separation of Li (理) and Qi (氣)", proposing that this problem can be overcome through "mutual embracement of Li and its manifestations (理分圓融 理分相涵)". 2) When Dongmu's theory on Predisposition (氣稟論) is interpreted in terms of Li-Qi (理-氣), the Seong-Li (laws governing the organ scheme) (性理(臟理)) represents the Li (理) while the formational variations in organ scheme(臟局短長) and and the level of self-cultivation (心地淸濁) represents the Qi (氣). 3) The concept of "Diversification of Li (理之異)", bearing similarities to Nosa's Li-Qi (理-氣) theory, was introduced for the first time in Dongmu's theory on Predisposition (氣稟論), which presumably built the fundamental theories in the Sasang Constitutional Typology. 4) Within Dongmu's theory of Predisposition (氣稟論) can be found a dichotomous division of "similitude between the morally unaccomplished and the morally accomplished" in the ontological plane and "dissimilitude between the morally unaccomplished and the morally accomplished" in the axiological plane; this dichotomy is more extensive and developed compared to Nosa's attempt to find a consistent logic in both the ontological and axiological plane through a Li-Qi (理-氣) structure with Li-predominance.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.17-32
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• 2002

Objectives ; A Supplementary Study for Sasangin Identifing is based on Chapter Pathophysiology Part V of [Donggyi Soose Bowon Chobonguan]. And I try to explain that with Sasang Constitutional Theory. After all I want this study given the basis of 'The Guideline of Sasangin's Diagnosis & Treatment(GSDT)'. Methods ; First, I divid ${\ulcorner}$part V${\lrcorner}$ into 4 cartegories (Normal Condition, Abnormal Condition, good or bad Condition, Better or Worse Condition). And then each symtom is analyzed by Sasang Constitutional Medicine(SCM). Conclusions; I am sure that it gives the first step toward Indentifying Sasangin of [Donggyi Soose Bowon]. All of Sasangin Identifing Supplementary are analyzed by SCM. They are divided the identifing for Sasangin classification and Sasangin diagnosis of the disease. And this study will give the basis of ‘GSDT’.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.63-83
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• 2000

The common concerns of leadership approaches were focused on finding leadership factors or necessity of leadership change to proper leadership styles adapt to contingent change through observing various leaders' behaviors for improving organizational effectiveness. Basically, they assumed that the human could be adapt to any conditions regardless of his inherent characters though it is perceived generally that human beings have different attitudes and behaviors toward the same fact, condition, situation, etc. In other words, inherent factors that cause individual differences have been neglected but concerned only about postnatal environments which influence human characters in previous leadership studies. A number of studies concerning inherent human characters have been worked in Asia for the past thousands years, which enable answering to the questions; why the human beings have different characters and personalities, and how to manage them in the given life conditions. In this research, four type human theory(called Sasang Theory) which has already been widely used in medical field in Korea will be introduced and applied to leadership theory to indicate inherent causal factors of the human character that are expected to influence leadership styles. In process, two different methods, one is for leadership theory and the other is for Sasang theory, have to be considered to match the different ideas. The theory is so predictable that the result implies possibilities of further future researches in the organizational fields by presupposing human behavior.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.153-159
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• 2002

To study clinical characteristics of patients complained of the tremor, I analyzed a database of twenty four patients managed at the Sasang Constitutional Department in Wonkwang University Oriental Medical Hospiyal from June 1999 to October 2000. 54% of patients who had adequate follow-up were improved with herb medication, electric acupuncture, physical therapy, aromatherapy. 46% of them were not improved in spite of above mentioned treatment. None of patients was aggravated. 71 % of them have male sex and 42% in 7th decade. The distribution ratio was 46% Soyang Constitution, 42% Taeumin Constitution, 13% Soum Constitution. I diagnosed 75% of them as essential tremor or physiological tremor or neurosis. Most of them had the tremor in upper extremities. The period of history were various distribution. Herb medicines were used in the Sasang Constitutional Theory. The Sasang Constitutional Medicine has the significant effects of treating patients complained of the tremor..

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.8-16
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• 2001

We analyzed 57 types of herbal medicines for Soeumin, clinically applied in Dongyisoosebowon. In order co discover the standard of herbal classification for the Sasang Constitutions, four concepts of Sasang Medicine were applied. These included 'Sadangron (theory of four groups)', 'Seungganggaehap(ascending-descending and gathering-dispersing)', 'Pyorihanyoul(exterior-interior and hot-cold)', and 'Hyungchiaekmi(fragrance, smell, bodily fluid and taste)'. According to these analyzing methods of herbal properties, we have reached the following conclusions: 1. Lee Je-ma first established the physiology of the internal organs of the Sasang Constitutions through the understanding of constitutional pathology. Dr. Lee then classified herbal medicines into four constitutional groups by observing the herbal effects according to such perspective of organ physiology and pathology. 2. Among the Sasang concepts applied in the analysis of herbal properties based on the physiology and pathology of Sasang constitutions, 'Seungganggaehap (ascending-descending and gathering-dispersing)' was found to be the most useful. Meanwhile, 'Sadangron, (the theory of four groups - Spirit, Qi, Blood and Essence),' along with 'Pyorihanyoul (exterior-interior and hot-cold)' and 'Hyungchiaekmi (fragrance, smell, bodily fluid and taste)' were partially useful. 3. Herbal medicines for Soeumin are characterized by ascending energetics that protect the Yang Qi. The 'Exterior heat disease' is treated with herbal medicines that raise the "Exterior Yang" in three different way: by tonifying Qi. by tonifying Blood and by releasing exterior. The 'Interior cold disease' is treated with herbal medicines that descend "Interior Yin" in two ways. One by warming the stomach, and the other by regulating Qi. 4. Cases where a whole category of herbs with the same effect have been applied co one constitution, are most frequent among Shaoyin herbs. There was an intimate connection between the treatment methods and the traditional effects of herbs for 'Soewnin'. These discoveries allowed us to see that the development of the pharmacology of the Sasang Constitutional pathology more progressed in 'Soeumin'. *analysing simple herbs of "DongEuiBoGam JangBu" we compare JangBu of traditional oriental medicine with JangBu of Sasang Constitutional Medicine. So we can comprehend the JangBu's difference of traditional-oriental with sasang-constitional medicine.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.215-225
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• 2003

Purpose: Sasang constitutional medicine is Korea's creative medical science, that has attracted public attention. But for lack of indices in objectifying constitutions, there are difficulties for most of health professionals in approaching Sasang medicine. The purpose of this study was to compare the results of clinical diagnostic data according to the type of Sasang constitution. Method: The subjects were 195 examinees who had a general health check-up at A hospital. The instrument used for this study were Questionnaire of Sasang Constitution Class II(QSCCII) program for personal computer developed by Kim Sun Ho et al. Result: The distribution of constitutions of the subjects were the So-eum 46.7%, the Tae-eum 36.9% and the So-yang 16.4%. The level of body compositionrelated indices(body weight, obesity) of the Tae-eum were significantly higher than those of other constitutions. In heart-related indices, systolic BP were the highest in the Tae-eum. In liver-related indices, the level of triglyceride, SGPT were significantly higher in the Tae-eum. But the hematologic indices and lung-related indices were not showed significantly difference among any constitutions. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that there were significant difference of clinical diagnostic data according to Sasang constitutions, especially in the Tae-eum. So, to understand the human nature of nursing clients, nurses need to apply the oriental based medical theory, like Sasang constitution, to the discipline of nursing.