• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.148-152
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• 2013

An ultraviolet (UV) sterilization system was developed to decrease the number of microorganisms in filtered Acer mono sap (FAS). The Acer mono sap (AS) was passed through 18 strips of PTA fluoroplastic tubing with 30 UV lamps (total 1,170 W). During passage, the AS was effectively exposed to the UV rays. The total bacteria, coliform group and fungi were sterilized at a flow rate ranging from 852 to 1,358 mL/min and a UV power higher than 156 W. Although the sensory score of the UV-sterilized AS was significantly lower than that of the untreated AS, the sensory score was better under the condition of 390 W and 852~1,358 mL/min than under the other conditions examined. ANOVA did not reveal a significant difference in pH, total acidity, sugar content and color characteristic under all conditions tested (p<0.05). Considering the overall attributes of the AS quality, the optimum sterilization condition was determined to be 390 W and 852~1,358 mL/min.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.133-134
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• 1982

This experiment has been made to investigate the absorption of watersoluble zinc chloride by Pinus densiflora S. et Z. at different moisture content, under soaking process, to decide the optimum content condition for the maximum absorption of zinc chloride by the wood tested and to investigate the concentration of zinc chloride affecting each moisture content of wood. Material was cut in the Dept. of Forest, College of Agr. S.N.U. Suwon, Korea. Sample was divided into sap and heartwood group and cut $2{\times}2{\times}2\;cm$ in size, having exact three dimensions, using the part of D.B.H. The numbers of sample were 20 pieces for each moisture content condition for both sap and heartwood. Especially, the samples were protected from exposure to keep moisture content in green condition. The ranges of moisture content tested were as the table 3 and 4. The conclusions were as follows: 1. With 3% zinc chloride solution, the rate of absorption decreased with the time increased, if the air seasoned Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) was treated in steeping process. Initial absorption for 30 minutes was more than 50% of total absorpon for 24 hours. 2. Rate of absorption was same under the green condition, while rate of absorption under the moisture content 7 to 30% varied. 3. Although it was not quite proportional change in the absorption with the difference of moisture content, the great change in the absorption occured by seasoning. With exception sap green condition, sapwood twice more permeable than the heartwood in the oven dried condition and it has been observed the nearly same amount of absorption at the moisture content of 7%, 10% and 15% respectively in heartwood. 4. It was better from water in wood from view-point of absorption of zinc chloride solution, but it was difficult practically to obtain the smallest moisture content, and then it was decided that values of allowable moisture content, on the basis of mean absorption, were 15% to 20% in the sapwood, and in the heartwood, 10% to 15%. The mean absorption for each moisture content in the sap and the heartwood were as following. 5. In general, the concentration of zinc chloride after steeping was nearly same between moisture content and sap and heartwood respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.143-148
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• 2012

This study evaluated the quality characteristics of white birch (Betula platyphylla var. japonica) sap with different collection times. The changes of browning index, turbidity, pH, total acidity, organic acid, free sugar, crude protein, crude ash, and mineral content were investigated. The browning index and turbidity increased from 0.076 to 0.222 and from 0.048 to 0.138, respectively, with increasing collection time. The pH decreased from 6.09 to 4.72, while total acidity increased with increasing collection time. Citric and malic acids were detected and malic acid increased with increasing collection time. Glucose and fructose as free sugars were detected and their contents were 0.364~0.433% and 0.497~0.664%, respectively. Crude protein and crude ash contents remarkably increased from 3.40 to 32.37 mg% and from 0.01% to 0.04%, respectively, with increasing collection time. Cu, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, and K were detected, and increased with increasing collection time. Particularly, K increased remarkably from 5.25 to 37.27 mg/L over time. These results indicate that the optimum processing method to improve the quality of white birch sap is necessary, because the quality of sap decreased as collection time increased, but nutritional value increased.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.99-105
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• 2010

This paper investigated the characteristics of wasteform containing a spent zeolite used as a separating agent of FPs for recycling LiCl waste which would be generated from pyrochemical process of spent PWR fuel. In this study, a conventional borosilicate and Ca-rich glass were used as a consolidating agent for spent zeolite and it's mixing ratio was changed in the range, $25{\sim}35wt%$. The leach rates of Cs and Sr had about $0.1{\sim}0.01g/m^2day$ and $0.001{\sim}0.0001g/m^2day$, respectively. The leach resistance of Cs increased with amount of SAP and it showed about 10 times higher in the Ca-rich glass wasteform than in the conventional borosilciate glass wasteform. The compressive strength of wasteform was affected with the amount of glass. Thermal expansion rate of containing 30wt% glass has relatively lower than others. Also, the melting temperature was little changed in given mixing ratio of glass.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.211-221
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• 2016

Waste salt generated from a pyro-processing for the recovery of uranium and transuranic elements has high volatility at vitrification temperature and low compatibility in conventional waste glasses. For this reason, KAERI (Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute) suggested a new method to de-chlorinate waste salt by using an inorganic composite named SAP ($SiO_2-Al_2O_3-P_2O_5$). In this study, the de-chlorination behavior of waste salt and the microstructure of consolidated form were examined by adding $B_2O_3$ and $Fe_2O_3$ to the original SAP composition. De-chlorination behavior of metal chloride waste was slightly changed with given compositions, compared with that of original SAP. In the consolidated forms, the phase separation between Si-rich phase and P-rich phase decreases with the amount of $Al_2O_3$ or $B_2O_3$ as a connecting agent between Si and P-rich phase. The results of PCT (Product Consistency Test) indicated that the leach-resistance of consolidated forms out of reference composition was lowered, even though the leach-resistance was higher than that of EA (Environmental Assessment) glass. From these results, it could be inferred that the change in the content of Al or B in U-SAP affected the microstructure and leach-resistance of consolidated form. Further studies related with correlation between composition and characteristics of wasteform are required for a better understanding.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2019

We investigated the fermentation conditions for extracts of leave/branches and sap from Korean Dendropanax morbifera (D. morbifera) using Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) ilchiwhangchil 1785 and L. plantarum ilchiwhangchil 2020. Log growth phase cultured L. plantarum ilchiwhangchil 1785 and L. plantarum ilchiwhangchil 2020 were used for fermentation. The pH and growth of the microorganisms in broth were monitored during the fermentation period. The results revealed that the optimum fermentation conditions for 20 wt% of leave/branches extracts and 1 wt% of sap extract was 2 days incubation at $37^{\circ}C$. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method and a disk diffusion assay were used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the fermented extracts of the leave/branches and sap against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antimicrobial activity increased in all three strains grown on the medium containing fermented extracts of the leave/branches and sap as compared with that of the strains grown on medium containing non fermented extracts. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity increased in proportion to the contents of the fermented extracts. Our data suggest that fermented extracts of leave/branches and sap of D. morbifera have applications as natural bio functional materials, such as preservatives, cosmetic materials, and natural packaging materials.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.63 no.4
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• pp.347-355
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• 2020

Several sensors have been developed for soil and plants to assess plant stress due to climate change. Therefore, the objective of the study is to nondestructively evaluate temperature stress on plant by monitoring climatic and soil conditions and plant responses using various sensors. Plant responses were monitored by electrical conductivity in plant stem and sap flow rate. Electrical conductivity in plant stem reflects the physiological activity of plants including water and ion transport. Fully grown Brassica oleracea var. italica was exposed to 20/15 ℃ (day/night) with 16 h photoperiods as a control, low temperature 15/10 ℃, and high temperature 35/30 ℃ while climatic, soil, and plant conditions were monitored. Electrical conductivity in plant stem and sap flow rate increased during the day and decreased at night. Under low temperature stress, electrical conductivity in plant stem of Brassica oleracea var. italica was lower than control while under high temperature stress, it was higher than control indicating that water and ion transport was affected. However, chlorophyll a and b increased in leaves subjected to low temperature stress and there was no significant difference between high temperature stressed leaves and control. Free proline contents in the leaves did not increase under low temperature stress, but increased under high temperature stress. Proline synthesis in plant is a defense mechanism under environmental stress. Therefore, Brassica oleracea var. Italica appears to be more susceptible to high temperature stress than low temperature.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.84 no.4
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• pp.415-423
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• 1995

This study was conducted to analyze the chemical composition, nutritional contents, and saponin in the xylem sap of Acer mono Max. From Feb 25 to Mar 4, 1994, spring sap was collected by making holes with 1.7cm diameter on the trunk of trees in Mt. Baekwoon and Mt. Jiri. Sugars were quantified by HPIC, amino acids by amino acid analyzer, saponins by TLC, HPLC, and $^1H$ & $^{13}C$ NMR. Major component of the sap was sucrose at a concentration range of 0.68 to 2.01%. Following minor components were found: glucose at 0.03-0.11%, and fructose at 0.01-0.03% as sugars, lipid at 0.03%, threonine at 0.152%, lysine at 0.038%, arginine at 0.068% as amino acids, ash at 0.1%, Ca at 175ppm, Fe at 2ppm, P at 19ppm, K at 16ppm, Na at 31ppm as minerals, vitamin $B_1$ at 0.6ppm, vit. $B_2$ at 0.1ppm, and vit. C at 19ppm. A trace of phenolic compounds was found by TLC, while saponin commonly reported in high-quality ginseng roots was not found in maple sap. It is concluded that sap of Acer mono contains a good variety of natural compounds such as sugars, amino acids, Ca, Fe, and vitamins to serve as an excellent source of very natural and health-promoting drink.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.333-339
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• 2017

This research was aimed to establish rapid analysis technique for the determination of nitrate ($NO_3{^-}$) concentration in the leaves of paprika, which has key role for the stable vegetative and reproductive growth. Leaf petiole and blade sap of two paprika cultivars ('Raon red' and 'Raon yellow') were used for the determination of $NO_3{^-}$ concentration, separately using rapid detection kit (RQ-flex) and spectroscopy quantification methods. In addition, two paprika cultivars namely, 'Nicole' and 'TP2001' were used to determine the status of $NO_3{^-}$ concentration in leaf of each fruiting group. $NO_3{^-}$ concentration in leaf blade sap and the content in leaf showed significant correlation ($R^2=0.8628$), analysed by RQ-flex and spectroscopy methods, respectively. Furthermore, leaf petiole sap and the content in leaf also showed significant correlation ($R^2=0.6734$) but the relationship was poor compared to leaf blade sap and the leaf content. $NO_3{^-}$ concentration in petiole sap decreased in all the cultivars from early to late fruiting group. The higher concentration in the lower leaves and the continuous decrease towards the upper leaves in the both years were found through the analysis of $NO_3{^-}$ concentration in different leaf position. In addition, daily short-term fluctuation of $NO_3{^-}$ in petiole sap could be rapidly monitored. These results showed that long-term or short-term monitoring by test strip-based rapid analysis technique might be useful tool for the diagnosis of nutritional status for the stable of nutritional management in paprika.

• Journal of The Korean Ophthalmological Society
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.321-326
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• 2017

Purpose To identify the correspondence between the central sensitivity of several visual field (VF) tests and ganglion cell inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) thickness in early glaucoma patients with parafoveal scotoma. Methods Fifty-seven eyes from 57 patients with glaucomatous optic neuropathy and parafoveal scotoma were analyzed using the standard automated perimetry (SAP) C10-2 test, the SAP C24-2 test, and the frequency doubling technology perimetry (FDT) C24-2 test. The correlation between the VF central sensitivity and the GC-IPL thickness from macular scans via optical coherence tomography was analyzed. Results The central sensitivity was $27.51{\pm}5.43dB$, $27.39{\pm}5.05dB$, and $22.09{\pm}5.08dB$ for SAP C24-2, SAP C10-2, and FDT C24-2, respectively. Mean GC-IPL thickness was $70.2{\pm}8.5{\mu}m$. Using regression analysis, the value of log $R^2$ between the logarithmic central sensitivity and GC-IPL thickness was 0.498, and the linear $R^2$ between the antilogarithmic central sensitivity and GC-IPL thickness in SAP C10-2 was 0.486, and both were statistically significant (p < 0.05). This relationship was stronger in early glaucoma patients compared to late glaucoma patients using SAP C10-2. Conclusions The structure-function relationship between GC-IPL thickness and central sensitivity was better with SAP C10-2, especially in early glaucoma patients, compared to other VF modalities.