• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.349-360
• /
• 2000

An epidemiological survey was conducted to investigate fowl typhoid outbreaks in Kyungnam province of Korea. The causative agent, salmonella gallinarum was isolated from 68 chicken samples of tentatively diagnosed fowl typhoid cases occurred during the period from January 1996 to September 1999. Comparative studies were also carried out to evaluate the diagnostic methods for detection of S gallinam The results obtained were as follows; 1. Of the 68 cases of tentatively diagnosed fowl typhoid, 56 (82%) cases were determined as fowl typhoid by biochemical test and pathological findings. The other 12 (18%) cases were determined as paratyphoid. 2. Fowl typhoid outbreaks occur continuously all seasons in the year, however the incidence was remarkably increased from May to September. 3. The frequency of incidence of fowl typhoid in terms of regional distribution was relatively high in egg-laying hens facilities, and the mode of transmission is likely to be either egg-to-egg or lateral transfer by wild birds or rats. 4. All of 18 isolates from 56 cases were identified as S gallinarum by biochemical and serological test. 5. Antimicrobial drug susceptibility test against 18 isolates showed that the isolates were highly susceptible to ASH, CZ, CF and GM (above 90%), whereas those strains were 100% resistant to EM, NA and PC. 6. S gallinarum rfbS gene was targeted to be amplified by PCR for comparative detection of S gallinarum in the experimentally infected chickens. The amplified 720bp DNA fragment, which is specific in D serogroup strains of S enterica subspecies was confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis. 7. A comparison made between fecal culture and PCR-method revealed that later-method was relatively higher in detection rate than that of former method for S gallinarum. 8. Comparison of currently applied methods, rapid serum agglutination test (RST) and microplate agglutination test (MAT), with experimentally infected chickens were made to evaluate sensitivity of detection by neutralizing antibody titration. Both methods detected neutralizing antibodies from the challenged chickens of 5 day post infection. However, positive reactions were determined after 7 and 9 days post infection by MAT and RST, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.9-13
• /
• 2008

Salmonella enterica serotype gallinarum biovar Gallinarum or Pullorum and Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis are the most important diseases in poultry industry. Transitional diagnosis methods of these diseases such as direct isolation and identification by a biochemical test are time consuming with low specificity. In this study, we have focused on the suitable procedure for the rapid and accurate diagnosis of diseases derived from the three Salmonella strains. We initially confirmed Salmonella species by PCR using a specific ITSF/ITSR primer pair instead of biochemical test, and then the PCR-amplified phase 1 flagellin (fliC) using a specific fliCF/fliCR primer pair was digested with a restriction endonuclease, Bpm I and/or Bfa I, to discriminate among S. Pullorum, S. Gallinarum, and S. Enteritidis. We found that these methods could be applied to field isolates of the three Salmonella strains to detect and to discriminate rapidly for convenient diagnosis.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.38 no.4
• /
• pp.784-792
• /
• 1998

This study was conducted to select resistant chicken-line between Brown and White layer lines against Salmonella gallinarum infection. The Brown and White layer chickens allocated into different age groups were inoculated with S gallinarum (WJO-126) either orally($1{\times}10^7cfu$) or intramusculaly($5{\times}10^6cfu$) and clinical observations were made for 2 weeks. All dead birds were necropsied and culture was made to recover the inoculated organinsm from liver, spleen, brain, bone marrow and cecal contents. Serum was isolated from all live birds after 2 weeks experiment and these birds were also necropsied and cultured to reisolate S gallinarum. The brown layers showed very high mortality to S gallinarum infection regardless of their ages and routes of inoculation, while white layers did not shown any mortality by the direct effects of S gallinarum. The mortality rate of 2 week old brown layers, in particular, were 82.6% (19/23) in peroral group and 86.9% in intramuscularly inoculated group, while those of white layer groups were only 0.0% in both groups. S gallinarum could be reisolated from all dead birds, especially, from liver and spleen. This result was inferred that the organism is highly invasive on the chicken. The intramuscularly challenged birds showed more seropositive-reactors(86.9%) than orally inoculated groups(61.9%). The overall results of present study suggested that white layers are much more resistant than brown layers against the experimental infection of S gallinarum and shown experimentally that resistance to S gallinarum is a characteristic of the White-line layers.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.1-21
• /
• 2005

Pullorum disease and Fowl typhoid are kind of poultry specific disease for poultry. The peculiar character of these poultry specific diseases is that it can be infected by transmitting vertically and horizontally, also it is hard to be discovered by clinical sign, and pathology or immunology. So, to develop the PCR method which distinguishes these two genetically similar diseases of separated the specific DNA fragment from each strain and use it for differential diagnosis by subtraction PCR method. Standard strain of S gallinarum and S pullorum, and field isolation strain were verified by biochemistry, It confirmed existence of plasmid by using the PFGE. Then, Isolated DNA from it and used it as materials for the experiment. After cutting genomic DNA of two strains by using Sau 3Al, It ligated primer to tester DNA for PCR amplification and separated specific DNA fragment bacteria with method of subtraction PCR. And, It confirmed that it is a piece of unique DNA in every bacteria using base sequence of separated DNA fragment. 1. The six specific DNA fragment were separated from the DNA of S gallinarum and S pullorum by the subtraction PCR method. 2. In the result of comparison after setting base sequence of each fragment, each separated base sequence of DNA fragment they did not correspond to each other 3. As the result of each DNA fragment is derived from the each strain of DNA, and there was no homology of genomic DNA level in mutual. 4. The fragment originated in plasmid and includes S pullorum did not separate. 5. In the result of searching base sequence in Genebank, it partially shows homology in Salmonella enterica, S typhimurium, S dublin, Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Yersinia pestis, Klebsiella pneumoniae. 6. Primer design by S gallinarum DNA 2, 3 fragment used PCR, They are positive reaction in only S gallinarum at 276, 367 bp position.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.113-123
• /
• 1995

The present study was conducted to investigate the prevalent characteristics of Fowl Typhoid and antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella gallinarum isolated from 56 infective or dead chickens of 20 egg laying farms in Kyung Buk province during the period from August to December 1994. 1. Among 416, 000 chickens of 92 flocks in 20 egg laying farms, 17, 360 chickens of 31 flocks were died of Fowl Typhoid. 2. Salmonella gallinarum was isolated from 56 chickens in liver and spleen, and then blood of infective chickens was positive to Pullorum antigen. 3, In the survey of gross lesion of 56 chickens, 43 chickens(76.8%) were swelled at liver, 39(69.6%) were swelled at spleen, 12(21.4%) were changed with bronze, 3(5.4% ) were hemorrhagic in peritoneal cavity. 4. In transmission pattern, 4 farms were outbreaked the entrance of chicken house at first, but the others were outbreaked at various place. They were transmitted at right and left directions in flock. 5. 2 farms confirmed at the early stage of infection were eradicated by removing infective chickens and administrating antibiotics, but 18 farms at chronic stage were not. 6. The biochemical properties of 112 Salmonella gallinarum from chickens were generally identical to those of the referance, but H$_2$S was not productive, cellobiose was fermentive. 7 Minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) of 20 isolates was performed by using 21 antibiotics, MICs of Amikacin(Ak), Gentamicin(Gm), Kanamycin(Km), and Tetracycline (Tc) were below 1.6 ug/ml, Ampicillin(Am), Furazolidone(Fu) and Neomycin(Nm) were below 3.1 ug/ml, Cephalothin(Ce), Cefazoline(Cf) and Chloramphenicol(Cm) were below 6.3 ug/ml, Nalidixic acid(Na), Polymyxin(Po) and Rifampicin(Rf) were below 12.5 ug/ml, Penicillin (Pm) was below 25 ug/ml, Colistin(Co) and Streptomycin(Sm) were below 50 ug/ml, Sulfamerazine(Sr) and Sulfamethazine (St) were below 200 ug/ml, Lincomycin(Lm) and Spiramycin(Sp) were below 400 ug/ml, Bacitracin(Ba) was below 800 ug/ml. 8. Among the 20 isolates, all(100%) of those were sensitive to Ak, Am, Ce, Cf, Cm, Fu, Gm, Km, Na, Nm, Po, Rf, Sr, St and Tc, but 6 isolates(30%) were resistent to Co, 20(100% ) to Ba, Lm, Pm, Sm, and Sp. The drug resistance patterns were simple which 6 strains were BaCoLmPmSmSp type, and 14 were BaLmPmSmSp type.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.51-68
• /
• 2001

The result of studying the epidemiological characteristics of Salmonella strains which have been isolated from the domestic animals in Gyeongbuk province from February 1998 to August 2000 were summarized as follows. The isolation rates of Salmonella strains were 2.0% from cattle feces, 6.3% from cattle lymph node, 9.5% from pig feces, and 25.1% from pig lymph node. In poultry, the isolation rates were 30.3%. The isolates of Salmonella showed positive reaction for MUCAP test, methyl red test, but showed negative reaction for urea test, indole test, Voges Proskauer test. On TSI agar, the isolates showed acid butt, alkaline slant. Also, the isolates were identified as Salmonella strain by API 20E kit. Non H$_2$S Production Salmonella strains isolated from poultry were identified as S gallinarum. As a result of serotyping, B group were the most common in cattle and pig, Dl in chickens. 21 serovars were found. the common serovar from the domestic animals was S typhimurium, S derby, S agona, S schwarzenground, S enteritidis and S gallinarum. The most commonly encountered serovars in cattle were S agona and S typhirimurium in pig, S gallinarum in chicken. As a result of antimicrobial susceptibility test, all Salmonella isolates were susceptible to amikacin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin; cefotaxime and polumcin B. The resistance rates to tetracycline and streptomycin was 58% and 56%, respectively. 69.3% of all isolates were resistant to more than one antimicrobial agent. Out of the resistant isolates, the isolates resistant to streptomycin and tetracycline was 36%. There were 24 strains of multiresistant isolates resistant to more than 5 antimicrobial agents. S typhimurium were resistant to all antimicrobial agents, also had a lot of multiresistant strains. Therefore, S typhimurium was considered as a major agent of antimicrobial resistance.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.281-286
• /
• 2013

Salmonella Gallinarum (SG) is known as an important pathogen that causes fowl typhoid in chickens. To investigate SG outer-membrane proteins (OMPs) as a vaccine candidate, we used proteomic mapping and database analysis techniques with extracted OMPs. Also, extracted OMPs were evaluated in several aspects to their safety, immune response in their host and protective effects. Our research has established a proteomic map and database of immunogenic SG-OMPs used as inactive vaccine against salmonellosis in chickens. A total of 22 spots were detected by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunogenic protein analysis. Eight spots were identified by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight-Mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) and categorized into four different types of proteins. Among these proteins, OmpA is considered to be an immunogenic protein and involved in the hosts' immune system. To estimate the minimum safety dose in chickens, 35 brown layers were immunized with various concentrations of OMPs, respectively. Consequently, all chickens immunized with more than a $50{\mu}g$ dose were protected against challenges. Moreover, intramuscular administration of OMPs to chickens was more effective compared to subcutaneous administration. These results suggest that the adjuvanted SG-OMP vaccine not only induces both the humoral and cellular immune response in the host but also highly protects the hosts' exposed to virulent SG with $50{\mu}g$ OMPs extracted by our method.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.36 no.1
• /
• pp.100-108
• /
• 2016

Microbiological contamination of eggs should be prevented in the poultry industry, as poultry is one of the major reservoirs of human Salmonella. ClO₂ gas has been reported to be an effective disinfectant in various industry fields, particularly the food industry. The aims of this study were to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of chlorine dioxide gas on two strains of Salmonella inoculated onto eggshells under various experimental conditions including concentrations, contact time, humidity, and percentage organic matter. As a result, it was shown that chlorine dioxide gas under wet conditions was more effective in inactivating Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Gallinarum compared to that under dry conditions independently of the presence of organic matter (yeast extract). Under wet conditions, a greater than 4 log reduction in bacterial populations was achieved after 30 min of exposure to ClO₂ each at 20 ppm, 40 ppm, and 80 ppm against S. Enteritidis; 40 ppm and 80 ppm against S. Gallinarum. These results suggest that chlorine dioxide gas is an effective agent for controlling Salmonella, the most prevalent contaminant in the egg industry.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.105-113
• /
• 2013

Antibacterial activity is an important feature for the development of antibiotics alternatives. Plant extract is considered as a promising alternative for organic farming. In this study, a total of 11 plants were extracted using ethanol to determine their antibacterial activities against to Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogens, Mannheimia haemolytica and Salmonella gallinarum. The synergistic interaction among plant extracts was also investigated. Plants used in this study were Carthamus nctoricus L. (pA), Poncirus trifollata Raf. (pB), Scutellaria balcalensis Georgi (pC) Prunus sargentii (pD), Cucurbita moschata $D_{UCH}$ Leaf (pE), Allium cepa L. peel (pF) Portulaca oleracea L. (pG), Xanthium strumarium L. (pH), Duchesnea chrysantha (pI), Cudrania tricuspidata (pJ) and Juniperus chinensis L. (pK). The pB and pA had the most broad antibacterial spectrum and the highest activity against to Staph. aureus among plant extract, respectively. In the synergistic interaction, the mixtures of pA and pC as well as pA and pF had batter antibacterial activity against to Staph. Aureus compared with other mixtures.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.357-370
• /
• 2002

This experiment was performed to investigate apoptosis during undergoing patho-genesis of Salmonella gallinarum(SG)-infected chicks. 16 days old, 49 chicks was infected with SG (10$\^$6/-10$\^$8/ CFU/㎖) experimentally, they were autopsied to remove liver, spleen, intestine and lung at 1, 6, 12hr, 1, 2, 4 and 7 day post infection(PI) respectively, for H-E and TUNEL staining. Grossly, white foci in the liver and enlarged spleen were seen on 4 day PI and coppery bronze liver, dark-red discolored intestine, green-yellowish discolored and enlarged spleen was observed on 7 day PI. Histopathologically, multi focal necrosis in the liver, follicle hyperplasia in the spleen and inflammatory cells infiltration in the intestine were shown from 2 day PI and more severely observed on 4 day and 7 day PI. In TUNEL analysis, apoptotic cells reached a maximum at 6hr PI in the liver and intestine and at 12hr PI in the spleen, and then decreased the levels of controls by 7 day PI.