• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.62-70
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• 2019

Xylitol is well-known to have an anti-caries effect by inhibiting the replication of cariogenic bacteria. In addition, xylitol enhances saliva secretion. However, the precise molecular mechanism of xylitol on saliva secretion is yet to be elucidated. Thus, in this study, we aimed to investigate the stimulatory effect of xylitol on saliva secretion and to further evaluate the involvement of xylitol in muscarinic type 3 receptor (M3R) signaling. For determining these effects, we measured the saliva flow rate following xylitol treatment in healthy individuals and patients with dry mouth. We further tested the effects of xylitol on M3R signaling in human salivary gland (HSG) cells using real-time quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, and immunostaining. Xylitol candy significantly increased the salivary flow rate and intracellular calcium release in HSG cells via the M3R signaling pathway. In addition, the expressions of M3R and aquaporin 5 were induced by xylitol treatment. Lastly, we investigated the distribution of M3R and aquaporin 5 in HSG cells. Xylitol was found to activate M3R, thereby inducing increases in $Ca^{2+}$ concentration. Stimulation of the muscarinic receptor induced by xylitol activated the internalization of M3R and subsequent trafficking of aquaporin 5. Taken together, these findings suggest a molecular mechanism for secretory effects of xylitol on salivary epithelial cells.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.153-162
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• 2023

Background: Recent animal studies have suggested the role of GABA type A (GABA-_A) receptors in salivation, showing that GABA-_A receptor agonists inhibit salivary secretion. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of propofol (a GABA-_A agonist) on salivary secretions from the submandibular, sublingual, and labial glands during intravenous sedation in healthy volunteers. Methods: Twenty healthy male volunteers participated in the study. They received a loading dose of propofol 6 mg/kg/h for 10 min, followed by 3 mg/kg/h for 15 min. Salivary flow rates in the submandibular, sublingual, and labial glands were measured before, during, and after propofol infusion, and amylase activity was measured in the saliva from the submandibular and sublingual glands. Results: We found that the salivary flow rates in the submandibular, sublingual, and labial glands significantly decreased during intravenous sedation with propofol (P < 0.01). Similarly, amylase activity in the saliva from the submandibular and sublingual glands was significantly decreased (P < 0.01). Conclusion: It can be concluded that intravenous sedation with propofol decreases salivary secretion in the submandibular, sublingual, and labial glands via the GABA-_A receptor. These results may be useful for dental treatment when desalivation is necessary.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.151-157
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• 1988

For the detection of the active cariogenic factors contributing to caries development, some practical methods such as the Snyder test, estimation of salivary flow rate and salivary buffering capacity test were evaluated statistically by comparing DMFT and DMFS indexes. Total 122 children (62 male and 60 female ; 64 rural and 58 urban) were selected ramdomly from the 6th grade of the primary school and their salivary cariogenic factors were analysed and evaluated. Among the total 122 children, 78.7% was positive in the snyder test in which the marked, moderate and slight caries activities were 29.5%, 30.3% and 18.9%, respectively. In the Snyder test, 74.45% was positive in urban children while 84.48% was positive in rural children. DMFT and DMFS indexes were markedly lower in negative group than positive group of the Snyder test (p<0.01). The mean and standard deviation of stimulated salivary flow rate was 6.97$\pm$2.57 in male and 6.34$\pm$2.54 in female but no significant difference was observed in sexuality. The stimulated salivary flow rate of urban children was slightly higher that of rural but there was no significant difference between them. However, the group that showed below average in the stimulated salivary flow rate was markedly higher in DMFI and DMFT indexes than the group of above average. The mean and standard deviation of stimulated salivary buffering capacity was 7.65$\pm$2.19 in male and 6.80$\pm$1.67 in female. This difference was significant statistically(p<0.05). Stimulated salivary buffering capacity of urban children was higher than that of rural. Increases in stimulated salivary flow rate and buffering capacity had reduced the onset of dental caries of 14-year-old permanent tooth.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.352-358
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• 2010

Chemotherapy or radiotherapy used for the treatment of pediatric cancer may have many adverse effects on the oral cavity. Oral mucositis, reduced salivary flow, oral infection, hypodontia, microdontia, arrested root development, and enamel hypoplasia are common oral complications. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of cancer therapy on dental caries activities. The children who had been treated for neuroblastoma in the department of pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, were included and healthy children served as controls. The salivary flow rate, salivary buffering capacity, and Streptococcus mutans counts of both groups were evaluated using Dentocult$^{(R)}$ SM and Dentobuff$^{(R)}$ Strip. The dental caries activity related to the age at the start of treatment and the time elapsed since treatment completion were also evaluated. As a result, neuroblastoma patients had significantly lower salivary flow rate than the controls, while there were no significant differences between two groups as for salivary buffering capacity and Streptococcus mutans counts. The dental caries activities related to the age at the start of treatment and the time elapsed since treatment completion were not significantly different.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 1976

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of multibanded orthodontic appliances on dental caries activity. The subjects consisted of 50 males and females with multibanded orthodontic appliance and the same number of caries free group. The following conclusions were obtained, 1. There was significant difference between the experimental group and control group in the tests of Snyder colorimetric test, acid :buffering capacity and oral glucose clearance test (at $5\%$ level of significance). 2. There was no significant difference between the experimental group and control group in the tests of unstimulated salivary flow fate, stimulated salivary flow rate and salivary viscosity test (at $5\%$ level of significance). 3. Dental caries activity was higher in experimental group than in control group.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.567-575
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to investigate dental care effects of periodontal diseases patients with systemic diseases. Methods: The study subjects were ten patients. The study consisted of direct examination and interview survey. Direct examination comprised pocket depth, bleeding on the brush, O'Leary plaque record, salivary flow rate, and oral bacterial culture for three months. Results: The number of diabetic patients was eight. Four patients xerostomia and one of them had 0.7 mL per minute of salivary flow rate, decreased O'Leary plaque record, and bleeding in the brush. Those who received education were able to take control of plaque management. They recognized the need for oral care and had good self-management of oral care skills. Conclusions: The professional dental care and oral health education improved periodontal health and self-management skills of plaque in periodontal disease patients with systemic diseases.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.537-545
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• 2016

This research examined the oral environmental factors to identify the risk factors for oral bacteria detection. This study comprised of 60 office workers aged between 20 and 65 years, and was performed from January 15 to February 28, 2015. The study variables measured were the stimulated and unstimulated salivary flow rates, salivary buffering, saliva pH, dry mouth at the dorsum of the tongue and the sublingual region, halitosis, and the degree of tongue-coating as oral environmental factors. To identify the presence of oral bacteria, pathogens were detected by extracting the gDNA of the resting salivary flow rate. The risk of S.mutans detection was 15 times higher with smokers, 1.3~1.6 times higher when the resting or stimulated salivary flow rate was reduced by 1 mm. The risk of P.intermedia detection was 13 times higher in smokers, 4.3 times higher as the severity of oral dryness was lowered, and 4 times higher for adults with a tongue coating than those without. In addition, the risk of detecting TM7 was 5.5 times higher as sublingual dryness was decreased by 1mm. The oral bacterial count will be reduced considerably by smoking cessation education and habits that facilitate a salivary flow rate. Furthermore, adults with good and well-managed dental hygiene are anticipated to have less oral bacteria and fewer dental diseases.

• Journal of Korean Dental Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.47-62
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• 2023

Purpose: We aimed to investigate the objective cutoff values of unstimulated flow rates (UFR) and stimulated salivary flow rates (SFR) in patients with xerostomia and to present an optimal machine learning model with a classification and regression tree (CART) for all ages. Materials and Methods: A total of 829 patients with oral diseases were enrolled (591 females; mean age, 59.29±16.40 years; 8~95 years old), 199 patients with xerostomia and 630 patients without xerostomia. Salivary and clinical characteristics were collected and analyzed. Result: Patients with xerostomia had significantly lower levels of UFR (0.29±0.22 vs. 0.41±0.24 ml/min) and SFR (1.12±0.55 vs. 1.39±0.94 ml/min) (P<0.001), respectively, compared to those with non-xerostomia. The presence of xerostomia had a significantly negative correlation with UFR (r=-0.603, P=0.002) and SFR (r=-0.301, P=0.017). In the diagnosis of xerostomia based on the CART algorithm, the presence of stomatitis, candidiasis, halitosis, psychiatric disorder, and hyperlipidemia were significant predictors for xerostomia, and the cutoff ranges for xerostomia for UFR and SFR were 0.03~0.18 ml/min and 0.85~1.6 ml/min, respectively. Conclusion: Xerostomia was correlated with decreases in UFR and SFR, and their cutoff values varied depending on the patient's underlying oral and systemic conditions.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.73-82
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• 1993

To investigate the changes in aerobic and facultative anaerobic oral microflora during remission-induction chemotherapy in patients with acute myeloid leukemia, 10 consecutive patients were studied during a period of 28 days. One day before, during and after the induction therapy, patients were given 10% Betadine solution for mouthrinses after breakfast and kept from eating and drinking. After 3 hours, paraffin-stimulated whole saliva was obtained for 2 minutes and transported to the laboratory. The samples were dispersed and homogenized by use of vortex mixer for 20 seconds. From these samples 10-fold serial dilutions (from 10-1 through 10-3) were prepared. Each dilution of 0.1 ml was plated on duplicate set of one nonselective medium (Blood agar) and four selective media (Sabourauds dextrose agar, Mannitol salt agar, Mac-Conkey agar, SF medium ) using applicator woods. All agar plate were incubated at 37$^{\circ}C$ for 48 hours. The total number of microorganisms was calculated and the percentage distribution of the various microorganisms from each specimen was drawn. 1. The salivary flow rate decreased by 66%, going from 5.38 ml/2min to 1.81 ml/2min over two days during the chemotherapy. 2. The total number of microorganisms in saliva increased by 22%, going from 4.88$\times$105/ml to 6.00$\times$105/ml over two days during the chemotherapy. 3. The salivary flow rate and the total number of microorganisms in saliva were recovered within 28 days after the chemotherapy. 4. The quantitative alteration in oral Enterobacteria, Enterococci, Staphylococci, Cndida during the chemotherapy had no statistical significance. 5. In saliva of the patients with acute myeloid leukemia who ahd intraoral ulcer, Enterobacteria was quantitatively predominent. Our study suggests that chemotherapy-induced transient xerostomia may induce acute oral infection. Consequently, the use of saliva substitute, the removal of intraoral infection source and the consistent oral hygiene care seem to be required to avoid the transmission of potential pathogenes in this group of patients.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.473-486
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• 2011

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate the clinical characteristics and usefulness of comprehensive diagnosis of Yin-deficiency and heart rate variability in patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS). Methods : We surveyed 30 burning mouth syndrome patients visiting the Oral Diseases Clinic of Kyung Hee University Oriental Medicine Hospital from April to September of 2011. The subjects were evaluated on self-assessed severity of burning mouth syndrome and xerostomia using visual analogue scale (VAS) score and Yin-deficiency condition (based on the 10-item Yin-deficiency questionnaire). Salivary function was measured by the unstimulated salivary flow rate (USFR), and heart rate variability (HRV) parameters were recorded by SA-2000E (Medicore Co., Ltd., Korea). Results : There were substantial significant positive correlations between burning sensation VAS scores in mouth and Yin-deficiency scores. There was significant negative correlation between xerostomia VAS score and USFR. Compared to the normal range of total power (TP) in HRV parameters, the burning mouth syndrome patients showed significant lower values of TP. Conclusions : The results of this study suggest that comprehensive diagnosis of Yin-deficiecny and HRV parameters are useful in diagnosing of burning mouth syndrome patients. Therefore, we assume that improvement of Yin-deficiency condition can be a potentially effective way to treat burning mouth syndrome.