• 치위생과학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.83-89
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• 2022

Background: Estrogen deficiency affects the structure and function of the salivary glands in women, leading to a decrease in salivary secretion and a change in the composition of saliva. Previous studies on changes in the salivary glands that cause estrogen deficiency have reported only partial results for the parotid and submandibular glands, and there are few comparative morphological studies of histological changes between the parotid and submandibular glands in ovariectomized rats (OVX) leading to estrogen deficiency. This study aimed to analyze the histopathological and histochemical changes in the parotid and submandibular salivary glands causing estrogen deficiency by using OVX, and to discuss the mechanism on these changes. Methods: The parotid and submandibular glands from sacrificed control and OVX groups were fixed with cold 4% paraformaldehyde in phosphate buffer (pH 7.2). The tissues were dehydrated using a series of graded ethyl alcohol and embedded in paraffin. For histopathological analysis, sections cut to a thickness of 6 to 7 ㎛ were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). For histochemical analysis, Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), Alcian blue (AB, pH 2.5), and PAS+AB (pH 2.5 and pH 1) staining was performed. Results: Histopathological analysis of OVX tissue showed that the parotid and submandibular salivary glands were broadly and clearly separated and divided into lobes. In OVX, acinar and ductal cells with condensed polymorphic or pyknotic nucleus, which are presumed to be characteristic of apoptotic cells, and degenerated cells with lipid deposition in cytoplasmic granules and ruptured membranes were increased. Histochemical analysis of OVX, confirmed an increase in the number and acidification of acinar secretory granules. Conclusion: Histopathological and histochemical changes and the effects of estrogen deficiency are more evident in the submandibular salivary gland than in the parotid gland.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.233-240
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• 2014

어린이용 영양제의 우식 유발능에 관해 알아보기 위하여 국내에서 시판 중인 건강기능식품 어린이용 영양제 4종에 대한 생체외 연구를 시행하였다. 어린이용 영양제 4종을 실험군으로, 10% 자당을 양성 대조군, 인공 타액을 음성 대조군으로 하였다. 실험군 및 대조군의 pH, 완충능, 산생성능, 우치 법랑질 침식능을 검사하였다. 실험군 4종의 pH 모두 탈회 임계 pH인 5.5보다 낮았다. 완충능은 Hama Vitamin Pharm이 가장 크고, Smart Chewable Vitamin A가 가장 작았다. 4개의 실험군은 음성 대조군보다 유의하게 높은 산생성능을 보였다(p < 0.05). 우치 법랑질 침식능 검사 결과, 4종의 실험군과 양성 대조군에서 표면미세경도가 유의하게 감소하였다(p < 0.05). 표면미세경도 감소율은 실험군 중에서 Hama Vitamin Pharm이 유의하게 높았고, Hikid Plus는 유의하게 낮았다(p < 0.05).

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.101-110
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• 2010

전 세계 인구의 약 절반정도가 H. pylori에 감염되었다고 보고되고 있고, 구강은 H. pylori 감염 및 전염경로에 있어서 두 번째 서식지로 제시되고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 H. pylori의 구강내 발현양상이 위의 H. pylori 감염율과 어떤 관련성이 있는가를 조사하여 H. pylori 감염에 있어서 구강의 역할을 밝히고자, 위장질환을 포함한 전신질환이 없는 100명의 하악좌측 중절치 및 제1대구치 치은 열구액, 협점막, 혀의 배면, 구개부위 및 타액에서 표본을 채취하여 Nested PCR을 시행한 후 요소호기검사 결과와 비교하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 구강 내에서 샘플을 채취한 6개 부위 중 Nested PCR에서 한 개 이상 양성을 보이는 사람은 36명(36%)이었으며, UBT에서 양성을 나타내는 사람은 33명(33%)이었다(p>0.05). 2. 구강 내 6개 부위에서 샘플을 채취하여 Nested PCR을 시행한 결과, 하악 좌측중절치와 제1대구치 협측 치은열구액에서 각각 11명(11%)과 8명(8%)이 양성을 나타내었고, 오른쪽 협점막, 혀의 배면, 구개부위의 구강점막세포 그리고 혀 밑 타액샘플에서 각각 9명(9%), 3명(3%), 9명(9%), 7명(7%)이 양성을 나타내었다. 구강의 샘플 채취 부위에 따른 발현율의 비교에 있어서 하악 좌측 중절치 협측 치은열구액과 혀의 배면에서 채취한 샘플사이에서만 통계적 유의성이 있었다(p<0.05). 3. 분석방법에 따라 구강과 위장 내 H. pylori 감영양상을 비교한 결과, 구강과 위장에서 양성은 10명(10%), 구강에서 음성과 위장에서 양성은 23명(23%), 구강에서 양성과 위장에서 음성은 26명(26%) 그리고 구강과 위장에서 음성을 나타내는 경우는 41명(41%)이었다(p>0.05). 이상의 결과로 H. pylori는 위의 감염과 무관하게 구강내 정상세균총으로 존재할 수 있음을 추론할 수 있었다.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.319-324
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to verify the oral environmental change in using the natural oral cleaner containing propolis and prevention effect of oral disease. Methods: The subjects were 60 university students in Gangwon province. The groups consisted of 30 students of experimental group and 30 students of control group. The subjects were those who did not take the antipsychotic, diuretic, antihistamine, and anesthetic. The students rinsed their mouth with propolis mixture of oral cleanser for 4 weeks after receiving informed consent from October 1 to November 2, 2012. Collected saliva was measured for amount, salivary consistency, pH, plague index, gingival index, and halitosis. Results: The amount of salivary in propolis mixture of oral cleansing group remarkably increased (t=2.16, p<0.05). pH was alkaline in the group with oral cleaner containing the propolis (t=2.80, p<0.01). The bad breath remarkably decreased in the group with oral cleaner containing the propolis (t=-5.77, p<0.001). Conclusions: The use of the oral cleaner containing the propolis increased the amount of salivary and pH. The use of oral cleaner containing the propolis reduces halitosis and maintains good quality of oral hygiene.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.13-22
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• 2008

This study compared tooth's remineralization using enamel surface artificially demineralized with 0.1M lactate and HCL solution using Vicker's Hardness Number(VHN) to compare CPP-ACP and remineralization of nano-sized Carbonate Apatite's initial caries. Using pH circulation models divided into 0% nano-CA, 5% nano-CA, 10% nano-CA, 10% CPP-ACP and D.W. they were treated for 5 minutes, three times a day for 14 days to get the following results. 1. There were no significant differences among the initial surface hardness of samples demineralized surface of front tooth in 5 groups. and all 5 groups' surface hardness reduced significantly after demineralization of enamel. 2. When inquiring into hardness changes through pH circulation model, the highest hardness change was in 5% nano-CA group. Also. 10% nano-CA and 10% CPP-ACP groups increased significantly. but there was no significant difference statistically. In generalizing the above experiment results, nano-sized Carbonate Apatite showed remineralization, and compared to 10% CPP-ACP group, 5% nano-CA had remineralization to artificial caries. thus implies that when we develop method to contact with tooth of nano-CA in the future, it is expected to gain synergy effect on function of saliva, a natural remineralization material.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.16-22
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• 2002

녹차 및 매실추출물이 아질산염 소거, 전자 공여능 및 NDMA 생성 억제에 미치는 영향을 분석하고, 질산염과 아민이 풍부한 식단(CW)에 인공타액과 위액을 이용한"simulated digestion"에서 확인하였다. 녹차와 매실 추출물의 아질산염 소거작용을 pH 1.2,4.2 및 6.0에서 실험한 결과, pH가 낮을수록, 시료 첨가량이 많을수록 효과적이었으며 pH 1.2에서 녹차 추출물 0.5ml 첨가시킬 경우 99.6%의 높은 소거작용을 나타내었고, 매실 추출물 3ml 첨가시 77.2%의 소거작용을 나타내었다. 녹차 및 매실 추출물의 전자공여 시용은 각각 70.6%, 75.1%로 높게 나타났다. 녹차와 배 신 추출물의 NDMA 생성억제 효과는 pH 1.2에시 가장 뛰어났을, 시료량이 증가할수록 억제효과가 높아 3ml 첨가시에 82.1%와 73.2%의 억제효과를 나타내었다. 실험식이에 녹차 및 매실 추출물의 텀가량을 달리하여 인공소화시킬 때 NDMA생성억제 효과는 시료 첨가량에 비례하여 각각 20m1첨가시 녹차 추출물은 57.9%, 매실 추출물은 48.4%의 NDMA 생성 억제 효과를 나타내었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.687-694
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• 2002

An in vitro study was conducted to examine the effect of addition level of concentrate on fermentation characteristics and long-chain unsaturated fatty acids composition, especially conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and trans-octadecenoic acid (t-FA) by mixed ruminal bacteria when incubated with linseed or rapeseed. Four levels (0.83, 1.25, 1.67 and 2.08%, w/v) of concentrate and ground oilseeds (linseed or rapeseed; 0.83%, w/v) were added to mixed solution of strained rumen fluid with artificial saliva (1:1, v/v) in the glass jar with a glass lid equipped with stirrer, and was incubated anaerobically for 24 h at $39^{\circ}C$. Addition level of concentrate slightly reflect on pH and ammonia concentration of the culture solution at the various incubation times when incubated with both linseed and rapeseed. Total VFA concentration slightly increased with incubation times and concentrate levels for incubations with oilseeds. While CLA composition had a clearly increasing trend with incubation time when incubated with linseed, percent CLA was relatively stable when incubated with rapeseed. Percent CLA, however, had a clearly decreasing trend with concentrate level throughout incubation times with significances at 3 h incubations when incubated with linseed (p<0.038) and rapeseed (p<0.0009). The differences in compositions of t-FA were relatively small among concentrate levels for both incubations with linseed and rapeseed. The ratios of t-FA to CLA were lower for linseed with increased proportion of CLA than for rapeseed.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.154-161
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• 2019

Background: The market for vitamin drinks is expanding both in Korea and worldwide. However, it was difficult to find studies regarding the possibility of tooth erosion induction due to vitamin drinks. The purpose of the present in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of tooth erosion caused by a few commercial vitamin beverages on bovine teeth enamel in terms of erosion depth and fluorescence loss. Methods: Three experimental groups (vitamin drinks), a positive control group (Coca-Cola), and a negative control group (mineral water) were established. Each group consisted of 5 specimens obtained from sound bovine teeth. The pH and titratable acidity of beverages were measured. Specimens were immersed in the beverages and artificial saliva for 6 and 18 hours, respectively. This cycle was repeated for 5 days. The depth of the tooth loss caused by tooth erosion (erosion depth) and maximum loss of fluorescence (Max ${\Delta}F$) were measured using the microscope and quantified light-induced fluorescence-digital, respectively. For the statistical analysis, the Kruskal-Wallis test and ANOVA were used to compare the erosion depth and Max ${\Delta}F$ of the enamel surfaces. In addition, Spearman correlations were estimated. Results: The pH of the three vitamin beverages ranged from 2.65 to 3.01, which is similar to that of the positive control group. All beverages, except mineral water, had sugar and acidic ingredients. Vitamin drinks and the positive control, Coca-Cola, caused tooth erosion lesions, and showed significant differences in erosion depth compared to mineral water (p<0.05). The vitamin beverages with low pH were associated with high erosion depth and Max ${\Delta}F$. Conclusion: Vitamin drinks have the potential to cause tooth erosion.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.363-372
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• 1994

In two separate experiments with crossbred bulls (Sahiwal $\times$ indigenous) the effect of access to a urea-molasses lickblock (MOL-U-MIN) on straw diets was studied. The animals were given either untreated (US) or urea treated (TS) rice straw with or without lickblock supplementation. In experiment 1, individual dry matter intake (DMI) and dry matter digestibility (DMD) were measured, while in experiment 2 in addition to the above rumen (pH, ammonia, minerals) and blood (protein, minerals and haemotological) parameters were also measured. With both experiments urea treatment did not effect DMI, but lickblock supplementation significantly (p < 0.05) increased DMI. The DMD values obtained in both experiments for TS were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than for US, but lickblock supplementation did not effect the DMD of either US or TS fed animals. Both urea treatment (6.97 vs 6.93) and lickblock supplementation (6.98 vs 6.92) significantly (p < 0.001) reduced the rumen pH. Urea treatment and lickblock supplementation increased the rumcn $NH_3-N$ concentration (mg/100 ml) from 8.7 to 11.9 and 9.2 to 11.4, respectively. Both US and TS diets fed with or without lickblock increased the molar ratio of Na : K in saliva. Phosphorus content in blood plasma was significantly (p < 0.01) increased due to lickblock supplementation, whereas the Fc content in blood was significantly increased (p < 0.01) by urea treatment. Haemoglobin content in blood ranged from 11.3 to 11.7 g/dl, and was not influenced by urea treatment or lickblock supplementation. Lickblock significantly reduced the number of red blood cells, but increased the mean corpuscular volume. It is concluded that feeding urea treated straw with proper mineral supplementation could be a more economical alternative to lickblock supplementation.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.352-367
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• 1998

Intracellular pH (pHi) plays an important role in the regulation of cellular processes by influencing the acitivity of various enzymes in cells. Therefore, almost every type of mammalian cell possesses an ability to regulate its pHi. One of the most prominent mechanisms in the regulation of pHi is $Na^+/H^+$ exchanger. This exchanger has been known to be activated when cells are stimulated by the binding of agonist to the muscarinic receptors. Therefore, the aims of this study were to compare the rates of $H^+$ extrusion through $Na^+/H^+$ exchanger before and during muscarinic stimulation and to investigate the possible existence of $HCO_3^-$ transporter which is responsible for the continuous supply of $HCO_3^-$ ion to saliva. Acinar cells were isolated from the rat mandibular salivary glands and loaded with pH-sensitive fluoroprobe, 2', 7'-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein(BCECF), for 30min at room temperature. Cells were attached onto the coverglass in the perfusion chamber and the changes in pHi were measured on the iverted microscope using spectrofluorometer. 1. By switching the perfusate from $HCO_3^-$-free to $HCO_3^-$-buffered solution, pHi decreased by $0.39{\pm}0.02$ pH units followed by a slow increase at an initial rate of $0.04{\pm}0.007$ pH units/min. The rate of pHi increase was reduced to $0.01{\pm}0.002$ pH units/min by the simultaneous addition of 1 mM amiloride and $100{\mu}M$ DIDS. 2. An addition and removal of $NH_4^+$ caused a decrease in pHi which was followed by an increase in pHi. The increase of pHi was almost completely blocked by 1mM amiloride in $HCO_3^-$-free perfusate which implied that the pHi increase was entired dependent on the activation of $Na^+/H^+$ exchanger in $HCO_3^-$-free condition. 3. An addition of $10{\mu}M$ carbachol increased the initial rate of pHi recovery from $0.16{\pm}0.01$ pH units/min to $0.28{\pm}0.03pH$ units/min. 4. The initial rate of pHi decrease induced by 1mM amiloride was also increased by the exposure of the acinar cells to $10{\mu}M$ carbachol ($0.06{\pm}0.008pH$ unit/min) compared with that obtained before carbachol stimulation ($0.03{\pm}0.004pH$ unit/min). 5. The intracellular buffering capacity ${\beta}1$ was $14.31{\pm}1.82$ at pHi 7.2-7.4 and ${\beta}1$ increased as pHi decreased. 6. The rate of $H^+$ extrusion through $Na^+/H^+$ exchanger was greatly enhanced by the stimulation of the cells with $10{\mu}M$ carbachol and there was an alkaline shift in the activity of the exchanger. 7. An intrusion mechanism of $HCO_3^-$ was identified in rat mandibular salivary acinar cells. Taken all together, I observed 3-fold increase in $Na^+/H^+$ exchanger by the stimulation of the acinar cells with $10{\mu}M$ carbachol at pH 7.25. In addition, I have found an additional mechanism for the regulation of pHi which transported $HCO_3^-$ into the cells.