• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.795-801
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• 2001

Effects of Mucilage fraction from Yam (Dioscorea batatas DECENE), which has long been used as a wild vegetable and folk medicine, on blood glucose and lipid composition in alloxan-induced diabetic mice were investigated. Diabetes mellitus was induced in male ICR mice by the injection of alloxan into the tail vein at a dose of 75 mg/kgBW. Alloxan-induced diabetic mice were administered the yam mucilage fraction1 orally ; y500F1 group (500 mg/kgBW/day fraction1) and y750F1 group (750 mg/kgBW/day fraction1); and the normal and alloxan-control group were orally administered with saline for 10 days. The body weight gain and food intake were monitored every day. The concentrations of glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol of serum and liver levels of glucose, triglyceride, and cholesterol were determined. Also weight of liver, heart, spleen and kidney were measured. The fraction 1 of yam mucilage lowered body weight gain significantly (p<0.05) and decreased serum glucose levels in alloxan-induced diatetic mice compared to that of alloxan-control group. In alloxan induced diabetic mice serum triglyceride level was lowered and liver HDL-cholesterol level increased significantly (p<0.05). In conclusion, it was assumed that yam mucilage fraction 1 has anti-hyperglycemic and anti-obesitic effects by reducing body weight gain and decreasing serum glucose and triglyceride level.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.802-807
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• 2001

Effects of ${\beta}-glucan$ from Lentinus edodes and hordeum vulgare on blood glucose and lipid composition were investigated. Diabetes mellitus was induced in male ICR mice by the injection of alloxan into the tail vein at a dose of 75 mg/kg. The ${\beta}-glucan$ were administered orally for 10 days and the normal and alloxan-control group were orally administered with saline. The body weight gain and food intake were monitored every day and plasma levels of glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol were determined at last day. Also the weight of liver, heart, spleen and kidney were determined. The ${\beta}-glucan$ from Lentinus edodes and hordeum vulgure lowered significantly body weight gain in alloxan-induced diatetic mice (p<0.05) and plasma glucose levels compared to that of alloxan-control group. Plasma triglyceride level in B500 was lowered in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. The ${\beta}-glucan$ of hordeum vulgare lowered weight of liver significantly (p<0.05). In conclusion, it was assumed that ${\beta}-glucan$ from hordeum vulgare have anti-hyperglycemic and anti-obese effects by reducing body weight gain and decreasing serum glucose and triglyceride level.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2001

We have synthesized $^{99m}$Tc-mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG3)-biocytin as a new imaging agent for hepatobiliary scintigraphy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of $^{99m}$Tc-MAG3-biocytin scintigraphy in differentiating carbon tetrachloride ( $CCl_4$)-induced hepatotoxicity from $\alpha$-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced cholestasis in mice, which reflecting the differential diagnosis of neonatal jaundice caused by neonatal hepatitis from congenital biliary atresia in humans. Methods: Balb/c mice (female, 20 g, n=4-6) were pretreated with $CCl_4$(0.5 or $1.0m\ell$/kg) and ANIT ($150 or 300 m\ell$/kg) 18 h before scintigraphy. Biochemical and histopathological examinations showed a pattern of typical acute hepatitis (increase of transaminases and hepatocellular necnsis) in $CCl_4$-treated mice and cholestasis (increase of alkaline phosphatase and ${\gamma}$-glutamyltransferase, and biliary hyperplasia) in ANIT-treated mice, respectively, Mice were fasted at least 4 hr prior to the intravenous injection of $^{99m}$Tc-MAG3-biocytin (18.5 MBq/20$\mu\textrm{g}$) in 2% human serum albumin in saline. Scintigraphy was performed with a ${\gamma}$-camera equipped with a 1-mm diameter pin-hole collimator for 30 min and images were acquired every 15 s. We compared the values of physical parameters, such as peak liver/heart ratio ($${\gamma}$_{max}$) and peak ratio time ($t_{max}$) far $^{99m}$Tc-MAG3-biocytin scintigraphy. Results: Scintigraphic parameters of the $CCl_4$-pretreated (0.5 $m\ell$/kg) group showed a 81.9% decrease of r$_{max}$, and 42.2% decrease of $t_{max}$, whereas the ANIT-pretreated ( $150m\ell$/kg) group showed a 53% decrease of $r_{max}$, and 2.36-fold increase of $t_{max}$, (P<0.05). These results demonstrate that the decrease of $r_{max}$ and the shortening of $t_{max}$ are characteristic features for hepatotoxicity, in contrast to the increase of $t_{max}$ and decrease of $r_{max}$ for biliary hyperplasia. Conclusion: $^{99m}$Tc-MAG3-biocytin hepatobiliary scintigraphy can distinguish hepatitis from cholestasis in mice model and may be similarly useful in humans which differentiating the cause of neonatal jaundice in clinical study.cal study.cal study.cal study.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.173-177
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• 2002

We examined effects of red ginseng on the formation of glycated protein in vivo and in vitro. The mixtures (1 : 1 : 1, v/v/v) with glucose (1.5 g/dl, hemoglobin (10 g/d) and red ginseng extract (0.5 g/dl) in 0.067 M phosphate saline buffer were incubated for 5 days in shaking water bath (37$\^{C}$, 70 RPM). Male rats were divided into three groups with one health and two diabetes, consisting of 20 heads in each group. Diabetic rats, induced by streptozotocin injection, were treated with or without red ginseng extract (100 mg/kg/day) for 3 months. The concentration of blood glucose and the rate of glycated hemoglobin were determined by commercial kits. The rate of glycated hemoglobin was significantly decreased by the addition of ginseng extract in comparison with non-addition group in vitro (12.17$\pm$ 1.01% vs 15.9$\pm$ 1.95%, meansd, p<0.01). Even though the levels of blood glucose in rats were not significantly different from each other, the rate of glycated hemoglobin in ginseng treated diabetic rats was $\pm$ se significantly lower than non-treated diabetic rats after 3 months (15.1$\pm$ 2.06% vs 20.1 $\pm$ 2.9%, mean$\pm$ sd, p<0.05). Additionally, the body weight was increased, drinking water volume was decreased non-significantly by the treatment of ginseng extract. These results suggest that ginseng can also inhibit the formation of glycated protein by other mechanisms which are not related with hyoglyemic effect of ginseng.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.211-220
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• 2007

Objectives : This study was to investigate the effect of high frequency electroacupuncture at $ST_{36}$ acupuncture point on the Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) induced rat arthritis pain model. Methods : Arthritis was induced by intradermal injection of CFA into base of tail. Experimental groups were divided into 4 groups; Normal, Control and Jok-Samri ($ST_{36}$) and Non-Acupuncture point (NA). Normal group, non-arthritic group, was injected with normal saline，and the others groups were injected CFA. $ST_{36}$ group was treated by 120 Hz electroacupuncture at $ST_{36}$ acupuncture point, and NA group was treated by 120 Hz electroacupuncture at non-acupuncture point. Each groups were evaluated by the change of c-fos positive neurons in periaqueductal gray (PAG) and hippocampus by using an image analyzer and a microscope. Results: - In the PAG region, the number of fos-positive cells in the $ST_{36}$ group ($42.37{\pm}5.08$) were significantly (p<0.05) decreased compared with the control group ($64.56{\pm}6.35$). - In the PAG region, the number of fos-positive cells in the NA group were meaninglessly decreased compared with the control group - In the Cornu Ammonis(CA)l region of hippocampus, the number of fos-positive cells in the $ST_{36}$ group ($7.00{\pm}1.08$) and NA group ($5.56{\pm}2.01$) were significantly (p<0.05) decreased compared with the control group ($13.81{\pm}1.24$). - In the dentate gyrus region of hippocampus, the number of fos- positive cells in the $ST_{36}$ group ($10.75{\pm}0.98$) and NA group ($6.56{\pm}0.78$) were significantly (p$26.45{\pm}1.82$). Conclusions : It is expected that high frequency electroacupuncture can be used a treatment of arthritic pain.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2006

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the histologic results of bone cavities that were surgically created in the calvaria of rabbit and filled with $HA/{\beta}-TCP$ composite powders, which had been developed in Korea (Dentium, Korea). Ten young adult rabbits were used. Four defects were surgically produced in calvaria of each rabbit. Each rabbit was anesthetized with Ketamine-HCI (5 mg/kg, Yuhan Cor. Korea) and Xylazine-HCI (1.5 ml/kg, Yuhan Cor. Korea)). An incision was made to the bony cranium and the periosteum was reflected. Using a trephine bur (external diameter: 8 mm, 3i, USA), 4 'through-and-through' bone defects were created with copious irrigation, and classified into 4 groups: control group: no graft materials, experimental group I: normal saline + graft materials: experimental group II: venous blood + graft materials: experimental group III: graft materials only. The defects were randomly filled with graft materials. The defects were closed with resorbable suture material. At the end of the surgical procedure, all animals received a single intramuscular injection of antibiotics Gentamicin (0.1 mg/kg, Dae Sung Microb. Korea). Rabbits were sacrificed with phentobarbital (100 mg/kg) intravenously at 1-, 2-, 4-, 6- and 8-week after. Specimens were treated with hydrochloric acid decalcifying solution (Fisher Scientific, Tustin, CA) and sectioned by bisecting the 8 mm diameter defects. The histologic specimens were prepared in the general method with H & E staining at 6 ${\mu}m$ in thickness. The results were as follows; 1. New bone formation showed from after 2-week of surgery in defect area. As time lapsed, lots of new bone formation and mature bones showed. 2. Histologically, degree of new bone formation could not be discerned among the experimental groups. But, for experimental group II, lots of cells gathered around graft materials after 1-week of surgery, new bone formed slightly faster and than the others at 1-week after. For experimental group I, a few inflammatory finding showed around graft material at after 1-week and after 2-week of surgery. 3. No bone formation did show for control group. Based on histologic results, the new $HA/{\beta}-TCP$ composite powders appeared to act as a scaffolding material for regeneration of osseous defects.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1278-1282
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• 2001

Effect of the egg yolks from laying hens intubated, p.o., astaxanthin (designated AEY) on the catabolic response overcome of mice was examined. Female ICR mice (6~7 weeks of age) were adapted in a temperature- and humidity-controlled house for one week and randomly divided into 5 groups (6 mice/cage/treatment). Mice were intubated p.o., AEY (5, 10 and 15 mg), control egg yolk (CEY, 10 mg), or fish oil (5 mg) dissolved in 0.2 mL phosphate buffered saline (PBS) every two days for 14 days. At day 15, the 0.1 mL of lipopolysaccharide solution (LPS, 30$\mu\textrm{g}$/0.1 mL 10 mM HEPES) was injected through tail vein, and then, the body weight of mouse and the amount of feed intake were measured over a period of 72 hours. Control group mice were received only PBS and LPS. AEY treatment suppressed the loss of mice body weight in a dose-response manner. Twenty four hours post LPS injection, the reduced body weight per mouse of AEY 5, AEY 10, and AEY 15 mg treatment groups was 3.70, 3.54, and 3.25 g, respectively. Body weight suppression effect of AEY treatment was greater than that of CEY, but less than fish oil. AEY treatment did not alter thymus weight, but increased the weight of spleen or liver. These results indicate that AEY suppressed the loss of body weight by LPS via any function of the spleen and/or liver.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.1-9
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• 2008

Objectives : This study was to investigate the effect of low frequency electroacupuncture according to acupoints combination on NOS positive neurons in the PAG and Hippocampus of Rat with adjuvant induced Rheumatoid arthritis. Methods : Arthritis was induced by intradermal injection of FCA into base of tail. Experimental group were divided into 6 group ; Normal, Control, $ST_{36}$, $SP_9$, $ST_{36}+SP_9$, and NA. Normal group was injected with normal saline and not treated electroacupuncture. Control group was injected with FCA and not treated electroacupuncture. ST36 group was injected with FCA and treated by 2 Hz electroacupuncture at $ST_{36}$. $SP_9$ group was injected with FCA and treated by 2 Hz electroacupuncture at $SP_9$. $ST_{36}+SP_9$ group was injected with FCA and treated by 2 Hz electroacupuncture at $ST_{36}+SP_9$. NA group was injected with FCA and treated by 2 Hz electroacupuncture at non acupoint. Each groups were evaluated by the number of NOS-positive neurons in PAG and hippocampus by using an image analyzer and a microscope. Results : 1. The number of NOS-positive neurons of the NA group were significantly decreased in the CA2-3. 2. The number of NOS-positive neurons of the ST36 group were significantly decreased in the PAG and CA2-3. 3. The number of NOS-positive neurons of the SP9 group were significantly decreased in the PAG and DG 4. The number of NOS-positive neurons of the ST36+SP9 group were significantly decreased in the PAG, CA1 and DG. Conclusions : It is expected that low frequency electroacupuncture can be used a treatment of rheumatoid arthritic pain and that treatment of electroacupuncture at combined acupoints is more efficient than treatment of low frequency electroacupuncture at one acupoint.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.79-95
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• 2011

Objectives : This study was to investigate the antiarthritic effect of Hwallak-dan(Huoluo-dan) on the complete freund's adjuvant(CFA)-induced arthritis in Lewis rats. Methods : Arthritis was induced by intradermal injection of CFA into base of tail. Experimental groups divided into normal(n=10), control(n=10) and treated(n=10) group. Animals of control group received normal saline for twenty days, treated group received extracts Hwallak-dan(Huoluo-dan) for same duration, light mineral oil only injected non-arthritic rats were served as normal group. The incidence of arthritis and arthritic index were observed after treatment. Body weight, paw edema volume and thickness of ankle joint were measured at 0, 11, 14, 17, 20 days after treatment. White blood cell(WBC) counts in blood were analysed at 20 days after treatment and tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}(TNF-{\alpha})$, $interleukin-1{\beta}(IL-1{\beta}$), IL-6 contents in paw exudate were analysed by ELISA at 20 days after treatment. Histopathology on the ankle joint were performed at 20 days after treatment. Results : 1. Incidence of arthritis of treated group was 60% and control group was 100% at 20 days after treatment. 2. Arthritic index of treated group was significantly decreased compared with control group at 20 days after treatment. 3. Paw edema volume and thickness of ankle joint of treated group was significantly decreased compared with control group at 20 days after treatment. 4. Total WBC of treated group was significantly decreased compared with control group at 20 days after treatment. 5. Neutrophils of treated group was significantly decreased compared with control group at 20 days after treatment. 6. $TNF-{\alpha}$ content in paw exudate of treated group was significantly decreased compared with control group at 20 days after treatment. 7. $IL-1{\beta}$ content content in paw exudate of treated group was significantly decreased compared with control group at 20 days after treatment. 8. IL-6 content content in paw exudate of treated group was significantly decreased compared with control group at 20 days after treatment. 9. Histopathological arthritic index of treated group was significantly decreased compared with control group at 20 days after treatment. Conclusions : These results indicate that Hwallak-dan(Huoluo-dan) has inhibitory effect on the development and progression of CFA-induced arthritis in rats.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.194-198
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• 2006

The effects of red ginseng (RG) on the changes of ultraviolet (UV) light B radiation-induced apoptotic sun-burn cell (SBC) and epidermal ATPase-positive dendritic cell (DC) in SKH 1-hr or ICR mouse were investigated. The mice were treated with UVB ($200mJ/cm^2$) and were sacrificed 24 hours later. RG (50 mg/kg of body weight) or vehicle (saline) was given i.p. at 36 and 12 hours before irradiation, and 30 minutes after irradiation. RG cream (0.2%) or cream base (vehicle) was also topically treated at 24 hours and 15 minutes before irradiation, and immediately after irradiation. The skin of SKH 1-hr mouse prepared from the back of untreated mice exhibited about 0.3 SBC/cm length of epidermis, and 24 hours after UV irradiation, the applied areas show an increased number of SBCs. But the frequency of UVB-induced SBC formation was significantly reduced by intraperitoneal injection of RG extract. The numbers of DC in normal ICR mouse were $628.00{\pm}51.56\;or\;663.20{\pm}62.58\;per\;mm^2$ of ear epidermis. By 1 day after UVB treatment, the number of ATPase-positive $cells/mm^2$ were decreased by 39.0% or 27.1% in i.p. or topical application group with vehicle. The frequency of UVB ($200mJ/cm^2$)-induced DC decrease was reduced by treatment of RG as 31.3% in i.p. group and 22.4% in topical application group compared with the irradiation control group. The results presented herein that RG administration could reduce the extent of skill damages produced by UVB.