• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.415-420
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• 2012

In order to evaluate the effect of seed weight on different aspect of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed germination and growth characteristics. Quantity of sinapine leaked from seed was greater as the viability of seeds was dropped by the time elapsed of seed aging model and long storage condition in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). The cultivar of safflower was Jin-Sun and the seeds that are separated to three different weights of small, middle, and large were used in this experiment. Large seeds revealed the highest germination percent, coleoptiles fresh weight, coleoptiles dry weight, radicle fresh weight and 1000 seed weights than other seed weight. Seed weight had little effect on yield while seed number exerted a positive influence. Interestingly, yield per plant and its major components, number of capsules and capsule weights, revealed a negligible relationship with oil content.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.373-377
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• 2009

Safflower seed extract was prepared by a high-pressure extraction technology and its quality characteristics were compared to that of other conventional extraction techniques, such ultrasonic and reflux extractions. Safflower seeds were extracted with 80% aqueous ethanol by three above extraction methods, and further fractionated with Diaion HP-20 column chromatography to obtain a partially purified safflower seed extract (PPSSE). Among the three extraction techniques examined, the reflux extraction showed the higher yields of EtOH extract and PPE than the ultrasonic and high-pressure extractions. Levels of most phenolic compounds in the EtOH extract of safflower seed are higher in reflux and ultrasonic extractions than the high pressure extraction, but levels of two serotonin aglycones, N-(p-coumaroyl)serotonin (CS) and N-feruloylserotonin (FS), in PPSSE were higher in the high pressure extraction than the reflux and ultrasonic extractions. In addition, color values (L and a) of the PPSSE were higher in the high-pressure extraction than the reflux and ultrasonic extractions, although there were no significant differences in pH and UV maxima absorption spectra among three extraction techniques. These results indicate that the high-pressure extraction technology is a simple and effective extraction for preparation of a high quality of safflower seed extract containing CS and FS with anti-wrinkle activity.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.431-435
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• 2000

In order to develop new materials for the functional feed, the components of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) was studied. Chemical composition, minerals, amino acids, and fatty acids of the seed and the flower of safflower were analyzed. The chemical composition of safflower seed was 3.48% (w/w) moisture, 17.10% crude protein, 30.10% crude fat, 6.11% crude ash and these of safflower flower was 7.47% moisture, 26.30% crude protein, 11.50% crude fat, 5.73% crude ash. Mineral contents of the seed were K 170.70ppm, P 14.82ppm, Ca 13.17ppm, Mg 7.83 ppm whereas these of the flower were K 64.99 ppm, P 49.90 ppm, Ca 10.43ppm. Other mineral contents were less than 7.00ppm in all parts. The composition of the amino acid were approximately as follow, the major amino acid in all parts were aspartic acid, leucine, glycine, and arginine, the contents of these were 12.17mg/g, 11.52mg/g, 8.27mg/g, 6.99mg/g, 4.86mg/g in the seed, 19.35mg/g, 31.67mg/g, 10.30mg/g, 9.06mg/g, 12.51mg/g in the flower, respectively. The mahor fatty acids in the all parts were linoleic acid (C아래첨자). The linoleic acid and the palmitic acid (C아래첨자) in the seed and the flower parts were 77.75% (w/w), 19.32% and 8.37%, 25.62% respectively. On the basis of chemical analysis, the safflower showed to have relatively high contents of crude protein and crude fat, minerals, polyunsaturated fatty acid as linoleic acid. These results suggested that safflower was found to be a useful material of natural health food for the functional food development.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.307-314
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• 2001

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a thistle-like annual plant mainly grown in dry hot climates as an oilseed or birdseed. Traditionally, the oil has mainly been sold in the health food market because it is unsaturated having high linoleic and oleic acid levels. With increased health consciousness in recent years, the oil quality has become a more general health issue. This study was designed to understand whether safflower seed powder has positive effects on the fracture healing in rats. Simple transverse fracture of rat fibula was made with a rotating diamond disc saw. The histologic changes of rats were observed with a scanning electron microscope. The fractured fibulae showed a complete fusion at the fracture site in the 4th to 5th week after a simple transverse fracture. Administration of safflower seed powder facilitated the speed of histologic changes without affecting qualitative changes. These results suggest that safflower seed powder nay have substances that help the fracture healing process.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.529-534
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• 2003

This study was done to investigated the phytosterol compositions of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed. The phytoestrogen activity was also determined using CAT-ELISA Kit in ethanol extract of safflower seed. The phytosterol of safflower seeds was identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after saponification of the oils. The phytosterol content and composition of safflower seed oils were 4% and identified stigmast-5-en-3-ol (3$\beta$, 24S)-form, ${\gamma}$-sitosterol (clionasterol) with Wiley MS spectrum library. The synergistic effect of human estrogen receptor (hER) has been investigated using a minimal chimeric promoters composed of the TATA region of the adenovirus-2 major late promoter (A22MLP) and two consensus perfectly polindromic Xenopus vitellogenin A2 gene estrogen responsive elements (XVEREl19). Transient transfection experiments in tile human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MCF-7, which is known to express the estrogen receptor endogenously, revealed that phytoestrogen from Carthamus tinctorius L. acts as estrogen. We have observed the transcriptional activities stimulated methanol and ethanol extract of safflower seed in MCF-7, were 0.43 and 0.37 respectively, compared to that by $\beta$-estradiol as 1.0. Our data showed that safflower seeds have estrogenic activity methanol and ethanol extracts and ethanol lower than that of $\beta$-estradiol. This result provides the first evidence that the beneficial effect of safflower seeds may be mediated, at least in part, by the stimulating effect of phytoestrogen ell bone-protecting.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.30 no.4 s.48
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• pp.449-456
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• 2004

Phytoestrogens derived from plants and foods, which are diphenolic compounds with structural similarities to natural and synthetic estrogens, have been shown to estrogenic and antiestrogenic actions. Particularly, recent study revealed that phenolic compounds in safflower seed, such as serotonin derivatives, lignans and flavonoids, could be acted as phytoestrogens. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed extract (SID C.SE), therefore, are receiving a renewed interest as potential therapeutic source against skin wrinkles induced by estrogen deficiency. This study was conducted to investigate the anti-wrinkle effect of SID C.SE on normal human fibroblasts through the expression of type I procollagen and UVA-induced MMP-1 in vitro. The SID C.SE increased the type I procollagen expression, comparable to trans-retinol and reduced UVA-induced MMP-1 expression in a dose-dependent manner. The clinical study indicated that cream group treated with $0.1\%$ SID C.SE significantly reduced a skin wrinkles, as compared with a control (non-treated cream group) (p<0.05). These results suggest that the safflower seed extract may be useful as potential source of anti-wrinkle cosmetics.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.928-935
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of the addition of safflower seed (Carthamus tinctorius L.) on the physicochemical properties of ground pork as an animal fat replacer. Three types of ground pork were evaluated: 20% pork fat added (control), 10% pork fat and 10% safflower seed powder added (10% SS), and 20% safflower seed powder added (20% SS). The moisture, protein, and ash contents were highest in 20% SS, and the fat content was highest in the control (p<0.05). The cooking yield, moisture retention, fat retention, and water-holding capacity were highest in 20% SS, and the control showed a reduction in the diameter (p<0.05). The external and internal L-, a-, and b-values of the control were higher than those of the 10% SS and the 20% SS (p<0.05). The cholesterol content of the control, the 10% SS, and the 20% SS was 50.85, 21.77, and 17.91 mg/100 g, respectively, and that of the 20% SS was lowest among the samples (p<0.05). The linoleic acid content of the control, the 10% SS, and the 20% SS was 28.68%, 41.04%, and 54.26%, respectively. The total unsaturated fatty acid content of the control, the 10% SS, and the 20% SS was 50.53%, 55.76%, and 64.93%, respectively. The linoleic acid and the total unsaturated fatty acid content were highest in the 20% SS (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in amino acid composition.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.63-90
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• 2011

Safflower is a world-wide plant for multiple uses. flower of safflower is honghwa(紅花) which has been used for heart disease in oriental medicine. but its seed was not used in oriental medicine. after the publication of "Shinyak(神藥)" - the late 1980s, its seed(紅花子, hongwhassi) was known as good for bone fracture, osteoporosis and menopausal disorders. so many researchers studied hongwhassi and delivered lots of papers. the concern of each paper is different. this paper is a review paper. this paper studied documentary records about hongwhassi, and analyzed hongwhassi research trend. the trend consists of cultivation, ingredient analysis, osteoporosis, atherosclerosis, periodontal ligament and phytoestrogen. many papers lack of information about plant origin. so this paper supplements the standard form of plant origin(when sowing, where grow up, which direction, what kind etc).

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.221-225
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• 1999

Antioxidative compounds contained in roasted safflower seeds were investigated. Six phenolic compounds, N-feruloylserotonin, N-(p-coumaroyl) serotonin, matairesinol, 8'-hydroxyarctigenin, acacetin 7-Ο-β-D-glucoside(tilianine) and acacetin were isolated and identified from the extract of seeds. The inhibitory effects of six phenolic compounds on 1,1-dipheny1-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) radical and lipid peroxidation induced by H₂O₂/FeSO₄in rat liver microsomes were determined. Two serotonins showed more potent DPPH radical scavenging activity, and a stronger inhibitory effect on the lipid peroxidation than that of α-tocopherol. In addition, acacetin and matairesinol also considerably inhibited lipid peroxidation, while 2-hydroxy-arctigenin and tilianine were inactive. These results suggest that phenolic compounds, including serotonins, lignans and flavonoids in the roasted safflower seeds can be used as potential dietary natural antioxidants.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.298-309
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• 2020

Background: Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a useful medicinal and oil crop in Korea. However, when safflower is cultivated, the flowering period overlaps with the rainy season, and seed maturation is poor. Therefore, this study aimed to use basic research data to develop superior varieties using agronomic characteristics and crossing method. Methods and Results: A total of 34 safflower germplasms were sown and their agronomic characteristics were investigated. Based on these investigations, the cultivar 'ui-san-hong-hwa' was selected as the mother plant, and 'Myanmar safflower' (Hsu Pan) was selected as the father plant. In addition, we developed a floret-protecting cap to cover florets after emasculation during the artificial crossing. When florets were protected by the cap, the seed setting rate increased in comparison to that in the non-covered florets. Conclusions: Agronomic characteristics can contribute to developing suitable varieties. The results suggest that the protection cap will be helpful in breeding without the floral organ drying. This study contributes an efficient breeding method to develop new safflower varieties.