• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.98-103
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• 2015

Liquefied petroleum gas can be charged up to 85% of cylinder volume by enforcement regulations of safety control and business of liquefied petroleum gas act. The charged mass by enforcement regulations is considered by liquid expansion of internal liquefied petroleum gas at $65^{\circ}C$. But the temperature of liquid would not be suspended under $65^{\circ}C$ in a cylinder or portable vessel at certain situation. In the thermodynamics view point, the cylinder can be exposed to high pressure by liquid expansion. Consequently, it can be possible to potential risk such as physical explosion. Hence, this paper will offer a method of estimated internal pressure by liquid expansion at critical state in the closed system. Also, the structural factor which is given rise to volume increasement of cylinder is offered by experiment. This paper is expected as crucial reference for a cylinder design of liquefied petroleum gas.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.303-318
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• 2017

In the shipping industry, it is well known that around 80 % or more of all marine accidents are caused fully or at least in part by human error. In this regard, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) stated that the study of human factors would be important for improving maritime safety. Consequently, the IMO adopted the Casualty Investigation Code, including guidelines to assist investigators in the implementation of the Code, to prevent similar accidents occurring again in the future. In this paper, a process of the human factors investigation is proposed to provide investigators with a guide for determining the occurrence sequence of marine accidents, to identify and classify human error-inducing underlying factors, and to develop safety actions that can manage the risk of marine accidents. Also, an application of these investigation procedures to a collision accident is provided as a case study This is done to verify the applicability of the proposed human factors investigation procedures. The proposed human factors investigation process provides a systematic approach and consists of 3 steps: 'Step 1: collect data & determine occurrence sequence' using the SHEL model and the cognitive process model; 'Step 2: identify and classify underlying human factors' using the Maritime-Human Factor Analysis and Classification System (M-HFACS) model; and 'Step 3: develop safety actions,' using the causal chains. The case study shows that the proposed human factors investigation process is capable of identifying the underlying factors and indeveloping safety actions to prevent similar accidents from occurring.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.73-79
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• 2022

Objectives : Suicide is a global social problem. Social burden caused by suicide is gradually increasing. Various efforts have been made to prevent suicide. Lifestyle changes to western style, especially diet changes, have increased the risk for suicide. Therefore, in this study, we discussed diet as an adjuvant treatment for suicide. Methods : In this review, we summarized the biochemical mechanism of suicide, and diet as a risk factor for suicide and diet as a protective factor through a web search. Results : In this study, biochemical mechanisms for suicide were reviewed and diet as a risk factor and diet as a protective factor for suicide were investigated. It was confirmed that neurotoxic effects such as oxidative stress and inflammation in the neural system could increase the risk of suicide. Based on results of previous studies on the relationship between suicide and diet, it was found that heavy use of alcohol, coffee, carbonated soft drink, and fast food were risk factors for suicide. Protective factors for suicide included antioxidants such as vitamin C, carotene, and anti-inflammatory agents such as omega-3 fatty acids found in seafood in large amounts. Conclusions : The only treatment for suicide is prevention. In this context, effectiveness, accessibility, and safety are important for preventing for suicide. Antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents that are relatively safe and readily available to the public could be effective adjuvant treatments to decrease the risk of suicide. In addition, it is necessary to educate the public on reducing diets that could increase the risk of suicide

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.65-71
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• 2012

Changes in the styles of communities are leading of increases in the number of high-rise apartments and commercial-apartment structures. Tall high-rise structures, while presenting unique economies of scale and cost effectiveness, tend to be highly engineered and complex structures. In the event of a fire, this complexity in design also results in a complexity in the behavior of fire propagation and control. High-rise structures are among the most potentially dangerous due to the high population density in the building, and the inherent limitations on evacuation and on fire control services. One of the most critical points of fire propagation is the movement of fire through the outer wall structures. Controlling such propagation is essential in controlling the spread of the fire throughout the building itself, as well as controlling the potential for its spread to adjacent buildings. In this study, we will be examining the potential for fire control design and effects mitigation using a 1/4.5 scale model. The primary focus of the study will be the effects of extended balconies into the structure of high-rise apartments. The authors will also consider the effectiveness of reduced-scale model tests.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.17-25
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• 2004

Objectives : We intended to evaluate the double standard status and to identify factors of determining double standard criteria in multinational corporations of Korea, and specifically those in the occupational health and safety area. Methods : A postal questionnaire had been sent, between August 2002 and September 2002, to multinational corporations in Korea. A double standard company was defined as those who answered in more than one item as adopting a different standard among the five items regarding double standard identification. By comparing double standard companies with equivalent standard companies, determinants for double standards were then identified using logistic regression analysis. Results : Of multinational corporations, 45.1% had adopted a double standard. Based on the question naire's scale level, the factor of 'characteristic and size of multinational corporation' was found to have the most potent impact on increasing double standard risk. On the variable level, factors of 'number of affiliated companies' and 'existence of an auditing system with the parent company' showed a strong negative impact on double standard risk. Conclusion : Our study suggests that a distinctive approach is needed to manage the occupational safety and health for multinational corporations. This approach should be focused on the specific level of a corporation, not on a country level.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.57-73
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• 2004

Quantitative safety analysis through a fault tree method has been conducted for a fire broken out over the spilling LNG from a pilot LNG tank, which may have 4 types of scenarios causing potentially risky results. When we consider LNG release from venting pipelines as a first event, any specific radius of Low Flammable Limit(LFL) has not been built up. The second case of LNG outflow from the rupture of storage tank which will be the severest has been analyzed and the results revealed various diffusion areas to the leaking times even with the same amount of LNG release. As a third case LNG leakage from the inlet/outlet pipelines was taken into consider. The results showed no significant differences of LFL radii between the two spilling times of 10 and 60 minutes. Hence, we have known the most affecting factor on the third scenario is an initial amount of LNG release. Finally, the extent of LFL was calculated when LNG pipelines around the dike area were damaged. In addition, consequence analysis has been also performed to acquire the heat radiation and flame magnitude for each case.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.239-252
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• 2020

By using text mining, we explore the factors responsible for an increase in SUV preference. We collected 32,679 posts related to SUVs from "Bobaedream," the largest online automobile community in South Korea, and applied the LDA topic model. While previous studies have explained the SUV boom as an individual's risk aversion strategy from crime, the result shows that the topic of 'Safety' appears to be an important factor in the SUV discourse in the context of a car accident and high-speed driving situation. To conclude, the consumption of SUVs in Korean society serves as a mean to prevent anxiety and danger to individuals when driving. We insist that decreasing social trust, caused by an increase in inequality, underlies the perception of risk on the road.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.172-177
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• 2012

In areas around Deoksan Li and Deokjeon Li, Inje Eup, Inje Gun, located between $38^{\circ}2^{\prime}55^{{\prime}{\prime}}N$ and $38^{\circ}5^{\prime}50^{{\prime}{\prime}}N$ in latitude and $128^{\circ}11^{\prime}20^{{\prime}{\prime}}E$ and $128^{\circ}18^{\prime}20^{{\prime}{\prime}}E$ in longitude, large-sized avalanche disasters occurred due to Typhoon Ewiniar in 2006. As a result, 29 people were dead or missing, along with a total of 37.25 billion won of financial loss(Gangwon Province, 2006). To evaluate such landslide and debris flow risk areas and their vulnerability, this study applied a technique called 'Weight of Evidence' based on GIS. Especially based on the overlay analysis of aerial images before the occurrence of landslides and debris flows in 2005 and after 2006, this study extracted 475 damage-occurrence areas in a shape of point, and established a DB by using such factors as topography, hydrologic, soil and forest physiognomy through GIS. For the prediction diagram of debris flow and landslide risk areas, this study calculated W+ and W-, the weighted values of each factor of Weight Evidence, while overlaying the weighted values of factors. Besides, the diagram showed about 76% in prediction accuracy, and it was also found to have a relatively high correlationship with the areas where such natural disasters actually occurred.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.238-244
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• 2023

Background: Occipital neuralgia (ON) is an established risk factor for headaches in the posterior cervical region. Several conservative treatments by nerve decompression and pain relief are available for ON, but these treatments have limitations. Acupuncture treatment, which is known to demonstrate analgesic effects, involves various stimulation methods, and several studies have reported their clinical benefit. No recent systematic review (SR) has compared each acupuncture type for ON treatment. Thus, this SR aims to investigate the clinical effectiveness of each acupuncture type for treating ON. Methods: We will identify relevant studies using electronic databases, including EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Korean Studies Information Service System (KISS), Korean Medical Database, KoreaMed, and National Digital Science Library (NDSL) from the inception until August 2023. The primary outcome will include the numerical change of pain symptoms (visual analog scale and numerical rating scale) and effective rate. Safety and secondary outcomes will include adverse events and quality of life. We will compare the conservative treatment with the acupuncture treatment using network meta-analysis. The Cochrane Collaboration "risk of bias" tools will be used to assess the quality of included trials. The Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation will be used to examine the evidence level. Conclusion: This study will provide clinical evidence of several acupuncture types for ON and help clinicians decide on the best.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.563-571
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• 2018

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the environmental pollution caused by exposure to air pollution in Korea. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate environmental and health factors through big data. Methods: Among the environmental diseases, the data centered on "percentage per day in 2015 to 2018". Data of environmental diseases and concentrations of air pollution monitoring network were analyzed. Results: Lung cancer and bronchiolitis obliterans were correlated with 0.027 and 0.0158, respectively, in the contamination concentration of fine dust ($PM_{10}$). Ozone, COPD, allergic rhinitis, and bronchiolitis obliterans were correlated with 0.0022, 0.0028 and 0.0093, respectively. At the concentration of $SO_2$ and the diseases of asthma, atopic dermatitis, lung cancer and bronchiolitis obliterans were 0.0008, 0.0523, 0.0016 and 0.0126, respectively. Conclusions: We surveyed the trends of air pollution according to the characteristics of Seoul area in Korea and evaluated the perception of Korea and the world. As a result, respiratory lung disease is thought to be a major factor in exposure to environmental pollution.