• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.193-211
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• 1997

The study was designed to gain necessary basic data in order to grasp the health knowledge, attitude, and practice level of students and teachers of elementary, middle and high schools. This study was conducted through interviews of 3,400 students and 1,022 teachers attending 14 different schools large, middle and small cities and rural towns during a period of nine months (from Oct. 2 1995 to Jun. 30 1996). By the results of this study, the recommendations can be summarized as follows: 1. A school health development committee should be established of 10 members: school health related teachers (physical trainers, nurses, and teachers in charge of health), parents, persons related to health administration, local medical doctors, and student reprensentatives in order to support and immplement school health development plans. 2. Like advanced countries, a health class of 2~4 hours should beplaced in middle and high schools. A nurse majoring in health from a university should be the teacher. 3. A curriculum of health should contain the following: education on health, sex, alcohol, tabacco, the misuse of the drugs, the structure and function of human body, the growth of the body, mental health, safety and emergency care, the prevention of disease, proper eating habits and nutrition, daily health life, family health education, society health, community health, environmental pollution and individual responsibility. 4. Create a school health promotion center, with a nurse's office, and a sports center which has health machines (bars, aerobics, training, twist machine, belt massage, running machine, bench press, chest waist, hack hip extension machine) as well as a physical strength measuring machine (muscular strength, alertness, flexibility, endurance, lung functions and so on), so that the teaching staff and students can use them and train their bodies. 5. Through a refresher education program, urge teachers to understand school health promotion services. 6. Regulate a standard and establish a system of monitoring the physical enviroment of the school (the height of desks and chairs, illumination facilities, ventilation facilities, safe drinking water). 7. Create a check list of health to evaluate improvement.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.9-14
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• 2016

The present study evaluated the effects of a mixture of Galla rhois and Cinnamomum cassia extracts (GCE) (1 : 1, w/w) on susceptibility to the colonization of Campylobacter (C.) jejuni in broilers. Eighty two-week-old broilers (n = 20 per group) were used to estimate the efficacy of GCE against C. jejuni infection via drinking water. Antibacterial activity testing revealed that the minimum bactericidal concentration of GCE against C. jejuni was 2.5 mg/mL. Broilers challenged with C. jejuni were administered 0.0 (Non-GCE), 2.5 (GCE-2.5), 5.0 (GCE-5.0) and 10.0 g/L (GCE-10) GCE for 7 days, and the cecal contents were collected from five broilers per group on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, and 7th day post-treatment. On day 3 post-administration, the number of C. jejuni in GCE-5.0 (p < 0.05) and GCE-10 (p < 0.01) was significantly decreased relative to Non-GCE, while on day 7 those in all GCE-treated groups were significantly decreased compared to the Non-GCE group (p < 0.001). Hematological and blood biochemical analysis revealed no significant differences in parameters between the Non-GCE and GCE-treated groups. Based on the results of the present study, GCE was identified as a safe and alternative candidate to suppress C. jejuni colonization in broilers.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.214-230
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• 2022

Loss and damage have become a vital contemporary issue in climate change studies and actions in developing countries. However, studies are scant on this in the fisheries sector around the world. In Bangladesh, there is no study on the loss and damage in fisheries dependent communities. This study assesses economic and non-economic loss and damage to coastal shrimp farms due to cyclone Bulbul in Gabura Union of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira district, using a mixed method approach. Results show that all shrimp farms' dependent communities are affected by cyclone Bulbul to some extent. About 14%, 57%, and 29% of the farms were totally, heavily and moderately damaged due to farm inundation and dyke damage. The estimated mean loss and damage per shrimp farm was worth USD 4,633. Around 31% and 72% of the farms' fencing nets and traps were lost, which was worth USD 333 per farm. There were also loss and damage to other resources such as houses, solar panels, livestock and agricultural crops where the estimated mean loss and damage per household was worth USD 3,170. This study reported that the rich shrimp farmers encountered proportionately more economic loss and damage than their poor counterparts. However, this does not mean that the poor suffered less. The current study found a range of non-economic loss and damage in different aspects of the shrimp farmers' household members such as unbearable mental pain, deterioration of health, physical injuries, disabilities, etc. and access to services (e.g., inadequate food, lack of safe drinking water, lack of medical facilities, disruption of education systems), social infrastructure (e.g., damage of roads and markets) and disturbance of cultural functions. The findings suggest that urgent short- and long-term actions may be taken to save the aquaculture farms and dependent livelihoods from economic and non-economic loss and damage to cyclones in future.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.342-352
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• 2007

We investigated the intake trends of street foods for middle school, high school and colleges students through the survey study. In addition, the factors affecting the students' consumption of street foods and their perception toward hygiene status of street vendor were studied. The levels of total aerobic bacteria, coliform groups and enterobacteriaceae in Kimbab, eomuk, and eomuk-kukmul were counted using 3M petrifilms. More than ninety seven % of the respondents had experienced street foods. All the respondents ate street foods 1 to 5 times a month. Forty percent of the respondent stated that 'good taste' and 'time-saving convenience' were their reason for eating the street foods. Their favorite foods were ddokbokgi and various fried foods. All the students responded that frying oil, drinking water, and soy sauce as well as the street vendors' attire and their cooking tools in street vendor were unsanitary. Forty percent of the respondents ranked frying oil as the most unsanitary substance. Eighty percent of the respondents responded that an enforcement of hygiene should be imposed on the street foods vendor. There were significant differences (p<0.001) among the student's age in the opinion related to the reasons of eating street foods, hygiene enforcement, existence of street foods and interest of hygiene status of street foods. High correlation (p<0.05) between the frequency of street foods and snack intakes was shown, regardless of student's age. The result shows that those who eat snacks more than once a day tend to eat street foods more frequently. Aerobic plate counts in Kimbab in 5 different vendors exceeded 10$^5$/g and contamination levels of enterobacteriaceae or coliform in Kimbab exceeded more than 10$^3$/g, which did not satisfy the microbiological standards. In conclusion, although the respondents thought that the sanitation of street foods was poor, most of them want the street food vendor to be maintained with better hygiene condition. This indicated that the regulation for safe street foods should be enforced and educational information about the preparation and serving for safe street foods should be provided to street food vendor.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.39-50
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• 2005

목적: 2004년 7월 13일 경상북도 성주군 소재 ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$중 정보고등학교에서 집단 설사증 환자가 발생하여 발생 원인을 추정하고, 예방 대책을 수립하기 위하여 본 역학조사를 수행하였다. 방법: 2004년 7월 14일 전체 학생 및 교직원 및 조리원 345명 중 275명(79.7%)에 대하여 보건요원 5명이 직접 면담을 통해 설문조사를 시행하였다. 역학조사와 동시에 145명에 대해 직장도말검사를 시행하였고, 보존식, 조리기구, 식수 등의 71건의 가검물을 경상북도보건환경연구원에 검사를 의뢰하였다. 또한 식수 공급경로와 급식소 내 환경에 대하여 오염 여부를 조사하였다. 본 연구의 장병원성대장균 설사증 환례의 정의는 설사를 1회 이상 경험하고, 열, 구토, 뒤무직 중 1개 이상의 증상이 있는 설사증 의심 사례와 배양검사에서 확진된 설사증 확진자로 하였다. 통계는 SPSS 10.0을 이용하여, chi-square검사 및 chi-square 경향검사를 시행하였고, 섭취 음식별 설사증 발병의 위험도는 Taylor series를 이용하여 산출하였다. 결과: 275명 중에서 확진자는 8명이었고, 이중 3명은 불현성 감염자이었다. 확진자 8명과 설사증 의심 사례 93명을 포함하여 장병원성대장균 설사증 환례는 101명으로 발병률은 36.7%이었고, 남녀 설사증 발병률의 차이는 없었다. 고등학생이 39.1%로 중학생20.4%보다 설사증 발병률이 높았으며(p<0.05), 중학생과 고등학생 각각 학년이 증가할수록 설사증 발병률이 높았다(p<0.05). 기타 가검물에서는 균이 배양되지 않았다. 학교에 공급되는 모든 식수에서는 염소가 검출되었고, 학생들은 정수기를 이용하거나 급식소 내에 끓여놓은 보리차를 음용하였다. 설사증 환자의 발생일별 분포는 7월 9일 첫 설사증 환자가 발생 후 7월12일에 최대로 발생하였고, 설사의 평균 횟수는 $5.1{\pm}4.5$(중앙값: 4, 최소: 1, 최대: 30)회이었고, 평균 설사 기간은 $2.1{\pm}1.1$(중앙값: 2, 최소: 1, 최대: 5)일이었다. 식수 섭취별 설사증 발병률은 유의하지 않았으나, 7월 7일 제공된 급식의 경우 비섭취자에 대한 섭취자의 비교위험도가 4.12(95% 신뢰구간 1.39-12.2)로 다른 일자의 급식에 비해 매우 높았으며, 최종적으로 급식될 때 익히지 않은 상태에서 제공되는 음식들 중 유의한 음식은 샐러드로 비교위험도가 1.66(95% 신뢰구간 1.07-2.57)이었다. 7일 점심때 제공된 급식이 오염되었다고 가정하여 추정한 평균 잠복기는 $5.0{\pm}1.1$일(중앙값: 5.1, 최소: 22일, 최대 : 7.3)일이었다. 결론: 이번 장병원성대장균 유행은 물의 오염에 의한 가능성은 거의 없으며, 불현성 감염자인 조리보조원이 최종적으로 익히지 않은 상태에서 제공되는 샐러드와 다른 음식들을 조리하면서 구멍 난 조리장갑을 사용하여 여러 종류의 음식이 오염되었을 가능성이 높다.

• 한국토양환경학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.11-20
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• 1998

안전한 먹는 물 생산을 위해 강둑여과수를 원수로 취수할 경우 여과수 수질오염의 원인이 되는 무기질소성분의 거동에 대해 연구하였다. 강둑여과지 주변 토양의 특성은 우리나라 평균 농경지 특성과 유사하였으나 표층의 평균 pH는 약 4.3으로 약산성을 나타내었다. 질소 농도는 토양 깊이별, 지역별로 다양한 함량의 $NH_3$-N과 $NO_3$-N가 관찰되었으나 $NO_2$-N은 거의 검출되지 않았다. 또한 토양 깊이에 따라 대체적으로 $NH_3$-N의 농도는 감소하고 $NO_3$-N의 농도는 증가하였다. 토양의 생균수와 질화균수는 각각 6.73~10.7$\times$$10^{6}$과 0.44~5.21$\times$$10^{4}$으로 조사되었고 상관관계는 $R^2$=0.992였다. 회분식으로 조사된 토양의 질산화 능력은 대체로 낮게 나타났으며 질산화균과 질산화능력의 상관관계는 높게 조사되었다. 표층과 심층토에 암모니아성 질소를 첨가한 후 호흡량 측정기로 소모되는 산소량을 측정한 결과 표층이 심층에 비해 짧은 지체기 후 많은 양의 산소소모가 관찰되었다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.53-62
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• 2008

In the present study, the concentration levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (or PCBs) in the environments in Korea are estimated based on some measured data in Korea, in comparison with the data from the other countries. Even though PCBs were banned as electrical fluids in 1970s in Korea, PCBs are still detected in the environment. PCBs levels in Korea are greatly lower than those in other countries, which are gradually decreased as well. However, the measured data are not sufficient in both numbers and quality, to estimate the average PCBs levels in Korea. The regulation limit on polychlorinated biphenyls (or PCBs) is 2mg/kg (ppm), which is too low compared to 50 ppm of many other countries including U.S. With this strict regulation, there are many problems expected, for example, in the analysis of PCBs in the transformers using in the field as well as the safe treatment of PCBs. The risk assessment on the PCBs in the environment is surely necessary prior to the change in the limit. Also the PCBs concentration monitoring in the environmental media (i.e. air, water, soil and sediment) and exposure assessment will be essential for the accurate risk assessment. If the PCB-waste guideline maintain as 2 ppm after 10 years, the excess cancer risk of PCBs exposure by ambient air, drinking water and soil was $10^{-8}$. But if the guideline mitigate as 50 ppm after 10 years, the cancer risk was increased by $10^{-7}$. The ecological risk quotient by regulation change was not exceed '1'.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.19-28
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• 1995

본 연구에서는, 골프장에서 사용되는 농약의 강우유출특성과 인테의 건강에 대한 risk assessment를 행하였다. 골프장에 살표되는 농약으니 강우시의 강우유출큭성을 모델화하여, 지표농약의 강우유출특성을 구하였다. 이 유충계수를 이용하여 하류 하천에서의 농약의 온도를 예측하여, 인체의 건강에 대한, risk를 평가하였다. 농약의 강우유출특성을 파악하기 위하여 온약이 유입되는 저정연목의 유역을 선정하여 강우시의 농약의 강우유출특성을 조사하였다. 지표농약으로 선정한 농약의 츄출계수(1/mm)는, Flutolanil가 0.0054, Isoprothiolane이 0.0019, Chlorpyrifos가 0.0003, Simazine이 0.0044 였다. 이 유출계수를 지역수계의 특성을 고려하여 설정한 지역수계모델의 재현능력을 확인하였다. 또, 이 지역수계모델을 이용하여 하류 하천에서의 농약ㅢ 농도를 예측하여 농약에 오염된 하천수를 이용하는 하류주민에 대한 건강 risk의 평가를 행하였다. 폴로경로로서는 음료수로서의 섭휘만을 고려하였으며, risk의 평가시표로서는 10% ADI(Acceptable Daily Intake) 와 VSD(Virtually Safe Dose)를 이용하였다. 인체의 건강에 대한 risk는 발암risk로서 Simazine의 경우 $10^{-7}$~$10^{-9}$로 비교적 낮은 risk수준인 것으로 판단되었다

• 지질공학
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.65-77
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 경북 봉화지역, 강원도 오대산 및 춘천지역에서 산출되는 8개 탄산약수터에서 11개 탄산약수 시료를 대상으로 수리화학적 특성을 규명하고, 용존무기탄소의 동위원소(${\delta}^{13}C_{DIC}$)분석을 통해 탄산가스의 기원을 해석하며, 영족기체 동위원소($^3He/^4He$, $^{20}Ne/^{22}Ne$)의 동위원소 존재비를 분석하여 탄산가스의 기원과 연계한 영족기체의 기원을 밝히고자 하였다. 연구결과 탄산약수의 수리화학적 특성은 pH 5.59~6.04 범위로 약산성의 특성을 보이고, 전기전도도 값은 $302{\sim}864\;{\mu}S/cm$ 범위를 보인다. 모든 탄산약수의 수리화학적 유형은 Ca-$HCO_3$ 형에 속한다. 특히 Fe, Mn의 함량이 높아 음용수 수질기준치를 초과한다. 연구지역 탄산약수의 ${\delta}^{13}C_{DIC}$ 값은 -2.84~5.3‰ 범위를 보이므로 $CO_2$의 기원은 주로 심부기원이며, 물-암석 반응과정에서 탄산염광물등의 영향을 일부 받은 것으로 해석된다. 탄산약수의 $^3He/^4He$ 동위원소비와 $^4He/^{20}Ne$동위원소비 상관관계에서 탄산약수는 기원상 3개의 군으로 분류된다. 맨틀과 같은 심부기원의 영역, 대기기원에 가까운 영역, 맨틀기원과 대기기원의 혼합영역으로 도시된다. 이는 심부기원의 영족기체가 천부지하수와 지표노출에 의해 대기기원과 혼합된 것으로 해석되며, 맨틀과 같은 심부기원의 헬륨가스의 공급은 지질경계 및 단층과 같은 지질구조와 밀접한 관계가 있는 것으로 추정된다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.62-69
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• 2014

In the results of monitoring nitrate concentration in more than 8,000 groundwater wells around agro-livestock, the average and maximum nitrate concentration was 9.4 mg/L and 101.2 mg/L, respectively. Since about 31% of the monitoring wells was exceed the quality standard for drinking water, nitrate control such as remediation or source regulation is required to conserve safe-groundwater in South Korea. Typical nitrate-treatment technologies include ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and biological denitrification. Among the treatment methods, biological denitrification by indigenous microorganism has environmental and economic advantages for the complete elimination of nitrate because of lower operating costs compared to other methods. Major mechanism of the process is microbial reduction of nitrate to nitrite and nitrogen gas. Three functional genes (nosZ, nirK, nirS) that encode for the enzyme involved in the pathway. In this work, we tried to develop simple process to determine possibility of natural denitrification reaction by monitoring the functional gene. For the work, the functional genes in nitrate-contaminated groundwater were monitored by using PCR with specific target primers. In the result, functional genes (nosZ and nirK) encoding denitrification enzymes were detected in the groundwater samples. This method can help to determine the possibility of natural-nitrate degradation in target groundwater wells without multiplex experimental process. In addition, for field-remediation application we selected nitrate-contaminated site where 200~600 mg/L of nitrate is continuously detected. To determine the possibility of nitrate-degradation by stimulated-natural attenuation, groundwater was sampled in two different wells of the site and nitrate concentration of the samples was 300 mg/L and 616 mg/L, respectively. Fumarate for different C/N ratio was added into microcosm bottles containing the groundwater to examine denitrification rate depending on carbon concentration. In the result, once 1.5 times more than amount of fumarate stoichiometry required was added, the 616 mg/L of nitrate and 300 mg/L of nitrate were completely degraded in 8 days and 30 days. The nitrite, byproduct of denitrification process, was also completely degraded during the experimental period.