• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제18권9호
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• pp.1045-1055
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• 2009

The discharge within the basin in Jeju Island was calculated by using SWAT model, which a Semi-distributed rainfall-runoff model to the important rivers. The basin of Chunmi river of the eastern region of Jeju Island, as the result of correcting as utilizing direct runoff data of 2 surveys, appeared the similar value to the existing basin average runoff rate as 22% of average direct runoff rate for the applied period. The basin of Oaedo river of the northern region showed $R^2$ of 0.93, RMSE of 14.92 and ME of 0.70 as the result of correcting as utilizing runoff data in the occurrence of 7 rainfalls. The basin of Ongpo river of the western region showed $R^2$ of 0.86, RMSE of 0.62 and ME of 0.56 as the result of correcting as utilizing runoff data except for the period of flood in $2002{\sim}2003$. Yeonoae river of the southern region showed $R^2$ of 0.85, RMSE of 0.99 and ME of 0.83 as the result of correcting as utilizing runoff data of 2003. As the result of calculating runoff for the long term about 4 basins of Jeju Island from the above results, SWAT model wholly appears the excellent results about the long-term daily runoff simulation.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제58권4호
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• pp.75-83
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• 2016

Streamflow is composed of baseflow and direct runoff. However, most of streamflow during dry seasons depends on baseflow. Thus, baseflow analysis is very important to simulate streamflow of dry seasons. Generally, baseflow analysis is conducted using watershed-scale runoff models due to diffilculty of measuring baseflow. However, it is needed to understand and review how the model simulates baseflow because each model uses inherent baseflow analysis techniques. In this study, SWAT, HSPF, PRMS-IV were reviewed focusing on baseflow and soil water. HSPF and PRMS-IV calculate baseflow using the variables which depends on user, so the baseflow analysis results of HSPF and PRMS-IV are not consistent. Moreover, soil structures which were assumed from HSPF and PRMS-IV, since these two models assume soil structure as two soil zones and three conceptual reservoirs, were not enough to describe real soil structure. On the other hand, baseflow in SWAT is calculated using baseflow recession constant which can consider the characteristics of aquifer and also, soil structure in SWAT is similar to real soil structures. Thus, baseflow analysis result from SWAT was concluded as the most suitable and reliable model because SWAT can reflect the characteristics and soil structure which is close to reality.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제30권12호
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• pp.1209-1217
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 고탁수 문제가 자주 발생하는 임하 안동 유역을 대상으로 효율적인 탁수 관리를 위한 유출현황 및 토사 유실평가를 목적으로 SWAT 모델을 구축하였다. 홍수기에 측정된 유량과 부유사 농도를 이용하여 모형의 검 보정을 실시하였다. 검 보정된 SWAT 모형을 이용하여 소유역별 연간 부유사 부하량에 대한 공간 분석결과, 전체 유역 대상으로 2005년에 최저 0.7$\sim$5.9 tons/ha에서 태풍 매미에 의해 심한 영향을 받은 2003년에 최고 3.0$\sim$34.0 tons/ha의 부하량을 보였다. 향후 유역전체의 효율적인 유사량 추정 및 저감대책마련을 위해서는 장기간에 걸쳐 보다 정확하고 광범위한 모니터링과 이를 활용한 모델의 정도 향상이 수반되어야 할 것이다.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.301-316
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 한강수계 팔당댐 상류의 자연유출량에 대해 기존의 연구 결과를 바탕으로 TANK 모형 결과와 SWAT 모형결과를 비교함으로써, 기존 TANK 모형이 가지고 있는 한계및 문제점을 현실적으로 제시하고, 향후 SWAT 모형의 적용성 및 활용에 대해 검토하였다. TANK 모형의 매개변수 최적화가 이루어진 보정유역들(충주댐 및 소양강댐)의 모의결과를 볼 때 두 모형 모두 모형효율 0.8 이상의 높은 정도의 모의가 가능한 것으로 나타났으며, 첨두유량이 발생하는 홍수기에는 TANK의 결과가 SWAT보다 관측치에 근접하는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 TANK 모형의 경우 주로 평수기 이상의 유량을 대상으로 보정을 수행하여 갈수기에 관측유량과 많은 차이를 보였으며, 특히 일정 유량 이하로 모의되지 않는 한계를 나타내었다. 반면, SWAT 모형은 일부 홍수사상을 제외하고 대체로 관측치의 경향을 잘 따르고 있으며, 유역 최종 출구인 팔당댐(한강F)에서의 상류댐 방류량을 고려한 모의유입량이 실제 관측유입량과 잘 일치하는 것으로 나타나(모형효율 0.9 수준), 댐 방류량과 인위적인 용수 수요가 없는 상태의 자연유출량의 추정이나 댐개발 전후에 따른 유량변동 평가 등에 있어 매우 높은 신뢰성을 보장하는 것으로 판단되었다. 아울러, TANK 모형의 최적화된 매개변수를 전이시켜 이용하는 대상유역들(평창A, 달천B, 섬강B, 인북A, 한강D, 홍천A)에 대한 결과를 SWAT 모형 결과와 비교할 때, 일부 홍수기를 제외하고는 평수기 이하에서 매우 불안정한 모의 결과를 나타내었으며, 보정유역들에 대한 결과와 마찬가지로 갈수기에 일정 유량이하로 모의되지 않는 문제가 나타났다. 이는 수자원 계획 및 관리의중요한 지표인 갈수량의 산정에 있어 TANK 모형의 적용에 많은 불확실성이 있음을 보여준다. 따라서 복잡 다양한 국내 유역의 특성을 보다 현실적으로 반영하고, 향후 유역내 도시화 등에 따른 토지이용 및 용수이용의 변화, 기후변화 등에 따른 수자원 계획 및 관리에 효율적으로 대처하기 위해서는 TANK와 같은 기존의 개념적 집중형 모형보다는 SWAT과 같은 물리적 기반의 유역모형 적용이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국농공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농공학회 2003년도 학술발표논문집
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• pp.83-86
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• 2003

To estimate the nutrient loads from an agricultural watershed, SWAT model and Unit Loading Factor method which was proposed by Ministry of Environment were applied for study watershed. The observed hydrologic and water quality data were compared with estimated methods for the Balhan HP#6 study watershed having an area of $3.86km^2$. The estimated nutrient loads were found to be similar values with the observed.

• 농촌계획
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.67-74
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• 2005

The Doam watershed is located at alpine areas and the annual average precipitation, including snow accumulation, is significant higher than other areas. Thus, pollutant laden runoff and sediment discharge from the alpine agricultural fields are causing water quality degradation at the Doam watershed. To estimate soil erosion from the agricultural fields, the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) has been widely used because of its simplicity to use. In the early spring at the Doam watershed, the stream flow increases because of snow melt, which results in erosion of loosened soil experiencing freezing and thaw during the winter. Also, extremely torrential rainfall, such as the typhoons 'RUSA' in 2002 and 'MAEMI' in 2003, caused significant amounts of soil erosion and sediment at the Doam watershed. However, the USLE model cannot simulate impacts on soil erosion of freezing and thaw of the soil. It cannot estimate sediment yield from a single torrential rainfall event. Also, it cannot simulate temporal changes in USLE input parameters. Thus, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was investigated for its applicability to estimate soil erosion at the Doam watershed, instead of the widely used USLE model. The SWAT hydrology and erosion/sediment components were validated after calibration of the hydrologic component. The R$^2$ and Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient values are higher enough, thus it is found the SWAT model can be efficiently used to simulate hydrology and sediment yield at the Doam watershed. The effects of snow melt on SWAT estimated stream flow and sediment were investigated using long-term precipitation and temperature data at the Doam watershed. It was found significant amount of flow and sediment in the spring are contributed by melting snow accumulated during the winter. Two typhoons in 2002 and 2003, MAEMI and RUSA, caused 33% and 22% of total sediment yields at the Doam watershed, respectively. Thus, it is recommended that the SWAT model, capable of simulating snow melt, sediment yield from a single storm event, and long-term weather data, needs to be used in estimating soil erosion at alpine agricultural areas to develop successful soil erosion management instead of the USLE.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2008년도 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.1178-1182
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 SWAT 모형의 국내 적용을 위해 농촌용수지구의 수문관측자료를 이용하여 입력자료를 구축하고, 기존 유출량 산정모형과 산정결과를 비교하였다. 모형을 적용을 위한 대상지구는 경기 평택, 용인에 위치한 이동저수지를 포함하는 용남용수구역을 선정하였다. 본 대상지구는 2001년 이후 농업지역의 수문관측을 위해 계측망을 설치하고 운영하고 있는 지구로써 저수위, 하천수위, 강수량 등의 관측을 실시하고 있다. 모형의 입력자료는 기존의 GIS 자료와 대상지구에서 관측된 강수량 자료를 이용하여 구축하였고 증발산량 산정에 필요한 다른 기상자료는 인근 수원측후소의 자료를 수집하고 있다. 모형을 통해 산정된 유출량은 덕성교, 재인교, 묵방교, 미산교의 네 지점에서 측정한 유량자료를 이용하여 비교하였다. 농업지역에서 저수지 운영 및 공급량 산정을 위해 많이 쓰이는 HOMWRS 모형과 비교한 결과 평균유출량이 덕성교 지점의 경우 1,651천$m^3$, 묵방교는 619천$m^3$이며 HOMWRS의 경우 덕성교 3,155천$m^3$, 묵방교 885천$m^3$로 각각 산정되었고, 이 지점의 실측 유출량은 덕성교 3,500천$m^3$, 묵방교 1,610천$m^3$로 실측값의 47%, 38%로 각각 산정되어 총유출량은 큰 차이를 보이고 있다. SWAT 모형으로 일별 장기유출량을 추정한 결과 저수지가 설치되어 있지 않은 미산교, 묵방교에서의 일별, 월별 장기유출량은 실측치와 매우 가까운 값을 보였다. 그러나 상류지점에 저수지가 설치되어 있어 저수지의 영향을 받고 있는 덕성교와 재인교에서의 장기유출량은 관측값과 유사한 경향을 보이고 있으나 실측값과는 차이를 보이고 있었다. 이는 저수지 및 관개수량의 환원수량 등을 고려하지 않은 채 유출량을 산정한 결과로 SWAT 모형의 관개지구에 적용을 위해서는 저수지의 영향, 환원수량 및 관개용수 공급에 대한 고려가 필요하다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제20권11호
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• pp.1457-1464
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• 2011

In this study, the method of estimating hydrologic information (water depth, submerged period etc.) on the proper selection of construction point and scale as well as vegetation type suggested for the design of natural riparian rehabilitation structure. Long-term comprehensive watershed model SWAT-K(Korea) was applied to this purpose. Flow duration analysis was conducted to analyze the hydrologic characteristics of Pyungchang watershed at which the 'bangtul' construction method was tested. For this purpose 20 years (1989-2008) rainfall runoff analysis was carried out. Based on the simulated daily streamflow data, flow duration curve was made to analyze the flow characteristics, and the water depth hydrograph was made to analyze the water depth distribution at the cross section. Finally, the information for the selection of proper vegetation according to the submerged period is suggested.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제17권12호
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• pp.1363-1372
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• 2008

In this study, long term semi distributed hydrologic model SWAT-K(Korea) is applied to the Seolma-Cheon watershed to analyze the hydrological components. Seolma-Cheon watershed has been operated as the test watershed of Korea Institute of Construction Technology for 13 years. Therefore it has an enough hydrologic data to analyze the hydrologic characteristics of small watershed. Especially, for the proper runoff analysis of steep watershed, calibration is performed reflecting the regression equation of slope and slope length. The simulated discharge shows good agreement with the observed one and the simulated evapotranspiration and groundwater discharge also show satisfactory results. Finally we presents the ratio of major hydrologic components for 3 years with those obsrved ones. This study is the basic research for future analyses such as relationship between hydrologic components and vegetation, watershed sediment nonpoint sources discharge etc.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제58권4호
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• pp.9-19
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to evaluate the applicability of SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model for runoff estimation in the Nam river dam watershed. Input data for the SWAT model were established using spatial data (land use, soil, digital elevation map) and weather data. The SWAT model was calibrated and validated using observed runoff data from 2003 to 2014 for three stations (Sancheong, Shinan, Changchon) within the study watershed. The $R^2$ (Determination Coefficient), RMSE (Root Mean Square Error), NSE (Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient), and RMAE (Relative Mean Absolute Error) were used to evaluate the model performance. Parameters for runoff calibration were selected based on user's manual and references and trial and error method was applied for parameter calibration. Calibration results showed that annual mean runoff were within ${\pm}5%$ error compared to observed. $R^2$ were ranged 0.64 ~ 0.75, RMSE were 2.51 ~ 4.97 mm/day, NSE were 0.48 ~ 0.65, and RMAE were 0.34 ~ 0.63 mm/day for daily runoff, respectively. The runoff comparison for three stations showed that annual runoff was higher in Changchon especially summer and winter seasons. The flow exceedance graph showed that Sancheong and Shinan stations were similar while Changchon was higher in entire fraction.