• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.545-551
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• 2012

Pressurization walk training (PWT) with blood flow occlusion has been investigated with regard to muscle hypertrophy and physical fitness function in athletes and healthy people. However, the cardiorespiratory and cardiovascular responses of obese people to PWT are unknown. Thus, we investigated the effects of PWT on body composition (Weight, FM, LBM, %fat, BMI), cardiovascular responses (HR, SV, CO, TVC), and cardiorespiratory responses ($VO_2max$, VEmax, HRmax) in middle-aged obese women. They participated in walk training with (n=15) blood flow occlusion and cross-sectional areas of the quadriceps on both legs. Five sets of 3-min walking (5.5 km/h at 5% grade) and 1-min resting were performed twice a day, 5 days/week for 3 weeks. The results showed that the LBM was significantly increased, and decreased body weight of reducing FM, %bodyfat in PWT ($p$<0.05). For the cardiovascular response, SBP and TPR were significantly decreased ($p$<0.05), and CO increased ($p$<0.05). In addition, the $VO_2max$ and VEmax were improved through PWT. Therefore, this study suggests that the presence of obesity in middle-aged women may result in body composition, cardiorespiratory, and cardiovascular responses caused by PWT.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.499-503
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• 2013

This study tested the hypothesis that effects of the menstrual cycle on resting blood pressure carry over to dynamic exercise. Eleven healthy females were studied during the early (EP; low estrogen, low progesterone) and late follicular (LP; high estrogen, low progesterone) menstrual phases. Stroke volume (SV), heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and total vascular conductance (TVC) were assessed at rest and in response to mild and moderate cycling exercise during EP and LP. During EP, compared to LP, baseline SBP ($111{\pm}1$ vs. $103{\pm}2$ mmHg), DBP ($71{\pm}2$ vs. $65{\pm}2$ mmHg) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) ($84{\pm}2$ vs. $78{\pm}1$ mmHg) were higher and TVC ($47.0{\pm}1.5$ vs. $54.9{\pm}4.2$ ml/min/mmHg) was lower (p<0.05). During exercise, absolute values of SBP (Mild: $142{\pm}4$ vs. $127{\pm}5$ mmHg; Moderate: $157{\pm}4$ vs. $144{\pm}5$ mmHg) and MAP (Mild: $100{\pm}3$ vs. $91{\pm}3$ mmHg; Moderate: $110{\pm}3$ vs. $101{\pm}3$ mmHg) were also higher, while TVC was lower (Mild: $90.9{\pm}5.1$ vs. $105.4{\pm}5.2$ ml/min/mmHg; Moderate: $105.4{\pm}5.3$ vs. $123.9{\pm}8.1$ ml/min/mmHg) during EP (p<0.05). However, exercise-induced increases in SBP, MAP and TVC at both work intensities were similar between the two menstrual phases, even though norepinephrine concentrations were higher during LP. Results indicate that blood pressure during dynamic exercise fluctuates during the menstrual cycle. It is higher during EP than LP and appears to be due to additive effects of simultaneous increases in baseline blood pressure and reductions in baseline TVC.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.76-84
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• 2012

This study conducted experiments to measure air currents in an experimental building according to external conditions, types of induction ducts, and types of internal sockets by applying an external induction duct comprised of inducing openings and lines and induction units to the kitchen and bathroom vents at the rooftop of a super high-rise apartment building in order to help to improve the venting performance. The study also proposed the optimization of the external induction-style kitchen and bathroom vents capable of wind power generation. (1) As for air current distribution according to vent velocity changes, it increased the venting performance of the kitchen and bathroom by 1.0m/s at vent velocity of 2.0m/s or higher and allowed for wind power generation. (2)As for air current distribution according to external velocity changes, it increased the venting performance of the kitchen and bathroom by 1.2m/s at external velocity of 2.0m/s or higher and allowed for wind power generation. (3)As for air current distribution according to wind direction changes($0{\sim}180^{\circ}$), it was favorable for higher vent velocity when the angle between the external induction duct direction and prevailing wind direction was within ${\pm}30^{\circ}$. (4)As for air current distribution according to induction duct type, the[M1] type combining the inducing openings and lines with the induction units recorded the highest improvement effects in the kitchen and bathroom venting performance by increasing vent velocity by 46%. (5)As for air current distribution according to the changing types of internal sockets where the main ducts of the kitchen and bathroom are connected to the external induction ducts, the venturi tube type[Sv] increased vent velocity by 66% based on the smoothest external inflow.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.933-937
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• 2012

In the present study, we evaluate the sensitivity and optimal stripping voltammetry (SV) conditions of copper (Cu), which is one of the main trace heavy metals inducing the environmental contamination, using carbon nanotube (CNT) electrode. In addition, the reaction mechanism of stripping reaction of Cu is investigated. The electrochemical analyses such as squarewave stripping voltammetry (SWSV) and linear scan voltammetry (LSV) are used for the evaluations. As a result of that, the best SWSV conditions like squarewave amplitude of 15 mV, frequency of 60 Hz, deposition potential of -1.0V vs. Ag/AgCl and deposition time of 200s are determined with the measured Cu sensitivity of $1.824{\mu}A/{\mu}M$. As a driving force affecting the stripping reaction of Cu, surface reaction is more dominant one than diffusion. These results are compared with other reference results and it is confirmed that our suggested CNT electrode gives rise to better Cu sensitivity result than other references.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.129-133
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• 2010

Two-layered ferromagnetic alloy films (NiFe, CoFe) with a Conetic (NiFeCuMo) intermediately soft magnetic layer of different thickness were investigated to correlate the coercivity values and magnetization process with the strength of saturation field of hard axis. Thickness dependence of the $H_{EC}$ (coercivity of easy axis), $H_{HS}$ (saturation field of hard axis.), and X (susceptibility) of NiFe and NiFeCuMo thin films for the glass/Ta(5 nm)/[CoFe or NiFe(5 nm-t/2)]/NiFeCuMo(t = 0, 4, 6, 8, 10 nm)/[CoFe or NiFe(5 nm-t/2)]/Ta(5 nm) films prepared by the ion beam deposition method was measured. The magnetic properties $H_{EC}$, $H_{HS}$, and X of two-layered ferromagnetic CoFe, NiFe films with a NiFeCuMo intermediately super-soft magnetic layer were strongly depended on the thickness of NiFeCuMo layer. The value of the coercivity and magnetic susceptibility of the NiFeCuMo film decreased by 25% and doubled relative to that of the NiFe film.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.143-150
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• 1990

A cooperative Korea-Japan investigation for the demersal fisheries resources of the East China Sea was carried out by using the training ship Oshoro Maru belong to Hokkaido University Japan, during 5-12 November, 1989. The research vessel sampled 24 stations with demersal trawls on the East China Sea continental shelf, and 96 nautical miles of track line were surveyed hydroacoustically. The echo sounder used during the survey was of a scientific type having echo integration capabilities and the computer system was programmed to obtain echo integration data for each depth stratum between the transducer and the bottom. The target strength of fish school(TS per 1kg) was estimated from the relationship between mean volume backscattering strength and catches caught by the demersal trawls. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: 1. Approximately 96 species were identified from survey catches. 2. The mean volume backscattering strength for the layer occupied by bottom trawls at 25 and 100 KHz were-63.9 dB and -67.3 dB, respectively. Then the average catch per unit time of each trawl haul was 58.8 kg/hour. 3. The mean volume backscattering strength for the entire layer between the transducer and the bottom at 25 and 100KHz were -61.9 dB and -67.0 dB, respectively. 4. The mean fish school target strength per unit weight(TS/kg) at 25 and 100 KHz were -23.6 dB/kg and -26.6 dB/kg, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.129-134
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• 2001

Since NNK is one of the most abundant tobacco-specific alkaloids and a strong carcinogenic nitrosamine, it has been used for evaluating a potential of carcinogenicity in the animal models. The present study has attempted to examine the potential of carcinogenicity of NNK in human epithelial cells, from which the cell type the most of cancers including oral cancer and nasal cavity cancer are originated. The cellular model used for the study is a human keratinocyte cell system immortalized by Ad12-SV40 hybrid virus. The cellular system has successfully been used for the carcinogenicity studies because of its limitless life span, epithelial morphology and nontumorigenicity. When cells were treated with a variety of NNK concentrations, levels of saturation density and soft agar colony formation were increased in a dose-dependent fashion. Colonies of large cell aggregates were above 5 at the higher doses. The results indicate that exposure of human cells with NNK induced loss of contact inhibition and increases of anchorage independence and cellular adhesion, which are typical characteristics of the neoplatically transformed cells. When cells were exposed with 100uM NNK for 2hr, mRNA levels of IL-1 and PAI-2 were increased in a dose-dependent manner, but expression of TGF- 1 was not affected. While expression of growth regulatory factors were altered with a short-term exposure, there was no alteration of these factors in the NNK-transformed cells. However, mRNA levels of fibronectin were increased both in the short-term treatment and in the transformation. The results suggest that altered expression of extracellular matrix such as fibronectin following short-term exposure might be fixed in the genome and these altered properties be continuously transfered throughout the cell division. Western blot analysis showed a translocation of PKC- from cytosolic fraction to the particulate fraction, indicating a possible role of NNK in the signal transduction pathway. The present study provided an evidence that NNK in the smoking may be associated with epithelial origin cancer such as oral and nasal cavity cancers. In addition, this study suggested that altered expression of extracellular matrix and PKC may play an important role in the carcinogenic mechanism of NNK.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.689-699
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• 2003

This study was to examine characteristics of treating toluene vapor, which gets to be problematic due to its harmful carcinogenicity and mass generation from various sources, through a biological treatment facility which is environment-friendly and adopts a high-efficient and low-cost clean technology. In order to identify whether Alnus Firma Fruit (AFF) can be used as a media for a bioreactor, its utility and basic operating factors, a study was conducted on pressure drop, supply of nutrient substances and retention time which are operating factors of a biofilter, and eliminating characteristics were compared between AFF and the conventional biological activatedcarbon (BAC) widely used as filter media. In the case of AFF, the initial microbial deposits was 2.3${\times}$10$^{7}$ CFU/g dry AFF, which represents the initial microbial density higher than the case of BAC showing 5.5${\times}$10$^{6}$ CFU/g dry BAC And it took about 2 weeks to acclimate until its eliminating rate got to be increased over 90%. As a result of comparing pressure loss taking place with the lapse of time between BAC and AFF, after 130 days passed at SV 25h$^{-1}$ , BAC showed that its eliminating efficiency had a tendency to drop greatly due to a great pressure loss (0.53\longrightarrow54.7 mm$H_2O$/m) caused by an excess of biomass as accumulated. On the other hand. AFF showed that the pressure drop was 0.53 mm$H_2O$/m, about 2 times as much as the initial pressure loss of 0.4 mm$H_2O$/m, which represents no great change in the pressure loss, and its eliminating efficiency was also shown to be continuously high. Therefore, when AFF was used as a filler for a biological treatment facility, a biological filter enabling improvement of the purifying efficiency to be promoted could be provided, and moreover, the pressure loss was so small that the filler replacement cycle or the back flushing cycle could be extended. So, even in terms of the operating cost, it was identified to be an economical filler When an inorganic material was used as a filler, the biofilters performance acted sensitively on whether nutrient substances were supplied or not. In the case of AFF with low adsorptivity, addition of ethyl-alcohol increased the solubility of toluene, and consequently, biodegradation got to be actively made by microbes, and thus, its eliminating rate could be increased. As the flow velocity and the inflow concentration got to be more increased, its eliminating rate got to be lower, and particularly, an increase in the flow velocity made its eliminating rate drop more greatly than an increase in the concentration.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.272-282
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• 2011

Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) has been shown to have anti-aging effects in animal and clinical studies. However, the molecular mechanisms by which ginseng exerts these effects remain unknown. Here, the anti-aging effect of Korean red ginseng (KRG) in rat testes was examined by system biology analysis. KRG water extract prepared in feed pellets was administered orally into 12 month old rats for 4 months, and gene expression in testes was determined by microarray analysis. Microarray analysis identified 33 genes that significantly changed. Compared to the 2 month old young rats, 13 genes (Rps9, Cyp11a1, RT1-A2, LOC365778, Sv2b, RGD1565959, RGD1304748, etc.) were up-regulated and 20 genes (RT1-Db1, Cldn5, Svs5, Degs1, Vdac3, Hbb, LOC684355, Svs5, Tmem97, Orai1, Insl3, LOC497959, etc.) were down-regulated by KRG in the older rats. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of untreated aged rats versus aged rats treated with KRG showed that the affected most was Cyp11a1, responsible for C21-steroid hormone metabolism, and the top molecular and cellular functions are organ morphology and reproductive system development and function. When genes in young rat were compared with those in the aged rat, sperm capacitation related genes were down-regulated in the old rat. However, when genes in the old rat were compared with those in the old rat treated with KRG, KRG treatment up-regulated C21-steroid hormone metabolism. Taken together, Cyp11a1 expression is decreased in the aged rat, however, it is up-regulated by KRG suggesting that KRG seems enhance testes function via Cyp11a1.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.987-994
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• 2019

Low energy x-rays that occur in the low tube voltage radiography of general radiography are absorbed strongly in the body and do not aid image quality enhancement. This study maintains titer in general radiography while using tube current that are proportional to density and the tube voltage 15% principle according to density to reduce patient exposure doses, and area doses and entrance surface doses were measured to compare patient exposure doses. In hand, knee, abdomen, and skull radiography, kVp was increased to 115% and mAs was decreased to 50% and kVp was decreased to 85% while mAs was increased to 200% and area doses and entrance surface doses were measured to compare relative doses. Also, 5 places in each image were set, density was measured, and Kruskal wallis H test was conducted to observe significance probabilities between groups. To fix density, kVp was increased to 115% and mAs was decreased to 50% and after measurements of mean area doses and entrance surface doses were made by each part, each decreased to 58.68% and 59.85% when standard doses were set to 100%, and each increased to 147.28% and 159.9% when kVp was decreased to 85% and mAs was increased to 200%. Comparisons of density changes showed that hand, knee, abdomen, and skull radiography all displayed significance probabilities>0.05, showing no changes in concentration. Radiography that increases kVp and lowers mAs through reasonable calculations within ranges that don't affect resolution and contrast seems to be a simple way to decrease patient exposure doses.