• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 2012

A lax stop in Korean, one of the three laryngeal contrastive stops, has undergone a sound change in terms of its acoustic properties. Prior production studies described this recent lax stop as being differentiated from tense and aspirated stops primarily by fundamental frequencies (f0). And, the acoustic property of voice onset time (VOT) further separates tense stops from lax and aspirated stops. The current research explores how these two major acoustic parameters of f0 and VOT cue the three stop categories in Korean adult listeners' perception. Thirty-one native speakers of Korean participated in two experimental tasks: categorization judgment and within-category goodness ratings. Two sets of audio stimuli were prepared by synthesizing English and Korean male speakers' CV productions. The findings showed that while f0 cues listeners to lax stops as production patterns would predict, VOT were closely related to listeners' categorization and goodness ratings of lax stops. This suggests that accurate characterizations of the recent lax stop category need to be based on Korean speakers' perceptual behavior as well as production patterns.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.20
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• pp.181-212
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• 2003

Many seafood processing and export companies are scattered in Pusan area. Most of them has experienced hardships, because of physical distribution and sanitary costs, rent costs and Non-tariff barriers. GamCheon One-Stop Seafood Export Complex (GOSEC) is considered as the project which is necessary to establish GamCheon port as the seafood trade hub of Northeast Asia. GOSEC is to build the processing and export complex for seafood export. It applies to small and medium seafood export company. This paper aims to examine the economic benefit which could be derived from the construction of GOSEC. It reviews the quantifiable benefits of companies which wants to move into GOSEC. It also shows the results of questionnaire carried out to find the characteristics of potential GOSEC tenants.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 2000.07a
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• pp.365-365
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• 2000

English segments adopted into Korean can be divided into three types: Some English segments /$m, {\;}n, {\;}{\eta}, {\;}p^h, {\;}t^h, {\;}k^h$/ are adopted into the original sound [$m, {\;}n, {\;}{\eta}, {\;}p^h, {\;}t^h, {\;}k^h$] in Korean. Other segments /b, d, g/ appear in the voiceless stop form [p, t, k]. Generative Phonology explains the presence of the above English segments in Korean but it cannot explain why the English segments /$f, {\;}v, {\;}{\Theta}, {\;}{\breve{z}}, {\;}{\breve{c}}, {\;}{\breve{j}}$/ disappear during the adopting process. I present a set of universal constraints from the Optimality Theory proposed by Prince and Smolensky(l993) and I show how English segments differently adopted into Korean can be explained by these universal constraints such as Faith(feature). N oAffricateStop, Faith(nasal), NoNasalStop, Faith(voice), NoVoicedStop and the interaction of these constraints. I conclude that this Optimality Theory provides insights that better capture the nature of the phonological phenomena of English segments in Korean.

• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.109-114
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• 2016

People in metropolitan cities can be exposed to particulate air pollutants at public transportation systems such as bus stops. In this study, we sampled aerosol particles with an impactor at a bus stop. We analyzed the shapes of these particles with an optical microscope. It was estimated that fibers, silicons, byproducts of combustion, and pollens existed in the air environments at the bus stop with analysis of shapes of sampled particles.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.93-111
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• 2001

This study investigates the contribution of vocalic information following the release of an initial stop to the identification of the three-way stop contrast (aspirated, lax, and tense) in Korean. Recent studies showed that there is a strong interaction between consonant types and tone. The findings raise questions concerning Korean listeners' use of tonal (or vocalic F0) variation in differentiation initial tense, lax, and aspirated stops. The above issues are addressed in the present study using a cross-splicing methodology. The overall results show that low vocalic F0 provided the most salient information for lax stops; tense and aspirated stop identification depended on a combination of VOT, F0, and H1-H2 characteristics. The perceptual dominance of F0 over VOT for lax stops is consistent with the size of the F0 difference in utterance-initial position, as well as their prominent role in Korean intonational phonology.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.260-269
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• 2009

A station is the place for the passenger who load the baggage or for bus, taxi, train to stop regularly. For example, bus stop which is installed on many areas for bus as a public transportation provides some space to the passenger who waits for getting on the bus. The bus stop built up recently carries on many kinds of function to make the passenger convenient different from the conventional simple bus stop. Smart station for Bimodal Tram combined with ITS(Intelligent Transportation System) technology has the advantages of both new and conventional stations. This paper has investigated the function and role of newly developed smart station which is able to be adaptive to the rapid variation of road station.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 1999.05a
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• pp.251-258
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• 1999

This paper is mainly concerned with the development of the ATO(Automatic Train Operation) profile on precision stop controller. The ATO system is used for automatic or driverless operation of a train. In this paper, the algorithm for ATO controller is presented and three speed profiles on precision stop controller are compared. One profile is based on the maximum jerk control, another on the constant control input, and the third on the optimal control for the minimum energy consumption. These profiles are simulated and analyzed in view of the stop time, control input, jerk, propulsion and braking.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.81-91
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• 2003

The aim of this study was to estimate the target F2 values of the coronal plain stop in Korean and the degree of deviation from the target in the context of various vowels, and to compare the results of Korean regarding the coronal stop with those of English and French. An acoustic analysis showed that the mean F2 value of the Korean coronal stop produced by 10 male speakers was 1,855 Hz and the deviation from the target was 94 Hz in the context of [i], 204 Hz in the context of [u], and 407 Hz in the context of [o]. The target F2s of the coronal stop were the highest in English (1,929 Hz) and the lowest in French (1,662 Hz), and the deviation from the targets in the context of the high back vowel was the largest in French (257 Hz) and the smallest in English (73 Hz).

• Speech Sciences
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.7-19
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• 2007

The present study investigated some phonetic attributes which distinguish two Korean stop types $^-aspirated$ and $lax^-$ in a prosodic position which has previously received little attention, namely medial in an accentual phrase. The intonational pattern across syllables which are initial in an accentual phrase (Jun, 1993) is said to depend on the type of stop (aspirated or lax), while that of syllables which are medial in an accentual phrase are not. In Experiment 1, nine native Korean speakers read sentences with a controlled prosodic pattern in which aspirated or lax stops occurred in accentual phrase-medial position. Acoustic analysis revealed significant differences between aspirated and lax stops in closure duration, voice-onset time, and fundamental frequency (F0) values for post-stop vowels. The results indicate that a wider range of acoustic cues distinguish aspirated and lax Korean stops than previously demonstrated. Phonetic and phonological models of consonant-tone interactions for Korean will need to be revised to account for these results.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 1998.06a
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• pp.423-426
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• 1998

Piezoresistive pressure sensors have fabricated using electrochemical etch-stop technique. Si diaphragm having thickness of n-epi. layer was fabricated and used to detect pressure range from 0 to 1 kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$. Piezoresistors were diffused 3${\times}$10$\^$18/ cm$\^$-3/ and placed at diaphragm edge for maximum pressure detection. The characteristics of electrochemical etch-stop in TMAH/lPA/pyrazine solution were also discussed. I-V curves of n and p-type Si in TMAH/lPA/pyrazine solution were obtained. Etching rate is highest at optimum etching condition, TMAH 25wt.%/IPA 17vo1.%/pyrazine 0.1/100m1, thus the elapsed time of etch-stop was reduced.