• STI Policy Review
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.54-86
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• 2015

The study examines the U.S. Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program, with a focus on the recent Reauthorization, and compares, in the political context, the U.S. and East Asian countries-Japan, Korea and Taiwan-that adopted the U.S. SBIR program. For the systematic analysis and cross-country comparison, the study employs Kingdon (2003)'s framework-his political theory and Garbage Can Model-to identify political participants and processes underlying the SBIR Reauthorization and to analyze the differences in problem, policy, and politics streams between the U.S. and East Asian countries. For the cross-country comparison, specifically, the study uses various data sources such as OECD, Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions, and World Value Survey. Based on the analysis outcomes, implications of U.S. practices on East Asian countries are extracted as follows. East Asian countries tend to: Have higher entrepreneurial aspiration while lower entrepreneurial activity and attitude than the U.S.; bear higher long term orientation and uncertainty avoidance while lower individualism than the U.S.; and have greater expectations of technology development and higher confidence in political parties while participating less in political action than the U.S. Drawing on the differences, the following policy recommendations are suggested. East Asian countries should: Improve entrepreneurs' access to resources (in particular, financial resource) in order to link their high entrepreneurial aspiration to actual entrepreneurial activities; cultivate failure-tolerating culture and risk-taking entrepreneurs, for instance, by providing a second chance to SBIR-participating businesses that failed to materialize their innovative ideas; and leverage their high expectations of new technology in order to take bold actions regarding their SBIR programs, and update the programs by drawing out constructive dialogues between SBIR stakeholders.

• 대한전자공학회논문지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.54-62
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• 1990

현재 임상에서 환자의 심박출량(cardiac output)을 측정하는데 널리 쓰이는 열희석법(thermodilution)은 카테터(catheter)의 심장주입에 따르는 위험성, 부작용 및 고도의 기술요구와 측정장비 및 비용의 고가, 측정 횟수의 제한, 환자의 고통등 여러 가지 문제점을 내포하고 있다. 한편 Electrical Impedance Cardiography는 이러한 열의석법의 단점들을 해결하고 나아가서 열희석법과는 달리 계속적으로 심박출량 뿐만 아니라 박동량(stroke volume) 및 심근육의 수축력등 심장의 기계적 기능을 감시할 수 있는 방법으로서, 외국에서는 널리 쓰이고 있고 이에 대한 연구도 활발한 상태이나 국내에서는 거의 보급이 안되어 있는 설정이다. 그리하여 본 연구에서는 이 새로운 분야의 국내 보급을 위하여 시제품을 완성하고 임상에서의 표준방법인 열희석법과 동시에 측정하여 기기의 정확성을 확인하였으며 운동 중에 운동부하 증가에 따른 심장기능의 변화도 측정하였다.

• STI Policy Review
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.1-33
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• 2014

Despite a commonly held belief that standards obstruct innovation, recent research shows that they can actually play critical roles in supporting various activities of technological innovation. Thus, providing an innovation-friendly environment through standardization has been gaining much attention in recent years; however, there is as yet limited understanding, due to complex dynamics and high uncertainties associated with innovation, as well as a variety of different types and functions of standards with various stakeholders involved. The problem becomes even more challenging for standardization in highly complex systems, such as Information and Communication Technology (ICT) systems, where a large number of domains and components are involved, along with various types of stakeholders. In order to deal with such complexity and variations, a systematic approach of standardization roadmapping has been used in many technology-leading countries as a strategic policy tool for supporting effective management of standardization. Despite its wide adoption, the current understanding of standardization roadmapping is somewhat limited, leaving significant challenges for policymakers and standards organizations in terms of how to structure and manage roadmapping exercises, and how the government should get involved. In this regard, the current research explores existing standardization roadmaps in various contexts related to ICT systems (ICT in Korea, Smart Grid in the US, and electromobility in Germany), as there is a particular need for systematic development of strategies for such complex systems of ICT. Focusing on various aspects of standardization roadmapping exercises such as their structures, processes, and participants, their common features and key characteristics are identified. Comparing these roadmaps also reveal distinct differences between standardization roadmapping approaches adopted by different countries in different contexts. Based on lessons learnt from existing practices, the study finally provides insight for the Korean ICT standards community on the ways in which their standardization roadmapping approach can be improved to support anticipatory management of standardization activities more effectively. It is expected that the current research can not only provide increased understanding of standardization roadmaps, but also help policymakers and standards organizations to develop more effective strategies for supporting innovation through the systematic management of standardization.

• STI Policy Review
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.25-37
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• 2010

Advances in Information Communication Technologies (ICT) have demonstrated tremendous potential for solving development challenges and improving development processes, culminating in the new Development 2.0. Many development practitioners have embraced ICT (particularly on Web 2.0 and mobile phone technologies and applications), which have become hot topics in both the development community and the policy community as they engage in development practice and dialogue. Despite this excitement, there lacks among the policy community a robust understanding of the powers and pitfalls of ICT in development, executed actions to back the excited chatter, and dissemination of this understanding to practitioners and policymakers alike. We conducted a literature review, interviewed experts, and engaged in discussion with leaders in international development and science and technology policy to provide an operational framework base in which to view ICT in development. This framework regards ICT as tools that support more effective and efficient community development actions and appropriate consideration of general guidelines, which enable better engagement across and within sectors and individuals. Flexibility and accountability are critical requirements pervading throughout the various actions and guidelines, which promote transparent, partnership-based, and sustainable development. We highlight the strengths and weaknesses of ICT to focus on the cautions to keep ICT access and distribution in context, understand the various levels of technologies and services, and dig below the surface as excitement about ICT increases and threatens to become a short-term solution. We offer ideas for specific programs that policymakers can implement to contribute to a more efficient and effective development process to ultimately support global human development, but stress the endless possibilities that can be explored with creativity and flexibility beyond what is proposed here.

• STI Policy Review
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.113-135
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• 2013

This paper explores how research excellence is perceived among researchers in Thailand and Japan with an aim to explore whether there are any new indicators that could later be proposed and adopted as criteria of excellence. Based on a questionnaire survey, the findings reflect ideas and viewpoints that could be found among researchers in both countries. Creative researchers are crucial to a strong national research and innovation system. Institutions should provide an environment or incentives based on research performance for their researchers to flourish and be productive. For decades, bibliometrics have been used to evaluate individual research performance for its easy approach and faster speed than a qualitative assessment would warrant. Nonetheless, there have been a number of studies on research performance evaluating systems that point out how a purely bibliometric approach is inadequate in summarizing the quality of the scientific performance. The pressures on researchers today influence their thinking and oppose their creativity. To investigate the perception of research excellence, three key research questions were set in this study: what counts as excellence, how to measure excellence, and how to support excellence. The findings confirm that traditional granting criteria that frames an idea of excellence remain valid, but they also suggest novel criteria be considered and prioritized. This paper argues that the existing evaluating system is insufficient for unleashing the curiosity and creativity of researchers and fostering excellence. In the final section, the paper discusses factors that contribute to scientific creativity that we should not overlook.

• STI Policy Review
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.41-54
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• 2013

R&D is inherently an uncertain endeavor, yet now more than ever those performing R&D with public funding are called upon to clarify the utility of their research. Calls for public accountability are mounting with the increase in constraints on government budgets due to the recent worldwide economic recession, in response to which both policymakers and researchers pay much more attention to rigorously assessing publicly funded R&D. A key issue complicating R&D evaluation in these circumstances is how to adequately account for the nature and degree of risk involved in a given R&D program or project. This study deliberates on certain issues involving the measurement of ex-ante risk in public R&D evaluation: (i) information asymmetry between R&D sponsors and performers, (ii) ambiguity in the measurement of returns in both prospective and retrospective evaluation, and (iii) the dilemma between measurement error and omitted variable bias for empirical estimation of R&D performance. The study then presents an analysis of hypothetical evaluation results that apply risk-relevant weights to the annual evaluation outcomes of South Korea's national R&D programs funded during 2006~2012. In this counterfactual re-evaluation of public R&D program performance, high-risk R&D programs turn out to receive higher evaluation than non-high-risk programs. The current study suggests that R&D evaluation ignoring ex-ante risk is not only conceptually invalid since R&D activities are intrinsically uncertain endeavors, but unfair as R&D performers are asked to be accountable for the results that were in fact out of their reach.

• STI Policy Review
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.75-97
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• 2014

Entrepreneurial financing, such as publicly initiated venture capital or grant schemes, serves as an important policy instrument that aims to bridge the financing gap facing young, innovative businesses, a gap that is mainly due to higher risk and growing uncertainty, and to strategically promote the creation of new ventures through the revitalization of their venture capital industries. This study examines public venture capital initiatives in Australia, Canada, and Sweden, and discovered that all three countries actively foster their venture capital industry through the formation of funds or the provision of tax incentives. It is notable that the majority of financing initiatives heavily depend on supply-side measures rather than demand-driven policies that focus on stimulating private investment in technological innovations and discoveries. This paper discusses in-depth the policy impact of public financing initiatives and their subsequent side-effects raised in the process such as overlapping in funding structure across the country, lack of monitoring and evaluation for feedback, fragmentation across the government ministries and agencies, and competition with the private sector, which may cause inefficiency as a result of public intervention. Financial constraints may arise for many reasons, partly resulting from the lack of investment readiness of young entrepreneurs. This signals a policy shift towards the creation of market-driven demand away from the traditional supply-push approach, and is a grand challenge to policymakers in entrepreneurial financing. Attention is leaning towards the efficiency and effectiveness of these public-financing initiatives in terms of their policy roles. It is worth noting that policy should focus on generating synergy so available resources can be channeled into the early, risky stage of new ventures, working as facilitator to the achievement of an intended policy goal.

• STI Policy Review
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.98-111
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• 2014

Since Deng Xiaoping's implementation of the "One China, Two Systems" policy, mainland China and the other Chinese regions of Hong Kong and Macau have cooperated in various ways to work towards successfully developing China's overall economy and industries. Particularly, cooperation between Guangdong Province and adjoining Hong Kong have been contributing to China's development, and this study explores their industry conditions including their current two governments policies designed to promote collaboration. The two partners were in a cooperative relationship even before the handover of Hong Kong, beginning with a "front shop, back factory" model built on their respective comparative advantages in labor-intensive industries in the 1980s. This cooperation effectively propelled the Pearl River Delta Region's industrialization process and enabled Hong Kong to transform from a manufacturing industry-based economy to a service industry-based economy. From the early 2000s, Guangdong and Hong Kong diversified their collaboration project from culture to high-tech. Also, both authorities produced several types of policies not only to promote both industries but also to harmonize their two different economic levels and models. As a result, the Guangdong and Hong Kong economies have developed remarkably well during the past two decades and continue to form future plans that carry plenty of optimism. Nonetheless, this study showed discrepancies between engineers and scientists from the two areas in their perception of their technology and science cooperation. Hong Kong experts were more negative in their responses but noted some successes of the collaboration, while Guangdong's group showed overall positive responses. This difference results from an unbalanced role in cooperation. Hong Kong's side responds to cooperation plans and takes on leading roles with more frequency than Guangdong's side in actual cooperation project processes.

• 천문학회보
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.83.1-83.1
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• 2010

Recent observations of Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) for the ugriz filters have provided the largest and the most homogeneous photometric database. Especially, the ugriz systems have been used in many telescopes, such as SDSS, CFHT, and Gemini, and will be applied next generation large telescopes. In addition, many stellar evolution models, like as PADOVA, BaSTI and DSEP, have introduced theoretical isochrones in ugriz system, to apply the isochrones into the photometry of stars in globular clusters. In this study, we transformed Yonsei-Yale($Y^2$) isochrones to ugriz photometric system and fit the isochrones to the (g-r, r), (g-i, r), and (r-i, r) CMDs of 13 globular clusters (Chun et al. 2009, Clem et al. 2008, An et al. 2008). We found that the derived ages from $Y^2$-isochrones are 1~3Gyr younger and the estimated distance moduli are 0.3mag larger than the values inferred from the other isochrones in r-band. Also, the E(B-V) are 0.02~0.04mag less than those estimated from the other models. The ages of each globular cluster estimated from $Y^2$-isochrones are 12~14Gyr and distance moduli show good agreement with previous studies. From this result, we confirmed the availability of the $Y^2$-isochrones in gri filters. However, it is a problem which will improve that E(B-V) values obtained from $Y^2$-isochrones are too small. Finally, the result of this study is expected to be used research of globular cluster in ugirz photometric system.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권10호
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• pp.6077-6080
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• 2013

Background: Cervical cancer is the second commonest female cancer worldwide. The 50-55 cases of cervical cancer are reported annually in the UAE. There is a scarcity of data from Middle Eastern region regarding knowledge and attitude of women towards HPV infection, cervical cancer prevention and HPV vaccine. The aim of our study was to assess the knowledge of women regarding HPV infection and vaccine in UAE. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 640 women aged 18-50 years was conducted in Al-Ain district in UAE using convenience sampling. Women with previous diagnosis of cervical cancer, non-residents of UAE, younger than 18 or older than 50 years of age and those unable to speak Arabic or English were excluded from the study. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association of HPV knowledge with independent factors like age, education etc. Results: Only 29% of our sampled women have ever heard of HPV infection. Only 15.3% women recognized it as STI. Only about 22% women have also heard of the HPV vaccine. Three quarter of the women in our study thought that cervical cancer can be prevented. About 28% recognized vaccine as a preventive measure against cervical cancer. Age (AOR 1.049, 95%CI 1.02-1.08) and husband's level of education were found to be significant (p value 0.015) after adjusting for women's age. Conclusions: The knowledge of HPV infection and vaccine is low in the UAE. Few women recognized HPV as sexually transmitted infection. Increasing age and husband's education are associated with better knowledge of HPV infection.