• STI Policy Review
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.20-42
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• 2014

The Brazil, Russia, India China and South Africa (BRICS) group has emerged as a collection of large economies which are outside the traditional groups of industrialised "first world" economies and which have altered the global distribution of economic power. The basis of their emergence is a combination of their size and growth rates, and the fact that they lie outside the established centres of global economic power. As such, they have "diversified" the power base of the global economic order. The question which is asked in this paper is whether the phenomenon of the BRICS goes beyond this to mark the start of a possible challenge to the neoliberal orthodoxy which emerged as the globally dominant policy paradigm since the collapse of the Soviet Union. This paper develops and uses a "modes of innovation" approach to explore the potential of the BRICS to constitute a structural rupture in the current globally dominant neoliberal mode of innovation. This question is important since, in the absence of this rupture, the remarkable development trajectory of the BRICS will serve to reinforce the legitimacy of the global orthodoxy. The paper first articulates the modes of innovation concept and then proceeds to locate the BRICS systems of innovation within the current globally dominant mode. On this basis it then provides an appraisal of the possible impact of the BRICS on the evolutionary path of the global system of innovation.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.105-112
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• 2019

In this study, an architectural acoustics simulation was conducted to examine the clear and uniform transmission of emergency broadcasting sound in a T junction corridor space. The sound absorption performance of the corridor space and the location and spacing of the loudspeaker for emergency broadcasting were varied. The distribution of the sound pressure level and the distribution of sound transmission indices (STI, RASTI) were compared. The simulation showed that the loudspeaker for emergency broadcasting should be installed approximately 10 m from the center of the T junction corridor connection for clear voice transmission. Narrowing the 25 m installation interval of the NFSC shows that an even clearer and sufficient volume of emergency broadcast sound can be delivered evenly.

• Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.355-379
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• 2021

This study examined the evolution of S&T Basic Acts in Korea from the Science and Technology Promotion Act (1967) through the Special Act on STI (1997) to the Framework Act on Science and Technology (2001) in the following aspects: 1) comprehensive plans, 2) coordination mechanisms for S&T policies, 3) enforcement of R&D programs and performance diffusion, 4) promotion of human resources, 5) and S&T investment and budgeting. Before the Framework Act on S&T was enacted in 2001, critical issues were found in establishing S&T master plans, promotion of R&D programs, comprehensive coordination mechanisms, and R&D budgeting. The three Basic Acts have expanded the scope of regulation over time to cover the entire cycle of the S&T process. They concern a wide range of issues, including creating a basis for scientific and technological development, S&T promotion, disseminating and commercializing research outcomes, and preventing adverse effects from science and technology. The content of the Basic Acts has evolved in response to changes in the political, economic, and social environment of Korean industry during the past five decades.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.873-878
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• 2002

OA-8159, a new Phosphodiesterase (PDE) 5 inhibitor, has exhibited potent erectogenic potential in a penile erection test in rats and anesthetized dogs. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of its erectogenic activity by measuring the activity of OA-8159 against a various PDE isozymes and assessing cGMP and cAMP formation in a rabbit corpus cavernosum in vitro. DA-8159 inhibited the PDE 5 activity in rabbit and human platelets, which the $IC_{50}$ was 5.84$\pm$1.70 nM and 8.25$\pm$2.90 nM, respectively. The $IC_{50}$ of DA-8159 on PDE 1, PDE2, PDE 3 and PDE 6 were 870$\pm$57.4 nM, $101\pm$5 $\mu$M, 52.0$\pm$3.53 $\mu$M and 53.3$\pm$2.47 nM, respectively. This suggests that DA-8159 is a potent, highly selective, competitive inhibitor of PDE 5-catalyzed cGMP hydrolysis. The rates of cGMP hydrolysis catalyzed by human platelets-derived PDE 5 as a function of the cGMP concentration (5~100 nM) and two-fixed DA-8159 concentration (11.3 and 18.8 nM) were investigated in order to characterize the mode of PDE 5 inhibition by DA-8159. DA-8159 increased the apparent 4K_{m}$ value for cGMP hydrolysis but had no effect on the apparent $V_{max}$, indicating a competitive mode of inhibition. DA-8159 increased the cGMP concentrations in the rabbit corpus cavernosum dose dependently. In the presence of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), DA-8159 significantly sti\mulated the accu\mulation of cGMP when compared to the control level. This indicated that the enhancement of a penile erection by DA-8159 involved the relaxation of the cavernosal smooth \muscle by NO-sti\mulated cGMP accu\mulation. In conclusion, DA-8159 is a selective inhibitor of PDE 5-catalyzed cGMP hydrolysis and the enhancement of a penile erection by DA-8159 is mediated by the relaxation of the cavernosal smooth \muscle by the NO-sti\mulated cGMP accu\mulation.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.146-156
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• 2015

This study investigated how the location of sound absorptive materials and sound diffusers affects the acoustic performance of small auditoriums. It was conducted for a standard model established with the averaged dimension of 36 auditoriums which had opened since 2000 in Daehak-ro, Seoul. In this study, the installation area of finishing materials was calculated upon a back wall which had the smallest installation effective area of finishing materials. To analyze the changes of acoustic performance according to installation location of finishing materials, experiments were carried out using the 1/10 down scale models for 8 cases which were made by classifying the installation location of ceiling and side wall into the front, middle and rear part.The used acoustic parameters were reverberation time (RT), early decay time (EDT), clarity (C80), definition (D50) and speech transmission index (STI). In result, the index related to the amount of reverberant sound (RT, EDT) showed the great changes when evaluating it through just noticeable difference (JND), but the one related to clarity (C80, D50, STI) hardly indicated the changes. In case to obtain short reverberation time, it was most effective to control reverberation time through the side walls when installing sound absorptive and diffusive materials, and side wall front was the location which could get the shortest reverberation time.

• STI Policy Review
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 2011

Innovation Policy has evolved to solve social problems through technological innovation. Industrial innovation policy promotes technological innovation so that it consolidates industrial competitiveness and aims at economic growth; however, societal innovation policy promotes technological innovation in the social service domain to improve the quality of life and strengthen sustainability. A different policy regime is required because the objectives and directions of societal innovation policy are different from those of industrial innovation policy. This report consolidates the concepts and characteristics of societal innovation policy that suggest policy options.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Broadcast Engineers Conference
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• 1996.06a
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• pp.143-146
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• 1996

디지털 방송을 채용한 무궁화 위성방송 시스템은 스튜디오, STI, 지구국, 위성, 수신기, RSMS로 구성된다. 새로운 방송방식의 품질을 주관적 평가방법과 객관적 평가방법을 사용하여 측정하였다. 주관적 평가는 ITU-R BT, 500-5[1]에 근거하여 최종 수신된 화상에 대해 실시되었다. ITU-R Rec. 567-3[2]에 근거한 객관적 평가가 각 구간별로 실시되었다. 이 측정결과를 토대로 STL이 교체되었으며, 각 시스템 파라미터가 조정되었다. 또한 국내 7개사에서 제작된 수신기 성능을 평가하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 1994.04a
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• pp.434-437
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• 1994

기계부품의 설계공정에 3차원 CAD 시스템이사용되어 널리 보급중에 있으며, 그중에서도 시설설계 의 경우 CAD형상 데이터의 급속입체표현법, 즉 3차원 입체모형에 의한 프로토타입 모델의 표현기술 개발에 관한 연구개발이 현재 세계적으로 널리 진행되고 있다. 이 연구개발의 첫단계는 3차원 CAD 의 형상데이터를 어떻게 처리하여 실제 원하는 형상을 가공해낼 것인가를 해결하는 것으로 3차원 CAD의 변환파일중 한가지안 STI 파일을 이용하여 이것의 해결방법에 대해 논한다. 본 연구에서 사용한 3차원 CAD는 Pro-Engineer이며, 이것을 PC로 down load 받아서 PC 상에서의 형상이입작업은 AutoCAD를 사용하였다.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 1998.06a
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• pp.481-484
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• 1998

In this study, oxide(TEOS) CMPs were carried out for various head pressures. Table and head speeds are fixed at 25 RPM. Head pressures are 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 PSI, and under these conditions, 1,587, 1,631, 2,556, 2,871.agns./min of oxide (TEOS) removal rates and 14.7, 18.5, 9.52, 7.9% of uniformities are obtained, respectively. Also, these experiments for local and global planarizations were done using the patterned 4" wafers. These conditions are applicable to STI(shallow trench isolation) structures and planarizations for sub-half micron lithography.aphy.

• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.293-295
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• 2004

For the evaluation of corrosion resistance, Al 6061-T6 alloy was welded by Friction Sti. Welding(FSW) and Gas Metal Arc Welding(GMAW) evaluated by Tafel method and immersion test. The Tafel and immersion test results indicated that GMA weld was severely attacked compared with those of friction stir weld. It may be mainly due to the galvanic corrosion mechanism act on the CMA weld.