• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.356-368
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• 2010

In this study, we applied approach of integrative star-plot area (SPA), chemical water quality and habitat conditions (QHEI) to diagnoze ecological conditions at the eight sampling sites of Sapkyo Stream. These outcomes were compared with biological health based on the Index of Biological Integrity (IBI) using fish assemblage. And then, we evaluated the integrative ecological health condition using the star-plot method. This approach based on the sum of all the star-plot areas over these water and habitat characteristics. It was developed to reflect an integrative assessment of the ecological health in the stream. The biological health, based on the model values of IBI indicating "fair-poor" condition according to the criteria. Physical habitat health, based on the QHEI, averaged 123 indicating a "good-fair" condition. Also, chemical health, based on simply BOD values indicating "poor grade" according to the criteria of the Ministry of Environment Korea (MEK). The SPA indicating that 50% of the all was impaired condition and the most sampling sites were downstream sites influenced by the point and non-point sources. Overall our results suggest that the ecological health impact was a combined effect of eutrophication and habitat degradations in the stream. The approach of SPA can be used as a tool to evaluate the integrative health of stream environment and to identify possible causes of observed effects.

• 한국공간정보시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.313-318
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• 2005

단 밴드 영상과는 달리 다차원 데이터는 분광적인 특성을 이용한 자동화된 영상 분석을 수행하는 장점이 있는 반면, 3차원 이상의 데이터를 분광차익 상에 시각화 하는데 어려움이 따른다. 클러스터링 기법을 이용한 영상 정보 추출은 자동화된 영상 분석적인 측면에서 중요한 분야 중 하나로서, 분광차원에서 구 형태의 조밀한 클러스터를 분리하는데 효과적인 방법으로 알려져 있지만 부정형(不定形)의 클러스터를 추출하는 방법에는 한계를 가진다. 따라서 본 연구는 모든 차원의 데이터를 2차원 상에 시각화하여 화소간 인접성을 개략적으로 확인할 수 있는 Star Coordinates 기법을 제안한다. 데이터의 다차원 시각화를 통해, 부정형 클러스터를 제거하여 다음 단계의 영상 분석 시 발생할 수 있는 오류를 방지할 수 있고, 명확한 클러스터를 확인 지정하여 클러스터링 정확도를 골일 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 부가적인 연구고서, Star Coordinates 기법을 적용하여 Plot된 영상 데이터를 K-Means 알고리즘을 이용한 무감독 분류를 수행하여 그 결과를 확인하였다.

• Journal of the Korean School Mathematics Society
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.35-45
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• 1998

This paper will present some basic and simple graphical methods of exploratory data analysis for the instrument of data analysis at school mathematics. Human beings perceive visual patterns more readily than patterns in collections of numbers. This is especially important in exploratory data analysis because pictures dramatically reveal things that we did not expect to find in the data set. Here are graphical methods as the stem and leaf plot, the box plot, the star plot and the face plot. These methods impulse the motivation of students in real life. And the subject can be taught in secondary school with several applications. Also It is important for students to get a feel for working with and manipulating data before studying the more theoretical aspects of statistics.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.171-178
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• 2008

수백여 종의 개별물질이 불완전 연소 혹은 유기물의 열분해로 인해 발생되는 다환방향족 탄화수소(PAHs)는 환경에서 중요한 오염원이 되고 있다. 본 연구는 다양한 바이오마커를 이용하여 수서생태계에 벤조피렌(benzo[a]pyrene)과 같은 다환방향족 탄화수소의 영향을 분석하였고, 이에 대한 통합적 결과 모델을 도출하였다. 즉, 잉어(Cyprinus carpio)를 이용하여 여러 농도의 벤조피렌(3, 12, $34{\mu}g/L$, 측정농도 기준)에 10일간 노출시킨 다음, DNA single-strand break, ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), acetylcholine esterase (AChE)와 vitellogenin (VTG)의 농도를 측정하였다. 벤조피렌은 잉어의 DNA 손상을 유도하였고, 낮은 농도에서 EROD와 VTC의 유의적인 활성을 보였으나, 신경전달물질과 관련이 깊은 AChE 효소활성에는 영향을 미치지 않았다. 이 결과를 star plot를 이용하여 통합 및 분석하였으며, 노출농도에 따른 통합 반응지수(integrated biomarker response value: IBR)로 나타내었다. 이런 다양한 바이오마커의 결과들은 벤조피렌에 대한 어류의 영향과 수생태 모니터링 자료로 이용 가능할 것으로 여겨지며, 통합반응지수는 생태위해성평가에서 유용한 도구로 쓰일 가치가 있는 것으로 평가된다.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.627-633
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• 1998

Impurity profiling analysis of methamphetamine seized in Korea was investigated for the evidential and intelligent purpose. Samples were extracted with ethylacetate which contai ns internal standard of dioctylsebacate under basic condition and extracts were analyzed by GC-FID. Ephedrine, chloroephedrine & 1,2-dimethyl-3-phenylaziridine were identified impurities in illicit methamphetamine by GC-MS. These impurities revealed that most of abused methamphetamine in Korea were synthesized from ephedrine as a starting material. For the classification of samples. firstly, 24 impurity peaks were selected after inspection of every peak in 50 samples as the specific markers of impurities. Secondly, corresponding peak retention time and area ratio to the internal standard were calculated and database was created with values of 24 peaks by in-house program. Finally, cluster analysis was attempted with the resultant profiles using the STAR plot, which was based on the Euclidian distance for evaluating similarity among samples. A total of 76 samples were divided into 8 different groups within 90% statistical similarity and inter-batch samples showed similar impurity patterns by this procedure. In conclusion, the analysis of impurities is a suitable index for estimation the common or different origin of methamphetamine sample.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.523-535
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• 2019

Purpose: We research on the efficient response surface methodology(RSM) design to develop a design space in Quality by Design(QbD). We propose practical designs for the successful construction of the design space in QbD by allowing different number of replicates at the box points, star points, and the center point in the rotatable central composite design(CCD). Methods: The fraction of design space(FDS) plot is used to compare designs efficiency. The FDS plot shows the fraction of the design space over which the relative standard error of predicted mean response lies below a given value. We search for practical designs whose minimal half-width of the tolerance interval per a standard deviation is less than 4.5 at 0.8 fraction of the design space. Results: The practical designs for the number of factors between two and five are listed. One of the designs in the list could be chosen depending on the experimental budget restriction. Conclusion: The designs with box points replications are more efficient than those with the star points replication. The sequential method to establish a design space is illustrated with the simulated data based on the two examples in RSM.

• Proceedings of the Polymer Society of Korea Conference
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• 2006.10a
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• pp.322-322
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• 2006

Well-defined poly(N-vinylcarbazole), poly(NVC), was synthesized by macromolecular design via interchange of the xanthate (MADIX)/reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization in the presence of a suitable xanthate-type chain transfer agent (CTA). Good control of the polymerization was confirmed by the linear first-order kinetic plot, the molecular weight controlled by the monomer/CTA molar ratio, linear increase in the molecular weight with the conversion, and the ability to extend the chains by the second addition of the monomer. Star polymers having various architectures were also synthesized using this technique.

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.27-33
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• 2006

Infrared color-color diagram of 10 giant molecular clouds are examined to explore the dust property from the COBE Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment of the 100, 140, and $240{\mu}m$ emission. Four of them, Taurus, Mon OB1, Gem OB1, and Chameleon, show the anti-correlation in $R_{100/140}-R_{140/240}$ plot and the horizontal distribution in $R_{100/240}-R_{140/240}$ plot, which disagree with those of theoretical calculation. These could be explained by the depletion of $100{\mu}m$ and the excess of $140{\mu}m$ emission, though no existing dust model could support them. Mean color temperature of the anti-correlation region appears to be lower than that of the linear region, whose temperatures are 15.3, 17.0 K, respectively. And the linear region shows large dispersion in the plot of intensity relation. Both imply that a star formation would be more active, but not homogeneous, in the linear region compared to the anti-correlation region.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.331-337
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• 2008

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) derived from leakage of fossil fuels and incomplete combustion of organic materials have been considered as harmful contaminants in environments. This study evaluated the effect of benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), one of the PAHs, using the multiple biomarkers and applied the integration model with those biomarker responses. After 10 days of the exposure at the measured concentrations of BkF (6, 25, and 45 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$), the changes of the four biomarkers, that is, 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), DNA single-strand breaks (Comet), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and vitellogenin (VTG) in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were observed. The standardized values of four biomarker responses were computed and integrated as star plots, representing Integrated Biomarker Respnse (IBR) values. DNA damage was induced in a dose-dependent manner, and increased significantly compared with that in the control. EROD and VTG levels were significantly elevated at low concentrations of BkF. On the other hand, AChE activities were not altered by BkF. IBR values increased as the exposure concentrations increased. Thus, the metabolic, endocrine and genetic changes of the biomarker responses in the common carp exposed to BkF should be considered in the case of the ecological risk assessment of the BkF in fish and it can be used as a biomonitoring tool in aquatic ecosystems. In addition, star plots can be used as a useful analysis tool in multibiomarker integration approach.

• BMB Reports
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.119-124
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• 2007

Adenoviral vectors are among the most promising vectors available for human gene therapy. However, the use of recombinant adenoviral vectors, including replicationcompetent adenovirus (RCA), raises a variety of safety concerns in relation to the development of new therapies based on gene therapy. To examine how organic compounds change in rat plasma following the injection of adenovirus, $\beta$-galactosidase expressing recombinant adenovirus (designated rAdLacZ) or RCA, we investigated the content of fatty acids (FAs), which are important biochemical indicators in pathological conditions. Pattern recognition analysis on the level of FAs in rat plasma is described for the visual discrimination of adenovirus infection groups from normal controls. Plasma FAs from four control rats (normal group), and from four rats with rAdLacZ infection and six rats with RCA infection (the two abnormal groups), were examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in selected ion monitoring modes as their tert-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives. In total, 20 FAs were positively detected and quantified. The results of the Student's t-test on the normal mean of two abnormal groups, the levels of three FAs (p<0.05) from rAdLacZ group and eleven FAs (p<0.05) from RCA group were significantly different. When star symbol plotting was applied to the group mean values of 20 FAs after normalization to the corresponding normal mean values, the resulting eicosagonal star patterns of the two infected groups were distorted into similar shapes, but were distinguishable from each other. Thus, these approaches will be useful for screening and monitoring of diagnostic markers for the effects of infection following the use of adenoviral vectors in gene therapy.