• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.99-109
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• 2023

Objectives : Sihosogan-tang (SST) is one of the traditional herbal formula and also one of the Korean medical insurance medicines. It commonly used in the treatment of hepatitis, chronic gastritis, intercostal neuralgia, pleurisy, and depression in East Asia. In the present study, we have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effects of SST in macrophage cell line. Methods : To investigate mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effect of SST, we examined the productions of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the expressions of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), nuclear factor-κ B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) on RAW 264.7 cells activated by LPS. Results : SST significantly inhibited the expression of iNOS increased by LPS, and also significantly inhibited the production of NO. In addition, SST significantly inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF- α and interleukines. SST inhibited the expression of NF-κB and MAPK activation. Conclusions : These results suggest that SST ameliorates inflammatory response in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells through the inhibition of the NF-κB and MAPK pathway. Therefore, this study supplies objective evidence for the anti-inflammatory effect of SST.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.332-338
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of postural control and locomotion on improvement of two point discrimination (TPD), stereognosis (ST) through somatosensory training (SST) on the upper limb (UL). Methods: The subjects were 20 hemiplegia patients who have problems with unilateral neglect after stroke. The patients were divided into two groups, the experimental group (EG) and the control group (CG). In the EG, SST for TPD, ST was performed 18 times, three times a week for six weeks, together with physical therapy (PT) and occupational therapy (OT). In the CG conventional PT and OT without SST was performed for six weeks. Several assessment tools were used in comparison of groups; two point discrimination test (TPDT) on forearm (F), thenar (T), hypothenar (TH), thumb tip (TH-T), index finger tip (IN-T), stereognosis test (ST), postural assessment scale for stroke (PASS), and clinical test of sensory interaction on balance (CTSIB) and timed up and go test (TUG). Results: In the CG, conventional PT and OT resulted in statistically improved TPDT (F), ST, PASS, and TUG. In the EG, SST resulted in statistically improved TPDT (F, T, HT, TH-T, IN-T), ST, PASS, and TUG. TPDT-T, ST, and CTSIB with length of displacement with eye open (LDEO) also showed significant improvement between the groups. Conclusion: In both groups TPDT ST, PASS and TUG, and SST had effects on the UL and TPDT, ST and static postural control had greater effects compared with the PG. Therefore, we could assume that TPD and ST are very important in performing human activities including postural control and locomotion.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.44-52
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• 2013

Objectives : Samhwangsasim-tang (SST), Hwangryeonhaedok-tang (HHT), Ukgan-san (UGS), Onjunghwadam-hwan (OHH) and Samul-tang (SMT) have been used for the treatment of various diseases. This study was performed to compare the anti-obesity effects of 5 herbal formulas in high fat diet-(HFD) induced obese mice. Methods : The mice were randomly divided into seven groups that were fed a normal diet (ND), a HFD, a HFD plus SST (HFD + SST), a HFD plus HHT (HFD + HHT), a HFD plus UGS (HFD + UGS), a HFD plus OHH (HFD + OHH), or HFD plus SMT (HFD + SMT) at 300 mg/kg/day for 7 weeks. All groups were assayed for body weights, food efficiency ratio (FER), final liver and fat weight and blood biochemical parameters. Results : The increased body weights, food efficiency ratio (FER), and serum total triglyceride were decreased in HFD + OHH group relative to the same measurements in HFD group. Furthermore, the HFD + SST group significantly reduced FER, liver and abdominal subcutaneous fat weight gains, and serum total triglyceride, whereas HDL-cholesterol level was increased compared to HFD group. Conclusions : These results suggested that HFD + OHH and HFD + SST exert anti-obesity effects in HFD-induced obese mice.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.509-518
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• 2019

Analyses with various Sea Surface Temperature (SST) products indicate that the interannual variability of the area-averaged SST in the East/Japan Sea (EJS) is well correlated to that of Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) during 1979-2018, especially in the autumn. The regression analysis with the wind vectors at 200 hPa, where the strongest jet stream flows, suggests that the long-term variability of the intensity as well as the meridional movement of the jet stream are related to the coupling of the autumn EJS SST and PDO. When the axis of the jet stream moves poleward (equatorward) with its weakening (strengthening), both the EJS SST and North Pacific SST increase (decrease). This suggests that both the intensity and meridional movement of the jet stream are possibly related to the coupling of the autumn EJS SST and PDO. However, effects of a weak jet stream during the summer and the strong East Asian winter monsoon make weak coupling between the EJS SST and PDO.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.201-218
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to investigate climatological variations from the sea surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a), and phytoplankton size class (PSC), using NOAA AVHRR, SeaWiFS, and MODIS data in the South Sea of Korea (SSK) and East China Sea (ECS). 26-year monthly SST and 13-year monthly Chl-a and PSC data, separated by whole and nine-different areas, were used to understand seasonal and inter-annual variations. SST and Chl-a clearly showed seasonal variations: higher SST and Chl-a were observed during the summer and spring, and lower values occurred during the winter and summer. The annual and monthly SST over 26 years increased by $0.2{\sim}1.0^{\circ}C$. The annual and monthly Chl-a concentration over 13 years decreased by $0.2{\sim}1.1mg/m^3$. To determine more detailed spatial and temporal variations, we used the combined data with monthly SST, Chl-a, and PSC. Between 1998 and 2010, the inter-annual trend of Chl-a decreased, with decreasing micro- and nano-size plankton, and increasing pico-size plankton. In regional analysis, the west region of the study area was spatially and temporally correlated with the area dominated by decreasing micro-size plankton; while the east region was less sensitive to coastal and land effects, and was dominated by increasing pico-size plankton. This phenomenon is better related to one or more forcing factors: the increased stratification of ocean driven by changes occurring in spatial variations of the SST caused limited contributions of nutrients and changed marine ecosystems in the study area.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.634-648
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• 2019

Self-service technologies (SST) are rapidly changing the way customers participate in the purchasing process. Academic literature has focused on the acceptance of SSTs. However, this study explored consumer's cognitive response and purchase intentions through service qualities of SST as well as how they are moderated by technology anxiety and other people's presence based on TAM3. An online survey collected 279 consumer panels. All responses were used for the analysis and analyzed statistically through SPSS 23.0. The results indicate that only enjoyment and control had a significant effect on warmth perception; however, all service qualities had significant effects on competence perception. The perceived warmth and perceived competence partially mediated the relationship between SST service qualities and purchase intention. The moderating effect of technical anxiety was shown to be significant in the relationship between perceived competence and purchase intention. In addition, technology anxiety had a moderating effect on the relationship between competence perception and purchase intention only in a public situation.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.199-206
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• 2013

Objectives : Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and Asperger's disorder (AD) in children are associated with attentional problems, impulsivity, hyperactivity, and difficulties with social interactions. Pharmacological treatment may alleviate symptoms of ADHD, but seldom solves difficulties with social interactions. Social skills training (SST) may assist in improving their social interactions. We examined the effects of SST on children's social competences, general behavior, and ADHD symptoms. Methods : Thirty four children, aged 7 to 12 years, participated in the cognitive behavioral SST program once a week at the outpatient division of child-adolescent psychiatry. SST was composed of 24 sessions (ninety minutes) for 6 months. Twenty-five children were diagnosed with ADHD, and 9 children were diagnosed with AD. Parents of the children rated Korea-Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL), Conner's rating scales, Korean-ADHD Rating Scale (K-ARS), Social Skill Rating System (SSRS), and Matson's Social Skill Rating Scale as an evaluation of the treatment effect, before the first session and after the final session of the training. Results : The ADHD group showed significantly increased scores of social and social competence of CBCL and SSRS. Further, scores of externalizing problems of CBCL, CRS, and ARS were significantly decreased. The Asperger's group showed significantly increased scores of social competence of CBCL, SSRS, and MESS. There was a significant difference of the improvement in CBCL's school and total behavior problem score, CRS between drug change group and no drug change group. Conclusion : The result of this study suggests that SST is effective in improving social skills for children with ADHD and AD. In addition, SST has shown its effectiveness in treating attentional problems for children with ADHD. To prove objective usefulness of SST, further studies with a more structured design and long-term duration along with a sufficient number of AD participants will be necessary.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.179-194
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• 2020

The present study aims to evaluate the effects of satellite-based SST (OSTIA) assimilation on a regional ocean circulation model for the Yellow and East China Seas (YECS), using three different assimilation methods: the Ensemble Optimal Interpolation (EnOI), Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF), and 4-Dimensional Variational (4DVAR) techniques, which are widely used in the ocean modeling communities. The model experiments show that an improved initial condition by assimilating the SST affects the seasonal water temperature and water mass distributions of the YECS. In particular, the SST data assimilation influences the temperature structures horizontally and vertically in winter, thereby improving the behavior of the YS warm current water. This is due to the fact that during wintertime the water column is well mixed, which is directly updated by the SST assimilation. The model comparisons indicate that the SST assimilation can improve the model performance in resolving the subsurface structures in wintertime, but has a relatively small impact in summertime due to the strong stratification. The differences among the different assimilation experiments are obvious when the SST was sharply changed due to a typhoon passage. Overall, the EnKF and 4DVAR show better agreement with the observations than the EnOI. The relatively low performance of EnOI under storm conditions may be related with a limitation of EnOI method whereby an analysis is obtained from a number of climatological fields, and thus the typhoon-induced SST changes in short-time scales may not be adequately reflected in the data assimilation.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.34 no.6_1
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• pp.953-968
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• 2018

In order to understand the change of surface water temperature in the East China Sea (ECS), this study analyzed the relationship between sea surface temperature (SST), air temperature (AT) and heat flux using satellite and model reanalysis data from 2003 to 2017. SST in the ECS showed the lowest (average : $13.72^{\circ}C$) in March and the highest (average : $28.12^{\circ}C$) in August. AT is highly correlated with SST and shows a similar seasonal change. In August, SST is higher than AT and then continuously higher than AT until winter. To analyze the change of the summer SST in the ECS, we used the SST anomaly value in August to classify the periods with positive (04', 06', 07', 13', 16', 17') and negative (03', 05', 08', 09', 10', 11', 12', 14', 15') values. Spatial similarity between the two periods indicates that SSTs are relatively larger variations in the northern part than in the southern part, and in the western part than in the eastern part in the study area. AT and net heat flux values also show similar changes with SST. However, the periods of the positive SST anomaly have the relatively increasing SST, AT and heat flux values compared to the periods of the negative SST anomaly in the summer season of the ECS. Although the change of SST in the summer season generally well correlates with AT, there were the periods when it was different from general trends between SST and AT (10', 12', 15', 16'). SST in August 2010 and 2012 decreased by $0.5^{\circ}C$ from AT. It suggests that the decreasing SST was considered to be caused by the effects of the typhoon passing through the study area. In August 2015, AT was relatively lower than SST (> $0.5^{\circ}C$), which is might be weakening of the East Asian Summer Monsoon. In August 2016, SST and AT show the highest values during the whole study periods, but SST is higher than AT (> $1^{\circ}C$). From satellite and heat flux data, the variations of SST have been shown to be relatively higher in the area of the expansion Changjiang Diluted Water (CDW) originated from the China coast. More research is needed to analyze this phenomenon, it is believed as not only the effect of rising AT but also the expansion of the low-salinity water.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.39-50
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• 1997

This experiment was to investigate the antioxidant effect of Sesimtang(SST) on brain tissues of mouse. The experimental groups were divided into three groups and treated ad follows for 15 days ; Normal group(NC), Vt.E admistrated group(PC), SST administrated Group(SST). After the extracting microsome from brain of mouse, those were measured the amounts of oxidant materials like MDA(malonaldehyde) and $H_2O_2$, then activities of antioxidant enzymes like SOD(superoxide dismutase), catalase, NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase. The results were as follows; 1. In TBA reaction to measure the amount of MDA, oxidant material of brain tissue of aged rat, both treated groups showed significant decrease. 2. Hydrogen peroxide formation was showed significant decrease in both treated groups than normal group. 3. Superoxide dismutase activity was increased in both treated groups than normal group, and showed little change in SST administrated group than normal group. 4. Catalase activity was increased in both treated groups than normal group. 5. NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase activity was increased in both treated groups than normal group.