• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.137-142
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• 2016

We investigated the anti-proliferative effects of solar salt and purified salt (PS) on HepG2 human hepatocellular cancer cells as well as their effects on mRNA and protein expression of apoptosis- and cell cycle-related genes, including Bcl-2, Bax, p53, and p21. Each salt sample suppressed cancer cell proliferation when treated at a concentration of 0.5% or 1%. Especially solar salt from T salt field (SS-T) and solar salt from Y salt field (SS-Y) significantly suppressed proliferation of cancer cells in comparison with PS. Treatment of HepG2 cells with salt samples at a concentration of 1% suppressed expression of Bcl-2 and promoted expression of Bax, p53, and p21 at the mRNA and protein levels in comparison with the control group. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) showed that SS-T and SS-Y had higher concentrations of Ca, Mg, S, and K than PS, and SS-T contained higher concentrations of these minerals than SS-Y. It seems that Na and mineral contents in solar salt may contribute to regulation of the genes. Taken together, salt, especially mineral rich solar salt, inhibits cancer cell growth by regulating apoptosis and cell cycle-related genes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.290-294
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• 2002

The aim of this study was to investigate in an in vivo model the effects of ethanol extract and ethyl ether and ethyl acetate fractions of Sedum sarmentosum Bunge (SS). To investigate the effects of ethanol extract and ethyl ether and ethyl acetate fractions, Sprage-Dawley female rats were randomly assigned to groups as follows : Sham, OVX-control and ovariectomized rats supplemented with SS at 50 mg/kg bw/day, with SS at 100 mg/kg bw/day, with SS at 200 mg/kg bw/day, with ethyl ether fraction of SS at 10 mg/ka bw/day and with ethyl acetate fraction of SS at 10 mg/kg bw/day. Food intake and food efficiency ratio were not significantly different in groups. But body weight gain was decreased by supplementation of ethyl acetate fraction of SS compared to OVX-control. The levels of total cholesterol and triglyceride in serum were higher in ovariectomized control rats than Sham-operated rats, but supplementation of SS ethanol extracts at 200 mg/kg bw/day decreased the level of the lipid in serum. The level of HDL-cholesterol in serum increased by supplementation of SS ethanol extracts at 200 mg/kg bw/day (p<0.01). The levels of total cholesterol and triglyceride in serum were decreased by supplementation of ethyl acetate fraction of SS (p<0.01). On the other hand, the level of HDL-cholesterol in serum was increased by supplementation of ethyl acetate fraction of SS (p<0.05). On conclusion, it might be expected that ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of SS is believed to be a possible protective effects for the fatty serum increasing serum lipid.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.581-587
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• 2014

Sediment basin that is typical facility installed for development business to prevent soil erosion has low removal efficiency and therefore, it causes complaints from the residents and has a bad effect on ecosystem. Thus there is a limit to control soil erosion using the existing design methods of sediment basin, so the purposes of this study is providing suitable design factors for sediment basin with regarding soil characteristic of development areas and analysing sedimentation characteristic by inflow concentration changes. The results, for analyzing the sedimentation characteristic by soil concentrations within approximately 2,000 ~ 20,000 mg/L of initial SS concentration, indicated similar sedimentation trends for same soil in the supernatant regardless of initial concentrations. However, for different soil characteristic (percent finer), there are different results in sedimentation rate and concentrations of the supernatant. Thus it is recommended that sediment basin to prevent soil erosion during construction should be designed based on retention time derived from soil sedimentation experiments regardless of inlet concentration. In addition, installing the soil erosion prevention facility at the back to satisfy effluent water quality should be considered to minimize soil erosion effectively.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.83-90
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• 2008

The ultrasonic pre-treatment of sewage sludge (SS) was investigated to increase soluble organic material and to improve anaerobic biodegradability. Ultrasonic disintegration of SS increased the amount of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD), protein and carbohydrate concentrations whereas particle size decreased due to the break-up of cell walls. In terms of anaerobic biodegradability, ultrasonic pre-treatment enhanced the anaerobic biodegradation of SS, leading to the methane gas production improvement. Biochemical methane potential (BMP) of SS was 211.3 ml $CH_4/gVS$ whereas BMP after ultrasonic pre-treatment was 294.3 ml $CH_4/gVS$. The improvement in BMP for SS treated with ultrasonic disintegration was as high as 40 %. This result indicated that disintegration of SS was efficient for enhancing anaerobic biodegradability.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.531-538
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• 2021

In this study, the TOC in six estuarine reservoirs in the West Sea (Ganwol, Namyang, Daeho, Bunam, Sapkyo, and Asan) was estimated using optically-active water quality factors by the water environment monitoring network. First, specification data and land use maps of each estuarine reservoir were collected. Subsequently, water quality data from 2013 to 2020 were collected. The data comprised of 11 parameters: pH, dissolved oxygen, BOD, COD, suspended solids (SS), total nitrogen, total phosphorus, water temperature, electrical conductivity, total coliforms, and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a). The TOC in the estuarine reservoirs was 4.9~7.0 mg/L, with the highest TOC of 7.0 mg/L observed at the Namyang reservoir, which has a low shape coefficient and high drainage density. The correlation of TOC with water quality factors was also analyzed, and the correlation coefficients of Chl-a and SS were 0.28 and 0.19, respectively, while the correlation coefficients of these factors in the Namyang reservoir were 0.42 and 0.27, respectively. To improve the estimation of TOC using Chl-a and SS, the TOC was averaged in 5 mg/L units, and Chl-a and SS were averaged. Correlation analysis was then performed and the R² of Chl-a-TOC was 0.73. The R² of SS-TOC was 0.73 with a non-linear relationship. TOC had a significant non-linear relationship with Chl-a and SS. However, the relationship should be assessed in terms of the spatial and temporal variations to construct a reliable remote sensing system.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.2187-2195
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• 2000

A water treatment system using membrane separation technology can provide stable effluent quality and its maintenance is relatively easy comparing to the conventional water treatment system. In addition, the membrane filtration system is very compact such that it can replace existing water treatment processes of coagulation/sedimentation/filtration by only one process. However, a major problem associated with membrane filtration is flux decline with operating time due to concentration polarization and fouling, so a systematic study on evaluation of long-term filtration performance is necessary. A membrane filtration system using tubular type ultrafiltration membranes with MWCO of 30.000 Da was constructed for this study and it had been operated in a feed-and-discontinuous bleed mode. Flux was stabilized after operation of 1.500 hours and maintaining above 25 LMH until 4.000 hours. Contaminants causing SS and turbidity were almost completely removed while the $UV_{260}$ and DOC removals were 55% and 49%, respectively. A simple mass balance equation was developed to predict maximum concentrations of SS, turbidity, $UV_{260}$ and DOC in a operation cycle. For SS and turbidity the measured max, concentrations in each cycle agree well with the predicted values while the measured max, concentrations of $UV_{260}$ and DOC were 59% and 37% of the predicted values, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.70-77
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• 2008

In this study, to establish countermeasure from marine casualties as a basic study fur long-term prediction of topographical change around Jinudo in the Nakdong river estuary, spatio-temporal topographical change monitoring was carried out. Also, in order to estimate the deposition variations concerning SS (Suspended Solid) flux which moved at St.S1 during neap and spring tide, respectively. From the topographical monitoring, it was found that the annual mean ground level and deposition rate were 141 mm and 0.36 mm/day and all parts except the northern part of Jinudo had the active topographical changes and a tendency to annually deposit. From vertical distribution of SS net fluxes, $SS_{LH}$ (latitudinal SS net flux) during spring tide overall flows average 28 $kg/m^2/hr$ (eastward), and $SS_{LV}$ (longitudinal SS net flux) flows average 11.1 $kg/m^2/hr$ (northward). And, $SS_{LH}$ overall flows average 4.8 $kg/m^2/hr$ (eastward), and $SS_{LV}$ flows average 1.5 $kg/m^2/hr$ (northward) during neap tide similar with spring tide. The depth averaged values of the latitudinal and longitudinal SS net fluxes during spring tide were approximately 6 times higher than those during neap tide. As result of, it was considered that topographical change of southern part of Jinudo was affected by resuspension of bottom sediments due to strong current in bottom layer during flood flow.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.421-429
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• 2012

This study was aimed to analyze the water quality characteristics of the Hwapocheon Stream and to be utilized in the further related research. Water in the upper stream became a dammed pool due to the existence of 14 weirs, and pollutants such as both sewage and irrigation water were introduced into the mainstream passing through farming settlements and agricultural land. For these reasons, filamentous cyanobacteria (Oscillatoria sp.) bloomed at the bottom of the dammed pool. Also in the midstream and downstream, tributaries with high pollutant concentrations [e.g., Comocheon (T3) and Yongdeokcheon (T8)] were inflowed, and had a negative impact on water quality of the mainstream, especially nitrogen and phosphorus. In the Hwapocheon Stream, dissolved oxygen (DO) decreased, and suspended solid (SS) increased toward the downstream. The result showed that hydraulic retention time, SS, COD, and concentration of $NH_4{^+}$ were important water quality factors of the Hwapocheon Stream. The high concentration of benthic organic matter and rich in attached algae in the core of Hwapo-wetland were expected to give impact on the water quality of the mainstream. In the spatial manner, water quality showed increasing trend in the weir zone, and it was constant or decreased trend in wetland. In the seasonal manner, the nutrient concentrations were high in the winter dry season, however, the organic matter concentrations were high in spring and summer. Generally, the concentrations of phytoplankton value were $40{\mu}g\;chl-{\alpha}/L$ or less in all reaches except for the high concentrations in the weir and wetland area in June.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.733-739
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• 2004

Model for optimally dimensioned PE film bag was developed according to fruit size to maintain best quality of 'Fuyu' persimmon in modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) storage based on relationship between quality and oxygen and carbon dioxide in PE film bag. Harvested persimmons were graded into five sizes, and average weights were LL:261, L:217, M:188, S:168, and SS:154 g. Five fruit units of each grade were optimized in five PE film bag sizes of $150{\times}376,\;140{\times}357,\;130{\times}344,\;130{\times}333,\;and\;120{\times}3l8\;mm$. To minimize quality deterioration such as softening and discoloration, optimal oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in PE film bag were 0.5-1.0 and 6.0-8.0%, respectively, and optimal thickness of PE film bag according to fruit size were LL:45, L:50, M:55, S:60, and $SS:65\;{\mu}m$. For all fruit sizes, model for PE film bag area $(mm^2)$ was good quadratic simple equation by fruit weight (g): $Y=-4055.707+627.993X_1-0.701{X_1}^2$. Model far optimal oxygen and carbon dioxide (Y) concentration in PE film bag was suited to linear multiple equation by fruit weight $(X_1,\;g)$ and PE film thickness $(X_2,\;{\mu}m)$. Equations for oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations (%) were $Y=5.798-0.0109X_l-0.0491X_2\;and\;Y=-2.427+0.01927X_l +0.09646X_2$, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.469-469
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• 2023

고랭지밭은 집중호우시 토사가 유실되고 고농도의 흙탕물이 하천으로 유입되면서 하류지역의 수질 악화로 사회적·환경적 문제를 초래하고 있다. 이에, 환경부는 비점오염원관리지역을 지정하고 비점오염저감시설을 보급하고 있으나, 저감 노력에도 불구하고 집중호우시 수질 악화는 지속적으로 나타나고 있다. 따라서 발생원 관리 노력이 더욱 많이 필요한 실정인데, 최근 강원도와 환경부에서는 토사유실에 취약한 고랭지밭의 지형적 조건을 개선하여 토양유실을 저감하는 고랭지밭 경사도 완화 사업을 추진하고 있다. 고랭지밭 경사도 완화는 급경사지 및 경사장의 경작지를 계단식으로 조성하여 비점유출을 최소화시키는 발생원 관리방안이다. 그러나, 고랭지밭 경사도 완화에 따른 정량화된 비점유출 저감효과 분석에 관한 연구는 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 홍천군 광원리와 창촌리에 조성된 경사도 완화 경작지를 대상으로 강우유출수 모니터링을 수행하였으며, 비점저감효과 정량화를 위해 인근의 경사지 밭에서도 강우유출수 모니터링을 수행하여 대조구로 분석하였다. 강우유출수 모니터링은 2020년 8월에 총 3회(광원리 2회, 창촌리 1회) 수행되었으며, 분석 결과 광원리의 경사도 완화 경작지 평균 수질농도는 탁도 124.4 NTU, SS 111.5 mg/L, TOC 4.6 mg/L로 나타났으며, 대조구의 평균 수질농도는 탁도 1,741.7 NTU, SS 673.3 mg/L, TOC 30.6 mg/L로 나타났다. 광원리의 경사도 완화 경작지는 대조구 대비 수질항목별 83.4 ~ 92.9%의 비점저감 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 창촌리의 경사도 완화 경작지의 평균 수질농도는 탁도 598.1 NTU, SS 414.5 mg/L, TOC 8.5 mg/L로 나타났으며, 대조구 평균 수질농도는 탁도3,487.3 NTU, SS 3,081.2 mg/L, TOC 40.3 mg/L로 나타났다. 창촌리의 경사도 완화 경작지는 대조구 대비 수질항목별 78.9 ~ 86.5%의 수질저감효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 경작지의 경사도 완화로 밭에서 발생하는 비점오염 발생을 SS는 최대 86.5%, TOC는 최대 84.9% 줄일 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 본 연구 결과는 단년간 모니터링을 통해 도출된 결과이므로 정량화된 비점오염저감효과 도출을 위해서 다양한 강우조건 등을 고려한 지속적인 모니터링이 필요할 것으로 판단되며, 향후 연구에서는 2022년도에 인제군 북면 월학리 신규 조성된 경사도 완화 경작지를 대상으로 강우유출수 모니터링을 수행할 계획이다.