• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.124-130
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• 2004

덕유산국립공원의 못봉지역을 중심으로 남향사면인 송계사-못봉지역과 북향사면인 월하탄-못봉지역의 계곡부를 대상으로 사면방향과 해발고에 따른 산림구조를 조사 분석하였다. 사면 전체로 볼 때, 북향사면이 남향사면에 비하여 교목층과 아교목층의 밀도, 평균 수고와 흉고직경, 흉고단면적 둥이 모두 높았다. 해발고가 높아짐에 따라 상대 중요치가 증가하는 수종은 들메나무, 까치박달 등이었으며, 감소하는 수종은 졸참나무, 갈참나무 등이었다. 식생층 전체의 목본식물 종다양도는 북향사면이 1.362로서 남향사면의 1.242보다 높았다. 이것은 북향사면이 남향사면에 비하여 종수와 균재도가 모두 높기 때문이었다. 해발고대별 전체 식생충의 종수, 종다양도는 2개 사면 모두 해발고가 높아짐에 따라 감소하는 경향이었다. Cluster 분석 결과 남향사면과 북향사면 중, 하부의 활엽수혼효군집, 남향사면과 북향사면 상부의 들메나무-신갈나무 군집, 능선부인 정부의 신갈나무 군집 등 3개 군집으로 구분되었다. 상대중요치에 의한 종상관 분석 결과 졸참나무, 물박달나무, 피나무는 3개 수종간 유의적인 정의 상관이 있었다. 서어나무는 층층나무, 피나무, 생강나무와 유의적인 정의 상관이 있었다. 들메나무는 소나무와 유의적인 부의 상관이 있었다.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.474-483
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• 2015

동해 연안 식물플랑크톤의 계절별 분포 특성과 해양환경 요인과의 상호관계를 파악하기 위하여 2009년 2월, 5월, 8월 및 11월에 연안 18개 정점에 대해 조사하였다. 조사기간 중 출현한 식물플랑크톤은 규조강 37종, 와편모조강 22종, 유글레나조강 1종, 규질편모조강 3종 및 은편모조강 1종으로 나뉘었다. 현존량은 $1.2{\times}10^3-246.6{\times}10^3cells/L$(평균 $24.8{\times}10^3cells/L$)의 분포 범위를 보였으며 5월에 가장 높았다. 주요 우점종은 Leptocylindrus danicus, Chaetoceros affinis, Pseudo-nitzschia pungens 및 Thalassionema nitzschioides 등이 출현하였다. 해양환경 요인과의 상관분석 결과 식물플랑크톤 현존량은 pH, 용존산소, 클로로필-a 및 부유물질과 양의 상관관계를 보였으며, 규산규소와는 음의 상관관계를 보였다. 식물플랑크톤 우점종의 계절 변동은 등밀도선 상의 수온(T)-염분(S)도로 구분한 수괴 특성에 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났으며, 특히 5월은 수온, 8월은 염분 분포와 관계가 있었다. 현존량과 종조성을 바탕으로 다원척도 분석을 한 식물플랑크톤의 공간적인 분포는 경북 죽변과 울진을 기점으로 강원연안 그룹(Group A)과 경북연안 그룹(Group B)으로 나뉘어졌다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.291-298
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• 1996

Free amino acid (FAA) compositions in the central part (pith-xylem : P-X) and the outer part (phloem-cortex : P-C) of root were investigated for P ginseng (P.g), p. quinque-folium (P.q) an, B P nutoginsen (P.n) by an amino acid analyzer. Total free amlno acids content (TFAA) was highest in p.맥 and lowest in p.n. The TFAA of P-Xs were higher than those of P-Cs in these Panax species except p.n. The higher the TFAA in P-X, the higher the ratio of TFAA in P-X to that in P-C. Seven- teen free amino acids and ammonia were identified, and four unknown peaks appeared before the usual amino acids eluted. The total aspartic acid equivalent of these unknown peaks was corresponded to 77% of known TFAA in P-C of p.n, 17% in P. n, and 7% in p.q. The pattern of unknown peaks of p.g was different from p.q and similar to P.n. In all samples six major amino acids and ammonia accounted for 90~95% of TFAA. Arginine was comprised from 29% (P.n) to 43% (P.g) by amole as amino acid and from 50 to 71% by amole as nitrogen (N amole) in TFAA. Ammonia was the second abundant one by amole and the third by Npmole. Histidine was the second by Npmole. Praline was one of major FAA in p.q. Pattern similarity of FAA composition (excluding Arg and Am) by simple correlation was closer between P-C of p.g and P-X of p.q than between both P-Xs and quite different between the P-X of p.g and that of p.n. The pattern similarities of major FAA percent abundance excluding Arg and Am were significant only between P-X and P-C of the same species. Arginine content (amole) had positive correlation (r=0.859, p=0.05) with Arg/Am among species. Ammonia content was higher than arginine in p.n. Tryptophan content was greatest in p.n among species and higher than lysine only in p.n. The ratios of TFAA to N(W/W) were in the range of 3.89~4.14 for TFAA and 3.61~3.92 for TFAA plus ammonia.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.93-104
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• 1996

Ecological approach to conservation of Korea's National Parks (KNP) was reviewed. Four hundred twenty five reports on 15 national parks for 80 years (1915~1994) were analyzed in consideration of phytocoenotic information such as flora, plant community and landscape. Total species was recorded as 157 familles, 752 genera, and 2,369 species (64.3% of Korean flora), in which is included only 75 species of the protected plant species designated by the Ministry of EnvironMent. Occurrence patterns of plant species in national parks were quite similar to one another, but those of plant community were rather unique. Seventy-four of 97 plant communities were reported in only one of 15 national parks, which might be regarded as an endemic or local vegetetation type. These facts are far different from actual status of the KNP＇s ecosystem, which indicate that not only original data in previous reports are less informative, but also tools of investigation and description are too subjective, and thus these can never afford to monitor the ecosystem. From the correlation analysis between 10 ecological characteristics, the following results were obtained: (1) the species richness was positively associated with the area of national park, (2) the number of visitors was related to landscape diversity, (3) occurrence of the designated species was closely related to the vegetation diversity. Numerical analysis (cluster analysis and ordination) using dissimilarity ratio by ecological characteristics divided 15 national parks into 4 groups. The first group, composed of national parks of Chirisan, $S\v{o}laksan$, Sokrisan, Hallasan, $T\v{o}kyusan$, Odaesan, and Sobaeksan, is recognized as the best national parks in terms of ecological conservation values. Nevertheless, they have been faced with the threat of visitor stress. This study will contribute to the establishment of strategy for appropriate conservation and sustainable use of KNP.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.14-20
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• 1999

Twenty isolates of Helminthosporium species were obtained from various grass plants and tested for controlling efficacy on the development of plant diseases. An isolate of Helminthosporium sp. TP-4 was chosen and six antibiotic substances were purified from cultures of the fungus by repeated silica gel column chromatography and preparative thin-layer chromatography. They were identified as ophiobolin a, 6-epiophiobolin A, 3-anhydroophiobolin A, 3-anhydro-6-epiophiobolin A, iphiobolin B, and iphiobolin I mainly by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. Ophiobolins inhibited the growth of a grampositive bacterium Streptomyces griseus, but were not active against gram-negative bacteria. They also showed an antifungal activity. In in vivo tests, iphiobolin B exhibited potent controlling activities against rice blast, tomato late blight, and wheat leaf rust with control values more than 90% and 70% at concentration of $500\mu\textrm{m}$/ml and 100 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$/ml. Ophiobolin A and 6-epiophiobolin A controlled the development of wheat leaf rust more than 80% at concentrations of 100 /ml and $500\mu\textrm{m}$/ml respectively. 3-Anhydro-6-epiophiobolin A was not active against any plant disease. On the other hand, the A-series ophiobolins other than 3-anhydroophiobolin A showed stronger phytotoxic activity in a leaf-wounding assay using 8 plant species than those of 3-anhydroophiobolin A, ophiobolin B, and ophiobolin I. The results indicate that there is little correlation between antifungal activity and phytotoxicity of ophiobolins.

• ALGAE
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.21-32
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• 2011

Studies of the red algal genus Bostrychia over the last 15 years have made it a model system for many evolutionary processes within red algal species. The combination of newly developed, or first employed methods, in red algal species studies has made Bostrychia a pioneer genus in intraspecific studies. Bostrychia was the first genus in which a mitochondrial marker was used for intraspecific red algal phylogeny, and the first for which a 3-genome phylogeny was undertaken. The genus was the first red alga used to genetically show maternal plastid and mitochondria inheritance, and also to show correlation between cryptic species (genetically divergent intraspecific lineages) and reproductive incompatibility. The chemotaxonomic use, and physiological function of osmolytes, has also been extensively studied in Bostrychia. Our continuous studies of Bostrychia also highlight important aspects in algal species studies. Our worldwide sampling, and resampling in certain areas, show that intensive sampling is needed to accurately assess the genetic diversity and therefore phylogeographic history of algal species, with increased sampling altering evolutionary hypotheses. Our studies have also shown that long-term morphological character stability (stasis) and character convergence can only be correctly assessed with wide geographic sampling of morphological species. While reproductive incompatibility of divergent lineages supports the biological species nature of these lineages, reproductive incompatibility is also seen between isolates with little genetic divergence. It seems that reproductive incompatibility may evolve quickly in red algae and the unique early stages of fertilization (e.g., gametes covered by walls, active movement of spermatium nuclei to the distant egg nucleus), also well investigated in Bostrychia,. may be key to our understanding of this process.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.341-350
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• 2010

Blue mold is the most important postharvest disease of apples in Korea. Apple fruits with blue mold symptoms were collected from storages in different locations in Korea and were investigated for their association with Penicillium species. A total of sixty five isolates of Penicillium were sampled from the collected apples. Based on DNA sequence analysis of ${\beta}$-tublin gene and ITS and lsu rDNA (ID region) and morphological characteristics, they were identified as P. crustosum, P. expansum, P. italicum, P. solitum and P. sp.. P. sp. which is closely related to P. hirsutum is a new species, not reported before. P. expansum (35%) was predominant species followed by P. crustosum. The phylogenetic tree inferred from combined ${\beta}$-tublin and ID region sequence showed good correlation with species that are defined by morphological characteristics. In pathogenicity test, apples were wound-inoculated with conidial suspension and incubated at $20-22^{\circ}C$. The most severe and destructive species was P. expansum. The species caused a decayed area 42-50mm in diameter after 8-10days. Decayed area caused by P. crustosum and P. sp. was 26-32mm and 20-26mm, respectively. This is the first record of P. crustosum, P. italicum and P. sp. from apple in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.111-115
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• 2001

Vegetational changes along elevational and topographical gradients were studied in Mt. Jumbong which is located at the core area of the Mt. Sorak Biosphere Reserve in Kangwon-do Province in central Korea. Two 500 m north-south transects crossing two valleys and a small ridge were laid out, and fifty-one 10 m$\times$10 m permanent quadrats were systematically set up. All trees bigger than 2.5 cm DBH were marked with numbered aluminum tags, and their DBH measured and the species identified. Coverage of plant species in the herb layer were determined in two 2 m $\times$ 2 m subquadrats in each of the permanent quadrats. Thirty-two species of woody plants occurred in the tree layer in the permanent quadrats studied. Quercus mongolica was the dominant species across the study site, and Acer pseudosieboldianum and Carpinus cordata were also important. Quercus mongolica occurred on the ridges and south-facing slopes, and Acer pseudosieboldianum occurred extensively except for valleys. In contrast, Fraxinus mandshurica, Acer mono, Acer triflorum, and Ulmus laciniata were common in valleys. At the herbaceous layer, 112 species were identified. Dominant species were Ainsliaea acerifolia and Sasa borealis on the ridges, Meehania urticifolia on north-facing slopes, and Deutzia glabrata on valleys. Soil environmental factors were compared among the quadrats. pH was lower in the quadrats located on ridges and south-facing slopes, and organic matter was lowest on south-facing slopes. Quadrats located on valleys were generally higher in pH, organic matter, N, P, K, Ca and Mg. DCA ordinations for tree layer and herb layer were carried out in order to identify the dominant environmental factors affecting the distribution of plant species along the environmental gradients. Correlation analysis between ordination axis scores and environmental factors showed that axis one was negatively correlated with elevation and positively correlated with soil organic matter, pH, Ca, Mg, and P, but that axis two was positively correlated with elevation. These results indicate that vegetation responds very sensitively to elevational and topographical gradients although the study area is relatively small with about 100 m in elevational variation.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.13-24
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• 2007

본 연구는 비인만의 갯벌과 조하대에 서식하는 대형저서동물의 공간분포가 퇴적물의 특성을 반영하는 지를 알아보기 위해 종 조성을 이용한 군집분석을 실시한 후 각기 다른 군집의 퇴적환경의 특성을 비교했다. 대형저서동물은 먼저 조위에 의해 4개의 군집으로 대별되었으며 그 가운데 3개의 군집은 퇴적환경의 특성에 따라 세부군집으로 나뉘어졌다. 모든 군집에서 공통으로 출현하는 종인 Nephtys californiensis Hartman 1938, Haploscoloplos elongatus Johnson 1901, Glycera sp., Heteromastus sp. Notomastus sp. Timarete amtarctica Monro 1930, Glysinde sp., Lumbrineris japonica Marenzeller 1879 에 대한 서식밀도의 높낮이는 서식지의 퇴적환경이 서로 다르기 때문인 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 공통종 가운데 2종만이 일부 퇴적환경과 통계적으로 유의한 상관성이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 공통종의 시간에 따른 밀도변화는 4계절 조사로는 해석하기 힘들었으며 생활사의 변화를 알아내기 위해서는 좀 더 빈번한 조사가 필요했다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.849-855
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• 2016

The community composition and distribution of fish species in the middle of the Yellow Sea were investigated in summer from 2008 to 2014. A total of 72 demersal fish species from 46 families and 17 orders were collected. The most common species were Larimichthys polyactis, Engraulis japonicus, and Chaeturichthys hexane, which accounted for 72.0% of the total number of individuals while Liparis tanakai, Larimichthys polyactis, and Lophius litulon accounted for 67.8% of the total biomass. A cluster analysis based on the Bray-Curtis similarity revealed that the fish community fell into three groups, according to latitude. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis showed that variation in bottom water temperature could act as an indicator of variation in community structure and abundance of the dominant species. Characteristics of fish communities, such as the number of species, the total number of individuals ($/km^2$), and biomass ($/km^2$), were highly correlated with bottom water temperature and depth.