• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.418-430
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• 2009

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the topography of land and vegetation and the preferred habitat of wintering cranes. Investigations were conducted twelve times in Cheorwon basin, South Korea, during two wintering seasons (12/2005 - 2/2006; 1/2007 - 2/2007). The density of rice grain in the middle of rice paddies was higher than that of the areas along the edge of rice paddies. However it was observed that red-naped cranes preferred to feed along the edges of rice paddies rather than to feed in the middle of the paddies. White-naped cranes, on the other hand, Preferred to feed in the middle of paddies. To be more specific, red-crowned cranes preferred feeding sites such as levees of the paddies or the areas where the level of the rice beds was comparatively more elevated. But the preference of the white-naped cranes turned out to be just the opposite. Another finding was that both red-naped cranes and white-naped cranes preferred concealed areas for their feeding site, and the frequency rate of their feeding in concealed areas has little to do with weather factors. This finding contradicts a widely accepted view that cranes prefer open spaces for their feeding site. Besides, red-crowned cranes, compared with white-naped cranes, preferred to feed in more concealed areas. The frequency rate of feeding in both concealed areas and non-concealed areas had little to do with the size of feeding flocks. There was no difference between a flock of fewer than five cranes and a flock of more than five cranes in terms of frequency rate of their feeding. In conclusion, the result of these investigations indicate that red-naped cranes comparatively prefer concealed areas for their feeding site, and white-naped cranes are less prone to them, and there is no direct connection between their preference of feeding site or frequency and the size of their flock. This is presumed to be the characteristics unique to their individual species.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.79-90
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• 2013

The altitude range of habitats in which Fairy Pitta inhabited in 1960s is different from the present in Jeju Island. We studied on the habitat environment to understand the causes of difference through the comparison of satellite image data(Landsat) between 1975 and 2002, the literature review in relation to habitats, vegetations, and forest landscapes. The area of below 600m asl.(above sea level) where is mainly Fairy Pitta inhabited at the present with a lot of forests, was massive pasture with small isolated forests nearby valley. The forests were broad-leaved evergreen forests, and second forests with poor condition in the size and forest structure. The forests around 700m asl. were also second forests with approximately 3m height trees. The forests from 800m to 1300m asl. were also disturbed by mushroom cultivation by local people. The authors believe that Fairy Pitta could not inhabited in the area above 1300m because of the poor forest conditions in the size and structure in which consist of Ilex crenata, Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliatum and coppice forests. Therefore it might be possible that the best forests for the Fairy Pitta habitat were located in the area of 1,000m to 1,300m above sea level in 1960s. Compared to present habitats, forests at 100m up to 800m above sea level, the authors believe that the size of habitats were smaller with less population of Fairy Pitta. Since 1960s the forest landscape of Jeju Island has been improved successfully, and because of that the population of Fairy Pitta also has been increased. To protect the Fairy Pitta and habitats in Jeju Island, it is suggested that sustainable forest management focusing on the species composition and stand structure maintain or enhance the biodiversity.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.276-285
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to develop a new fermented product (named as Cheonggeumjang) using Sigumjang, Cheonggukjang and Oak mushroom. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Sigumjang, Cheonggukjang, and Cheonggeumjang, which were mixed in a different ratio as A (Sigumjang: Cheonggukjang = 1:2), B (Sigumjang: Cheonggukjang = 1:1) and C (Sigumjang: Cheonggukjang = 2 : 1). Then, the functions and physicochemical properties of products were investigated. We found that the crude protein content in Cheonggeumjang was higher than in Sigumjang whereas fat and calories content was less than that of Cheonggukjang. Free sugar content in Cheonggeumjang C 5.8681 g/100g was the highest. Moroever, Cheonggeumjang C and Sigumjang has an antioxidant activities. The electron donating capacity, SOD like activity and the inhibitory effect on xanthine oxidase of these two were significantly high than other group. Fat rancidity is promoted in the presence of metal ion, Cheonggeumjang group has higher inhibitory effect on $Fe^{2+}$ion than on $Cu^{2+}$ ion. The rancidity of fat is also increased by reactive oxygens species, Cheonggeumjang group inhibited $H_2O_2$ in higher extent than $KO_2$. Also, ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibition activity of Cheonggeumjang C in all of the concentrations (300 ppm, 500 ppm and 700 ppm) is higher than other groups. In sensory evaluation, Cheonggeumjang C groups is ranked significantly higher than the other groups while considering color, flavor, taste and the overall acceptability. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that Cheonggeumjang is best ingredient for increasing the consumer acceptability and functionality.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.137-144
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• 2002

Pork loins that retailed in market were used as experimental samples. Some pork samples in raw state were packaged with PVDC in either aerobic or vacuum condition. The other pork samples were cooked until core temperature reached at 70$\^{C}$ and then packaged immediately in the same way with the raw samples. After these samples were irradiated by electron beam 6 kGy, the samples were stored in a refrigerator (2∼4$\^{C}$). Identification and quantification of cholesterol oxides were performed at 0 and 7 days. The results were following. During the early stage of storage, cholesterol oxides were not produced from the raw meat samples, but with the passage of storage time,7 $\alpha$-hydroxycholesterol, 7$\beta$-hydroxycholesterol, 7-ketocholesterol, 20 $\alpha$-hydroxycholesterol, $\beta$-epoxide and $\alpha$-epoxide, which were not produced during the early stage of storage, were produced. The production of cholesterol and lipid oxidation products were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the meats with aerobic packaging than those with vacuum packaging, Cooked meat after irradiation showed 7 $\alpha$-hydroxycholesterol, 7 $\beta$-hydroxycholesterol, $\alpha$-epoxide and cholestanetriol on the 7th day of storage, although those chemicals were not produced during the early stage of storage. Production of cholesterol oxides was significantly increased (P<0.05) with the passage of storage time for all treatments, and showed significantly lower value (P<0.05) with the vacuum packaging than these for aerobic packaging. Species of cholesterol oxides from irradiated meat after cooking were similar to those from cooked meat after irradiation. Collectively, it was found that the production of cholesterol oxides was more easily affected by packaging condition than irradiation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.338-345
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• 2009

Scaled-up low-trans shortening (LTS) was produced by lipase-catalyzed interesterification. Blend of rice bran oil (RBO), palm stearin (PS) and high oleic sunflower seed oil (HO) with 1:2:0.9 (w/w/w) ratio was interesterified using immobilized lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TLIM) in the batch type reactor at $65^{\circ}C$ for 24 hr, and physicochemical melting properties of LTS were compared with commercial shortening. Solid fat content (SFC) of commercial shortening (used as control) and LTS was similar at 9.56 and 8.77%, respectively, at $35^{\circ}C$. Major fatty acids in LTS were C16:1 (33.7 wt%), C18:1 (45.7 wt%) and C18:2 (13.4 wt%). Trans fatty acid content in the commercial shortening (4.8 wt%) was higher than that of LTS (0.5 wt%). After reverse-phase HPLC analysis, major triacylglycerol (TAG) species in LTS were POO, POP and PLO. Total tocopherol, ${\gamma}$-oryzanol and phytosterol contents in the LTS were 12.37, 0.43 and 251.38 mg/100 g, respectively. Hardness of LTS was similar to that of commercial shortening. Also, x-ray diffraction analysis showed coexistence of ${\beta}'$ and ${\beta}$ form in the LTS.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.2
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• pp.210-215
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• 2013

Litterfall production represents a major contribution of carbon and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. This study was carried out to determine the litterfall production in a broadleaved deciduous forest at the Mt. Keumsan Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) site, Southern Korea. Littefall was collected monthly or bimonthly from the site for 7 years from 2004 to2010. Leaf and reproductive (catkins) litters showed a seasonal variation, but litters of needle, branch, and barks were not changed across the seasons. Annual leaf litter of Quercus serrata and Carpinus laxiflora were significantly different (p<0.05) but that of C. cordata, Chamaecyparis obtusa, and Pinus thunbergii was not significantly changed for 7 years (p>0.05). Annual average litterfall production was 5,223 kg/ha, but annual variations were very large with minimum of 4,110 kg/ha/yr in 2004 and maximum of 6,002 kg/ha/yr in 2007. Total litterfall comprised of 2,323 kg/ha/yr in Q. serrata, 442 kg/ha/yr in C. laxiflora, 157 kg/ha/yr in C. cordata, 131 kg/ha/yr in Acer pseudosieboldianum, 390 kg/ha/yr in other deciduous tree species, 74 kg/ha/yr in P. thunbergii, 37 kg/ha/yr in C. obtusa, 672 kg/ha/yr in branches, 515 kg/ha/yr in miscellaneous, 448 kg/ha/yr in reproductive parts, and 54 kg/ha/yr in barks. respectively. The results indicate that litterfall production of the Mt. Keumsan LTER site was yearly fructurated with the positive linear relationship between leaf or total litterfall and annual mean temperature if no disturbance such as a typoon, and was lower than that of other Korean LTER sites.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.2
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• pp.204-209
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• 2013

This study was conducted to determine types of seed dormancy in Sambucus racemosa subsp. pendula (Nakai) H.I. Lim & C.S. Chang, an endemic tree species of Korea, whose seeds have been considered difficult to germinate. Seeds of S. racemosa subsp. pendula were stratified at 25/15 or $5^{\circ}C$ for 0, 6, or 12 weeks (wks) and incubated at 15/6, 20/10, 25/15, or $30/20^{\circ}C$ (12/12 h) under 14 h photoperiod. To determine the effect of $GA_3$ on seed germination of S. racemosa subsp. pendula, seeds were treated with 0, 500, or 1000 ppm $GA_3$ and then germinated at 25/15 or $5^{\circ}C$. The change in embryo length was investigated at 25/15 or $5^{\circ}C$. Seeds given 12 wks of cold stratification germinated to 33.4% at $15/6^{\circ}C$ and to 25.4% for seeds given 6 wks of warm stratification + 12 wks of cold stratification at $20/10^{\circ}C$. At $25/15^{\circ}C$, seeds given 12 wks of warm stratification + 6 wks of cold stratification germinated to 26.0%, and to 28.2% for seeds given 12 wks of warm stratification + 12 wks of cold stratification at $30/20^{\circ}C$. Warm stratification alone did not germinate seeds throughout the experiment, regardless of the thermoperiod. Linear embryos began to grow after 60 days of incubation at 25/15 or $5^{\circ}C$. The embryo length at day 69 increased from 1.4 mm to 1.50 or 1.62 mm at 25/15 or $5^{\circ}C$, respectively. Embryos of S. racemosa subsp. pendula seeds grew better at $5^{\circ}C$ than at $25/15^{\circ}C$. Gibberellin was effective to break seed dormancy of S. racemosa subsp. pendula. Seeds treated with 500 ppm $GA_3$ germinated up to 40.0% at $25/15^{\circ}C$ and to 62.7% for those treated with 100 ppm $GA_3$ at $5^{\circ}C$. With these results, seeds of S. racemosa subsp. pendula have both nondeep complex and intermediate complex morphophysiological dormancy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.93-101
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• 2014

Asymmetric 1,2-distearoyl-3-oleoyl-rac-glycerol (SSO) triacylglycerol (TAG) is used as a cocoa butter replacer (CBR). In this study, it was produced by lipase-catalyzed interesterification of fully hydrogenated soybean oil (FHSBO) and oleic ethyl ester (OEE) in a batch type reactor at $75^{\circ}C$, 250 rpm. Different molar ratios (FHSBO : OEE=1:1, 1:2 and 1:3, w/w) and various reaction times (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 hr) were also tested. The optimized condition for SSO was a FHSBO : OEE molar ratio of =1:1 at reaction times of 2, 3, 4, and 5 hr. Enzymatic synthesis generated SSO/SOS, as well as the other TAGs (e.g., PSO/POS, SOO/OSO, SSS), ethyl esters, monoacylglycerol (MAG), and diacylglycerol (DAG). After scale-up, fractionation by solvent (methanol and acetone) fractionation and column chromatography was applied. To reduce ethyl esters, high-melting TAGs (e.g., SSS), and SOO/OSO in reactants, solvent fractionation was applied. Using a silica gel column (sample : silica gel=2:1, wt%), MAG and DAG were removed at $25^{\circ}C$. The major fatty acid composition of the final products (with a high SSO/SOS content) was palmitic acid (C16:0, 10.9~12.9 area%), stearic acid (C18:0, 52.2~54.9 area%), and oleic acid (C18:1, 34.2~35.5 area%). In reversed-phase HPLC analysis, the major TAG species of the final product (FHSBO : OEE=1:1, 2 hr) were SSO/SOS (82.31 area%) and PSO/POS (14.51 area%). Based on the $[SS]^+$ : $[SO]^+$ ratio obtained by RP-HPLC/APCI-MS, the final product had a higher SSO (AAB type TAG) content than cocoa butter (CB). The solid fat index (SFI) of CB and the final product obtained were similar with a narrow melting point range around ~32 to $35^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.562-571
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• 2017

In this study, we investigated the anti-oxidant activities [electron-donating ability (EDA), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging ability, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitory activity], anti-wrinkle activities [collagenase inhibitory activity, suppression and/or phosphorylation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activity], and mRNA expression levels using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay in ultraviolet (UV) B ray ($50mJ/cm^2$)-irradiated human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. Josaengheugchal, Sinneungheugchal (SE), Shintoheug rice, Heugjinju rice, and Heugseol (HE) among colored rice varieties were reported to have excellent antioxidant properties. In the EDA and ABTS radical scavenging assays, extracts of the five colored rice varieties had scavenging activities of 72% at concentrations higher $50{\mu}g/mL$. In the collagenase inhibition assay, ethanol extracts of the five colored rice varieties showed high inhibitory effects of about 60% at concentrations higher $25{\mu}g/mL$. In the ROS inhibition assay, ethanol extracts of HE and SE showed very excellent inhibition efficacies at all concentrations. We determined molecular biological mechanisms of MMPs (MMP-1, -3, -8, and -13) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) with HE, and the results show that HE suppressed expression of MMPs and phosphorylation of MAPK and increased expression of pro-collagen type I in UVB-irradiated cells. It was also confirmed by RT-PCR that HE reduced expression of MMPs mRNA. Therefore, these results suggest that HE has anti-wrinkle and collagen production effects and may be used as a material in the development of functional food and cosmetic industries.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.735-746
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• 1999

Background: As the prevalence of nontuberculous mycobacteriosis has been increasing rapidly, there has been recent advance in diagnostic methods and drug therapies for disease. Although the incidence of pulmonary disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria(NTM) has been increasing in Korea since 1990, detailed clinical description about the disease were very few. In this study we described the clinical manifestations, radiologic findings, and therapeutic outcomes of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease. Methods: Medical records and radiologic findings were retrospectively reviewed in 27 patients who were fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of ATS guideline for NTM pulmonary disease between January of 1990 and August of 1998 in Seoul National University Hospital(SNUH). Results: Of the 27 patients, 15 were male. The mean age was 51.5 yr($\pm$11.9). Twenty patients(74.1%) had preexisting pulmonary diseases. Among them, 19 patients had previous pulmonary tuberculosis. Sixteen patients(59.2%) had cavitary lesions and the majority showed slow progression over 1 yr during follow up period on radiography. Susceptibility test to standard antituberculous drugs showed 100% resistance to INH, 72.2% to RMP, 81.5% to EMB, 92.6% to PZA. The average resistance rate to 2nd-line antituberculous drugs was 66.1%. Among twenty-one patients(77.8%) who received drug therapy over 6 months, 11 subjects were improved and 10 subjects were aggravated. Of six subjects(22.2%) without therapy, 5 patients were aggravated. Presence of cavity and less than 3 sensitive drugs in the regimen were indicators for adverse outcome. Conclusion : The nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary diseases in our hospital developed predominantly in older patients with preexistent pulmonary disease. The results of antituberculous drug therapy has been frustrating and disappointing. To improve treatment response, different susceptibility tests and drug regimens for different species of NTM should be performed. Also, diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines of Korea should be made in the recent future.