• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.338-342
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• 2004

This study was performed to measure the antioxidant effects of red ginseng extracts which antioxidation had been promoted through enzyme hydrolysis. In order to observe their tumor-suppressing effects, an anti-cancer medicine and Saponin-SOD, which was a highly antioxidant beverage made from red ginseng saponin adding SOD-like rice (with embryo buds) extracts, were administered to nude mice with large intestine cancer induced. There was a significant increase in the content of phenolic compounds as the enzyme was added. The red ginseng extracts showed a high electron-donating ability with the passage of time. The electron-donating ability was particularly high in the enzyme-treated red ginseng extract, and also observed as high in Saponin-SOD. The lipid-peroxide generation was inhibited depending on the concentration of Saponin-SOD added; the addition of 0.625% Saponin-SOD served to decrease the inhibition level up to 65% compared with the case of no addition (100%). As a result, it could be assumed that Saponin-SOD would strongly inhibit the oxidation of ghost membrane. After the cancer was induced in nude mice through the injection of SNUC-4 cell, there was a significant inhibition in the growth of tumors in nude mice into which Saponin-SOD were injected; the growth of tumors was gradually decreasing with the passage of time after the cancer induction. In particular, when Saponin-SOD was administered together with an anti-cancer medicine, the synergic effect was observed. In conclusion, Saponin-SOD, when used with an anti-cancer medicine, is expected to reduce the amount of free radical and lipid peroxide, which are known to cause harmful effects occurring from the internal application of medicine.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.178-182
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• 1996

Using superoxide dismutase (SOD)-deficient mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the oxidative stresses induced by 0.1 mM of copper ion $(Cu^{++})$ was studied. In aerobic culture condition, yeasts lacking MnSOD (mitochondrial SOD) showed more significant growth retardation than CuZnSOD (cytoplasmic SOD)-deficient yeasts. However, not so big differences in growth pattern of those mutants compared withwild type were observed under anaerobic condition. It was found that, under aerobic condition, the supplementation of 0.1 mM copper ioh:(Cu") into culture medium caused the remarkable increase of CuZnSOD but not so significant change in MnSOD. It was also observed that catalase activities appeared to be relatively high in the presence of copper ion in spite of the remarkable reduction of glutathion peroxidase in CuZnSOD-deficient yeasts, but the slight increments of catalase and glutathion peroxidase were detected in MnSOD-deficient strains. It implies that the lack of cytoplasmic SOD could be compensated mainly by catalase. However, these phenomena resulted in the significantincrease of cellular lipid peroxides content in CuZnSOD-deficient yeasts and the slight increment of lipid peroxides in MNSOD-deficient cells. In anaerobic cultivation supplementing copper ion, the cellular enzyme activities of catalase and glutathion peroxidase in SOD-deficient yeasts were slightly increased without any significant changes of lipid peroxides in cell membrane. It suggests that a little amount of free radicals generated by copper ion under anaerobic condition could be sufficiently overcome by catalase as well as glutathion peroxidase.dase.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.187-198
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• 1995

The objective of this research was to produce sod by box seeding for zoysiagrass or by vegetative propagation for zoysiagrass and manilagrass.1 Various ratio of peatmoss to sand(v /v) were prepared to find idea[ medium for fast and light weight sod production. Then, the days required for sod formation, the effect of growth regulators on the growth of turfgrass, and the various storage methods for winter keeping of sods were also investigated. 1.The mixed medium of sand and peatmoss(v /v, 1 : 2) showed more biomass production than that of sand. 2.In comparison of seeding rate of zoysiagrass, the amount of log /$m^2$ was most effective in the fast and dense sod formation. The amount of 20g /$m^2$ also showed fast sod formation. But, it resulted in weak plant and less tillering. During April to June, about 100 days were required to form sod with seeding rate of 5g /$m^2$ regardless of seeding time. Whereas 80 days were required to form sod in the rate log /$m^2$, which was 20 days shorter than that of 5g /$m^2$. 3.More than 85% of shoots in sod stored in field or plastic house during the winter time resumed the growth in good appearance after transplanting. The whole covering of ground with sod resulted in less weeds and faster formation of lawn. 4.Vegetative propagation of manilagrass showed about 7 to 15 days faster formation of sod than that of zoysiagrass. Application of GA increased shoot growth and BA increased the total number of tillering. However, the effects of the combined application of GA and BA were negligable.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.215-221
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• 1994

Background: It is well known that oxygen free radicals(OFR) play a vital role in the various type of acute lung injury. Among various antioxidant defense mechanisms, the superoxide dismutases(SOD) are thought to be the first line of antioxidant defense by catalyzing the dismutation of two superoxide radicals to yield hydrogen peroxide and oxygen. Eukaryotic cells contain two types of intracellular SOD : cytosolic, dimeric copper/zinc- containing enzyme(CuZnSOD) and mitochondrial, tetrameric manganese-containing enzyme(MnSOD). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the time-dependent gene expression of MnSOD and CuZnSOD in the endotoxin-treated rats, and to compare with the manifestations of LPS-induced acute lung injury in rats. Methods: Total RNA from rat lung was isolated using single step phenol extraction 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 18, 24 hours after E. coli endotoxin injection(n=3, respectively). RNA was separated by formaldehyde-containing 1.2% agarose gels elctrophoresis, transblotted, baked, prehybridized, and hybridized with $^{32}P$-labeled cDNA probes for rat MnSOD and CuZnSOD, which were kindly donated by Dr. Ho(Duke University, Durham, NC, USA). The probes were labeled by nick translation. Blots were washed and autoradiography were quantitated using laser densitometry. Equivalent amounts of total RNA/gel were assessed by monitoring 28S and 18S rRNA. Results: Endotoxin caused a rise in steady-state MnSOD mRNA levels by 4h with peak mRNA accumulation by 6h. Continued MnSOD mRNA expression was observed at 12h. CuZnSOD mRNA expression was observed from 1h to 24h with peak levels by 18h. Conclusion: These results suggest that SOD palys an important defensive role in the endotoxin-induced acute lung injury in rats.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.230-235
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• 2016

This study was carried out to analyze the differences in enzyme activity and stability between the native Fe superoxide dismutase (FeSOD) and the 6xHis-tagged superoxide dismutase (6xHis-FeSOD) of Streptomyces subrutilus P5. The optimum pHs for both native FeSOD and 6xHis-FeSOD were 7, while the pH range of the activity was narrower for the 6xHis-FeSOD. The native FeSOD was stable at pH 4-9, but the 6xHis-FeSOD lost its stability at pH > 9. The temperatures of the optimum activities were same for both types of enzymes. However, the heat stability of the 6xHis-FeSOD was clearly decreased; even at $20^{\circ}C$ the enzyme lost the activity after 360 min. In contrast, the native FeSOD was stable after 720 min at below $40^{\circ}C$. $H_2O_2$ inhibition was occurred already at 0.5 mM for the 6xHis-tagged enzyme. Therefore, from the results that the 6xHis-FeSOD retained the enzyme activity at pH 6-7 and $20-40^{\circ}C$, it can be assumed that the protein structure became destabilized under different storage conditions and sensitive to the enzyme inhibitor.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.371-380
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Cu/Zn SOD on reduction of hindlimb muscular atrophy induced by cisplatin in rats. Methods: Forty-two rats were assigned to three groups; control group, Cisplatin (CDDP) group and cisplatin with Cu/Zn SOD (CDDP-SOD) group. At day 35 hindlimb muscles were dissected. Food intake, activity, withdrawal threshold, muscle weight, and Type I, II fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) of dissected muscles were measured. Relative SOD activity and expression of MHC and phosphorylated Akt, ERK were measured after dissection. Results: Muscle weight and Type I, II fiber CSA of hindlimb muscles in the CDDP group were significantly less than the control group. Muscle weight and Type I, II fiber CSA of hindlimb muscles, food intake, activity, and withdrawal thresholds of the CDDP-SOD group were significantly greater than the CDDP group. There were no significant differences in relative SOD activities of hindlimb muscles between the CDDP-SOD and CDDP groups. MHC expression and phosphorylated Akt, ERK of hindlimb muscles in the CDDP-SOD group were significantly greater than the CDDP group. Conclusion: Cu/Zn SOD attenuates hindlimb muscular atrophy induced by cisplatin through increased food intake and activity. Increment of phosphorylated Akt, ERK may relate to attenuation of hindlimb muscular atrophy.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.73-77
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• 2005

A Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) cDNA was cloned from the spider, Araneus ventricosus. The A. ventricosus SOD1 (AvSOD1) cDNA contains an open reading frame of 495 bp encoding 165 amino acid polypeptide with a predicted molecular mass of 17,114 Da and pI of 6.55, and possesses the typical metal binding ligands of six histidines and one aspartic acid common to SOD1s. The deduced amino acid sequence of the AvSOD1 cDNA showed $51\%$ identity to Ceratitis capitata SOD1, and $50\%$ to SOD1 sequences of both Drosophila melanogaster and Chymomyza amoena. Northern blot analysis revealed the presence of AvSOD1 transcripts in all tissues examined.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.614-619
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• 2004

This study was undertaken to investigate the different responses of cultured plant cells to paraquat treatment and nucleus-DNA damage in relation to enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD). Furthermore, this study was also carried out to understand the antioxidative mechanism of plant cells to environmental stress. We selected two different species of plant cultured cells, Ipomoea batatas as high-SOD species and Lonicera japonica as low-SOD species. The total activity and specific activity of SOD in a chlorophyllous cell of I. batatas were 3,736 unit/gㆍfresh weight and 547 unit/mgㆍprotein, respectively, and those in L. japonica were 23 unit/gㆍfresh weight and 13 unit/mgㆍprotein, respectively SOD activity in chlorophyllous I. batatas cells reached its maximum level at 10 to 15 days after subculture, whereas that in L. japonica remained at a very low SOD level during the whole period of subculture. In comparison to L. japonica, I. batatas, a high-SOD species, showed high tolerance to paraquat 10 and 50 mg/l treatment in terms of cell viability and electrolyte leakage. Based on the result of comet assay, the nucleus-DNA damage of two species by paraquat 50 mg/l treatment was not significantly different. However, I. batatas cells repaired their damaged DNA more effectively than the cells of the low-SOD species, L. japonica.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.81 no.2
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• pp.164-176
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• 1992

This study was conducted to determine the toxic effects of air pollutants on landscaping trees, Pinus densiflora, Pinus koraierasis, Ginkgo biloba, Liriodeytdron tulipifera, Platanus occidentalis and their resistance to the pollutant toxicity in urban and industrial regions of Seoul and Taejon, Korea. Total sulfur content and superoxide dismutase activity were analysed in tree foliage of Pinus densiflora, Pinzes koraiensis, Ginkgo biloba, Liriodendron tulipifera, Platanus occidentalis. In addition, SOD activity was analyzed in the foliage of tree seedlings, i.e. Pinus densijlora, Pinus koraiensis, Ginkgo biloba, Liriodendron tulipifera, with the lurnigation of $SO_2$ in gas chamber 4 hours a day for six days. In all species total sulfur content and SOD activity had a positive correlation. Air pollutants accumulated in tree tissues were supposed to enhance the enzyme activity like SOD providing with the resistance mechanisms. Trees under the air pollution stress increased enzyme activity to develop internal self-resistance against pollutants, but after a critical point enzyme-activity decreased gradually and resulting in injury after all, Deciduous trees had greater filtration capacity than conifers and coniferous trees showed greater resistance against air pollutants than deciduous species. Foliage SOD activity was higher in polluted area than in unpolluted area for most species. Coniferous species and mature trees had higher SOD activity than deciduous seedlings. Especially Pinus koraiensis, Ginkgo biloba and Plcatanus occidentalis had higher SOD activity than other species. The tree species with the high SOD activity showed strong resistance against air pollutants. In 2nd-year needles of Pinus densiflora seedlings and current and 2nd-year needles of Pinus koraiensis seedlings containing high native SOD activity, SOD activity increased with the increase of $SO_2$ level. But in seedlings containing low native SOD activity, SOD activity increased at 0.5ppm $SO_2$ level while it decreased at 1.5 and 2.5ppm $SO_2$. Changes of SOD activity was different between species and in most species SOD seemed to participate in resistance mechanism.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.561-567
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• 1995

Using superoxide dismutase (SOD)-deficient mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the oxygen toxicity induced by paraquat was studied. In aerobic culture condition, yeasts lacking MnSOD (milochondrial SOD) showed more significant growth retardation than CuZnSOD (cytoplasmic SOD)-deficient yeasts. However, not so big differences in growth pattern of those mutants compared with wild type were observed under anaerobic condition. When exposed to paraquat, the growth of yeasts lacking CuZnSOD was severely affected by higher than 0.01mM of paraquat in culture medium. By the analysis of several cellular components ivolved in free radical generating and scavenging system, it was found that, under aerobic condition, the content of lipid peroxides in cell membrane as well as cellular activity of glutathion peroxidase of CuZnSOD-deficient mutants was increased in the presence of paraquat, although significant decrease of catalase activity was observed in those stratns. In MnSOD-deficient yeast, however, increment in cellular activity of glutathion peroxldase and catalase by paraquat was observed without any deterioration of membrane lipid. It implies that the lack of mitochondrial SOD could be compensated by both of glutathion peroxldase and catalase, but that only glutathion peroxidase might act for CuZnSOD in cytoplasm. In contrast, all of SOD-deficient mutants showed a significant decrease in catalase activity, but slight increase in the activities of glutathion peroxidase, when cultivated anaerobically in the medium containing paraquat. Nevertheless, any significant changes of lipid peroxides in cell membranes were not observed during anaerobic cultivation of SOD-deficient mutants. It suggests that a little amount of free radicals generated by paraquat under anaerobic condition could be sufficiently overcome by glutathion peroxidase but not by catalase.