• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.52-58
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• 2018

Dry socket, also termed fibrinolytic osteitis or alveolar osteitis, is a complication of tooth exodontia. A dry socket lesion is a post-extraction socket that exhibits exposed bone that is not covered by a blood clot or healing epithelium and exists inside or around the perimeter of the socket or alveolus for days after the extraction procedure. This article describes dry socket lesions; reviews the basic clinical techniques of treating different manifestations of dry socket lesions; and shows how microscope level loupe magnification of $6{\times}$ to $8{\times}$ or greater, combined with co-axial illumination or a dental operating microscope, facilitate more precise treatment of dry socket lesions. The author examines the scientific validity of the proposed causes of dry socket lesions (such as bacteria, inflammation, fibrinolysis, or traumatic extractions) and the scientific validity of different terminologies used to describe dry socket lesions. This article also presents an alternative model of what causes dry socket lesions, based on evidence from dental literature. Although the clinical techniques for treating dry socket lesions seem empirically correct, more evidence is required to determine the causes of dry socket lesions.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.71-78
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• 2006

This study examined the effects of socket flexion angle in trans-tibial prosthesis on stump/socket interface pressure. Ten trans-tibial amputees voluntarily participated in this study. F-socket system was used to measure static and dynamic pressure in stump/socket interface. The pressure was measured at anterior area (proximal, middle, and distal) and posterior area (proximal, middle, and distal) in different socket flexion angles ($5^{\circ}$, $0^{\circ}$, and $10^{\circ}$). Paired t-test was used to compare pressure differences in conventional socket flexion angle of $5^{\circ}$ with pressures in socket flexion angles of $0^{\circ}$ and $10^{\circ}$ (${\alpha}$=.05). Mean pressure during standing in socket flexion angle of $10^{\circ}$ decreased significantly in anterior middle area (19.7%), posterior proximal area (10.4%), and posterior distal area (16.3%) compared with socket flexion angle of $5^{\circ}$. Mean pressure during stance phase in socket flexion angle of $0^{\circ}$ increased significantly in anterior proximal area (19.3%) and decreased significantly in anterior distal area (19.7%) compared with socket flexion angle of $5^{\circ}$. Mean pressure during stance phase in socket flexion angle of $10^{\circ}$ decreased significantly in anterior proximal area (19.6%) and increased significantly in anterior distal area (8.2%) compared with socket flexion angle of $5^{\circ}$. Peak pressure during gait in socket flexion angle of $0^{\circ}$ increased significantly in anterior proximal area (23.0%) compared with socket flexion angle of $5^{\circ}$ and peak pressure during gait in socket flexion angle of $10^{\circ}$ decreased significantly in anterior proximal area (22.7%) compared with socket flexion angle of $5^{\circ}$. Mean pressure over 80% of peak pressure ($MP_{80+}$) during gait in socket flexion angle of $0^{\circ}$ increased significantly in anterior proximal area (23.9%) and decreased significantly in anterior distal area (22.5%) compared with socket flexion angle of $5^{\circ}$. $MP_{80+}$ during gait in socket flexion angle of $10^{\circ}$ decreased significantly in anterior distal area (34.1%) compared with socket flexion angle of $5^{\circ}$. Asymmetrical pressure change patterns in socket flexion angle of $0^{\circ}$ and $10^{\circ}$ were revealed in anterior proximal and distal region compared with socket flexion angle of $5^{\circ}$. To provide comfortable and safe socket for trans-tibial amputee, socket flexion angle must be considered.

• 반도체디스플레이기술학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.104-109
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• 2024

In this paper, we propose structures of a socket that can improve signal transmission characteristics compared to the existing silicone rubber socket. A coaxial rubber socket was proposed to improve signal distortion due to electromagnetic interference between signal lines. And an air gap rubber socket was proposed to improve the degradation of reflection characteristics due to high dielectric constant. Using a 3D electromagnetic field simulator, the S-parameter and crosstalk of the three sockets were compared and the signal transmission characteristics were analyzed. In both coaxial rubber socket and the air gap rubber socket, S-parameter and crosstalk were improved compared to the silicone rubber socket. Among them, the air gap rubber socket was the best for S-parameter, and the coaxial rubber socket was the best for crosstalk.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.89-97
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• 2023

In order to obtain the impact of socket connection interface forms and socket gap sizes on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete (RC) socket prefabricated bridge piers, quasi-static tests for three socket prefabricated piers with different column-foundation connection interface forms and reserved socket gap sizes, as well as to the corresponding cast-in-situ reinforced concrete piers, were carried out. The influence of socket connection structure on various seismic performance indexes of socket prefabricated piers was studied by comparing and analyzing the hysteresis curve and skeleton curve obtained through the experiment. Results showed that the ultimate failure mode of the socket prefabricated pier with circumferential corrugated treatment at the connection interface was the closest to that of the monolithic pier, the maximum bearing capacity was slightly less than that of the cast-in-situ pier but larger than that of the socket pier with roughened connection interface, and the displacement ductility and accumulated energy consumption capacity were smaller than those of socket piers with roughened connection interface. The connection interface treatment form had less influence on the residual deformation of socket prefabricated bridge piers. With the increase in the reserved socket gap size between the precast pier column and the precast foundation, the bearing capacity of the prefabricated socket bridge pier component, as well as the ductility and residual displacement of the component, would be reduced and had unfavorable effect on the energy dissipation property of the bridge pier component.

• 대한의용생체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한의용생체공학회 1997년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.249-252
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• 1997

A study on static and dynamic socket pressure distributions on a trans-femoral amputee with a suction socket was performed in order to assess an optimal socket fitting and function. Even for the amputee's static neutral position, pressure concentrations were observed in the lateral, medial, and posterior planes of the socket. During free walking, a significant movement of pressure concentration areas was observed. Large socket pressure was observed in the lateral, medial-anterior and posterior walls during mid-stance or push-off period. Socket pressure measurement will be one of the good tool to determine the optimal socket-limb interface.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2002년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.1070-1073
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• 2002

The biomechanical interaction between the stump and the prosthetic socket is critically important to achieve close-to-normal ambulation. Many investigators suggested that the pressure changes during gait of transfemoral amputees are closely related to the prosthetic alignment, the socket shape, the stump size, and the residual muscle activity. The effects of the prosthetic alignment, the socket shape, and the stump size on the interface pressure were investigated previously. However, there is no report how the residual muscle activities in the transfemoral stump affect the socket interface pressure characteristics during gait. Since designs of socket fur lower limb amputees need to consider the socket interface pressure characteristics, the interface pressure patterns by the residual muscle activities during gait should be investigated. In this study, myoelectric signals (MES) and socket interface pressure in residual limb of transfemoral amputees were measured during the stance and swing phases of gait. For the purpose, specially designed quadrilateral sockets that MES electrodes could be instrumented were fabricated. A total of two transfemoral amputees were participated in the experiments. The measured temporal MES amplitude and interface pressure in knee flexor (biceps femoris) and extensor (rectus femoris) had significant correlations (P ＜ 0.05). Based on the test results, It was suggested that the residual muscle activity of transfemoral amputees stump is an important factor affecting socket pressure changes during walk.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.405-417
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• 2020

Background: Electrical socket outlets are used continuously until a failure occurs because they have no indication of manufacturing date or exchange specifications. For this reason, 659 electrical fires related to electrical socket outlets broke out in the Republic of Korea at 2018 only, an increase year on year. To reduce electrical fires from electrical socket outlets, it is necessary to perform an accelerated test and analyze the thermal, insulation resistance, and material properties of electrical socket outlets by installation years. Methods: Thermal characteristics were investigated by measured the temperature increase of electrical socket outlets classified according to year with variation of the current level. Insulation resistance characteristics was measured according to temperature for an electrical socket outlets by their years of use. Finally, to investigate the thermal and insulation resistance characteristics in relation to outlet aging, this study analyzed electrical socket outlets' conductor surface and content, insulator weight, and thermal deformation temperature. Results: Analysis showed, regarding the thermal characteristics, that electrical socket outlet temperature rose when the current value increased. Moreover, the longer the time that had elapsed since an accelerated test and installation, the higher the electrical socket outlet temperature was. With respect to the insulation resistance properties, the accelerated test (30 years) showed that insulation resistance decreased from 110 ℃. In relation to the installation year (30 years), insulation resistance decreased from 70 ℃, which is as much as 40 ℃ lower than the result found by the accelerated test. Regarding the material properties, the longer the elapsed time since installation, the rougher the surface of conductor contact point was, and cracks increased. Conclusion: The 30-year-old electrical socket outlet exceeded the allowable temperature which is 65 ℃ of the electrical contacts at 10 A, and the insulation resistance began to decrease at 70 ℃. It is necessary to manage electrical socket outlets that have been installed for a long time.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.417-422
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• 1998

본 연구는 대퇴의족착용자의 정적중립상태 및 자유보행시에 단단부와 소케의 경계에 작용하는 압력 분포를 측정하였다. 정적중립상태에서는 단단부의 외측과 내측면과 후면에서 압력집중현상이 나타나고, 자유보행시는 이러한 압력집중이 보행중에 일정한 형태로 이동함을 알 수 있었다. 최대 소켓압력은 중간입각기나 발뒤축들림기에 외측, 내측 앞쪽, 후면에서 나타나고 있고, 소켓과 단단부 사이의 상태를 확인하는 방법중 하나로 소켓 압력 측정을 사용할 수가 있다.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제8권11호
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• pp.1472-1482
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• 2005

TOE (TCP/IP Offload Engine)는 부하가 많은 대규모 네트워크 서버에서 TCP/IP 프로토콜 처리의 부담을 줄이기 위해 고안된 하드웨어 장치이다. 본 논문에서는 TOE (TCP Offload Engine)를 사용하는 대규모 멀티미디어 서버를 위한 소켓 인터페이스 계층의 설계 및 구현에 대해 다룬다. 제안된 소켓 인터페이스 계층은 리눅스 운영체제 상에서 커널 모듈로 설계, 구현되었으며, BSD소켓 계층과 INET소켓 계층 사이에 존재하면서 응용 프로그램의 소켓 관련 요청을 TOE나 기존 INET소켓 계층으로 전달하는 역할을 한다. 본 논문에서 제안한 소켓 인터페이스는 소켓을 통해 TOE를 사용하는 응용 프로그램에 대해서 모든 표준 소켓 입출력 API와 파일 입출력 관련 API를 그대로 제공하고, 기존 응용 프로그램들에 대해서도 수정 없이 TOE의 기능을 그대로 사용할 수 있는 바이너리 수준의 호환성을 제공하며, 한 시스템에서 TOE와 이더넷 NIC을 동시에 사용할 수 있게 된다.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국해양정보통신학회 2002년도 추계종합학술대회
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• pp.260-264
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• 2002

네트워크 응용 프로그램을 개발하기 위해서는 Socket API를 많이 이용한다. Socket API를 이용해 정상적인 동작을 하는 것은 아주 쉽다. 실제 개발 과정에서 정상적인 상황이 아닌 여러 가지 비정상적인 오류에 처하게 됨에 따라 속수무책일 때가 많다. 따라서 각 플랫폼별로 비정상적인 오류들의 사례를 연구를 통하여 효율적인 응용시스템 개발의 필요성이 대두되었다.