• Title/Summary/Keyword: SMOKE

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A Study on the Effective Smoke Exhaust Amount of Load-Tunnel with Semi-Transverse Ventilation - Balanced Exhaust Case - (도로터널 반횡류식 환기방식의 최적배연 풍량산정에 관한 연구 - 균일배기의 경우 -)

  • Rie, Dong-Ho;Yoo, Ji-Oh;Shin, Hyun-Jun
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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    • v.21 no.2 s.74
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    • pp.46-51
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    • 2006
  • The smoke exhaust system is one of the effective systems to save lives when fire occurs underground. This study presents a complete analysis of effective smoke exhaust and smoke characteristics for a fire occurring with a transverse ventilation system use as a smoke exhaust system. The performance of the smoke management system was studied by computer modeling using FDS version 3.1. A fire size of 20MW was used for tunnel with balanced exhaust transverse ventilation. The smoke management design and the procedure as simulated in this study are also compliant to the tunnel construction and fire codes of Korea.

HOT-SMOKE TESTS IN TWO UNDERGROUND RAILWAY STATIONS WITH MOVING TRAINS

  • Allan, Hugh
    • Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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    • 1997.11a
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    • pp.472-476
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    • 1997
  • Hot-smoke testing in Australia has progressed to the stage where there is an Australian Standard for these tests. The purpose of such tests is twofold: firstly they can validate computer modeling predictions for smoke movement, and secondly they can demonstrate that the smoke control systems and associated fire safety systems function satisfactorily. Hot-smoke tests were carried out in March 1997 at two of Sydney's underground railway stations, namely St James and Museum. The purpose of the tests was to demonstrate that the smoke control systems performed their functions as intended. Tests were carried out in the concourses and on the platforms, and trains ran during the tests so that the effect of moving trains on smoke movement could be observed. A total of five tests were carried out and video recordings were taken of each. This is the first time that hot-smoke tests have been carried out in an underground station with trains running. The paper discusses some of the interesting observations and the problems identified by the tests.

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Proposal of Legislation of Smoke Compartment for Prevention and Control of Smoke Diffusion in Buildings (건축물의 연기확산 방지 및 제어를 위한 방연구획의 법제화 제안)

  • Kwon, Young-Jin;Jin, Seung-Hyeon;Kim, Hye-Won
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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    • 2019.11a
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    • pp.96-97
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    • 2019
  • According to building law, there are only regulations on the fire prevention compartments that can perform the function of partial smoke compartment, but the building law management of the smoke compartment for effective smoke diffusion prevention and control is not possible. The lack of control on the smoke compartment such as leakage rate on the penetrating part, and the lack of leakage rate in the design of smoke control of fire safety law resulted in the absence of fundamental safety technology. Therefore, this study seeks to find solutions to domestic problems after reviewing relevant domestic laws and regulations.

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A Video Smoke Detection Algorithm Based on Cascade Classification and Deep Learning

  • Nguyen, Manh Dung;Kim, Dongkeun;Ro, Soonghwan
    • KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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    • v.12 no.12
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    • pp.6018-6033
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    • 2018
  • Fires are a common cause of catastrophic personal injuries and devastating property damage. Every year, many fires occur and threaten human lives and property around the world. Providing early important sign for early fire detection, and therefore the detection of smoke is always the first step in fire-alarm systems. In this paper we propose an automatic smoke detection system built on camera surveillance and image processing technologies. The key features used in our algorithm are to detect and track smoke as moving objects and distinguish smoke from non-smoke objects using a convolutional neural network (CNN) model for cascade classification. The results of our experiment, in comparison with those of some earlier studies, show that the proposed algorithm is very effective not only in detecting smoke, but also in reducing false positives.

A Study on the Prediction of Descending Smoke Time according to the Design Method of Domestic and Foreign Smoke Facilities for the Improvement of Smoke Facilities Standards in Logistics Warehouse (물류창고의 배연설비 기준 개선을 위한 국내·외 배연설비의 설계 방법에 따른 연기하강시간 예측에 관한 연구)

  • Hun, Ye-Rim;Kim, Yun-Seong;Jin, Seung-Hyun;Koo, In-Hyuk;Kwon, Young-Jin
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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    • 2022.11a
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    • pp.141-142
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    • 2022
  • Recently, fires in logistics warehouses in Korea are continuously increasing. In addition, the need for fire safety in logistics warehouses is emerging. So, it is believed that it is necessary to establish standards for vent facilities under effective smoke control for the evacuation safety of residents in logistics warehouses. Therefore, this paper compares the standards related to combustion facilities in Korea, the United States, and Japan, and applies the design method to logistics warehouses of domestic materials to predict smoke drop time and use it as a basic data for improving domestic smoke facilities standards.

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A Comparative Analysis of Domestic and Foreign Standards to Improve the Performance of Zone Smoke Control System (거실 제연설비 성능 개선을 위한 국내·외 기준 비교 분석에 관한 연구)

  • Huh, Ye-Rim;Kim, Yoon-Seong;Kim, Hye-won;Jin, Seung-Hyeon;Kwon, Young-Jin
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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    • 2022.04a
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    • pp.83-84
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    • 2022
  • In Korea, smoke control measures through NFSC 501 are proposed to reduce human casualties caused by smoke in the event of a fire. However, as a result of investigating and analyzing domestic and foreign standards, it was found that domestic regulations do not set fire source, but simply set smoke emissions by floor area or height of smoke boundary. Foreign regulations set fire source. Therefore, it is judged that it is necessary to review whether the current domestic regulations can be applied in the event of an actual building fire. So, this paper aims to identify the differences in domestic and foreign standards through investigation and analysis of related standards for fire zone smoke control system in each country and use them as basic data to improve the performance of zone smoke control system.

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Development of CAPSS2SMOKE Program for Standardized Input Data of SMOKE Model (배출 모델 표준입력자료 작성을 위한 CAPSS2SMOKE 프로그램 개발)

  • Lee, Yong-Mi;Lee, Dae-Gyun;Lee, Mi-Hyang;Hong, Sung-Chul;Yoo, Chul;Jang, Kee-Won;Hong, Ji-Hyung;Lee, Suk-Jo
    • Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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    • v.29 no.6
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    • pp.838-848
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    • 2013
  • The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model is capable of providing high quality atmospheric chemistry profiles through the utilization of high-resolution meteorology and emissions data. However, it cannot simulate air quality accurately if input data are not appropriate and reliable. One of the most important inputs required by CMAQ is the air pollutants emissions, which determines air pollutants concentrations during the simulation. For the CMAQ simulation of Korean peninsula, we, in general, use the Korean National Emission Inventory data which are estimated by Clean Air Policy Support System (CAPSS). However, since they are not provided by model-ready emission data, we should convert CAPSS emissions into model-ready data. The SMOKE is the emission model we used in this study to generate CMAQ-ready emissions. Because processing the emissions data is very monotonous and tedious work, we have developed CAPSS2SMOKE program to convert CAPSS emissions into SMOKE-ready data with ease and effective. CAPSS2SMOKE program consists of many codes and routines such as source classification code, $PM_{10}$ to $PM_{2.5}$ ratio code, map projection conversion routine, spatial allocation routine, and so on. To verify the CAPSS2SMOKE program, we have run SMOKE using the CAPSS 2009 emissions and found that the SMOKE results inherits CAPSS emissions quite well.

Statistical approach for development of objective evaluation method on tobacco smoke

  • Hwang, Keon-Joong;Rhee, Moon-Soo;Ra, Do-Young
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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    • v.22 no.2
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    • pp.184-189
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    • 2000
  • This study was conducted to develop the objective evaluation method for tobacco smoke. The evaluation was carried out by using the data of cut or blended tobacco components, smoke components, electric nose system (ENS), and sensory test. By using the statistical methods, such as cluster analysis, discriminant analysis, factor analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis, the relationship among the data of tobacco, smoke, ENS, and sensory evaluation was studied. By the results of cluster analysis, the data from smoke analysis by GC and ENS were able to select the difference of tobacco leaf characteristics. As the results of discriminant analysis, grouping by the components of tobacco leaves and smoke was possible and the results of GC analysis of smoke could be used for discrimination of tobacco leaves. In the results of factor analysis, nicotine, tar, CO, puff No and pH in the smoke were the factors effecting on the tobacco leaf characteristics. From the correlation analysis, aroma, taste, irritation, and smoke volume of sensory test had high relation to tar, p-cresol threonolatone, levoglucosane, and quinic acid- ${\gamma}$ -lactone of smoke. The ENS data showed high efficiency for discriminant analysis and cluster analysis, but it was not good for factor analysis, and correlation analysis. It was possible to estimate tobacco leaves and their blending characteristics by the analytical data of tobacco leaves, smoke, ENS, and sensory test results. By the multiple regression analysis, some correlation among selected chemical components and sensory evaluation were found. This study strongly indicated that the some chemical analysis data was available for the objective evaluation of tobacco sensory attributes.

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Study of The Relation between Smoke Component and Sensory Evaluation of Cigarettes with the Different Leaf Blending (엽배합 특성에 따른 담배 연기성분과 관능특성과의 상관관계 구명)

  • 황건중;이문수;나도영
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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    • v.25 no.2
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    • pp.144-153
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    • 2003
  • This study was carried out to determine the relationship between smoke components and sensory evaluation by changes tobacco leaf blending. Seven different cigarettes were made by adding different types of oriental, reconstituted and expanded tobacco leaves. 62 kinds of smoke components which were 6 of general components, 34 of semi-volatile and volatile components, 9 of acid components, and 13 of phenolic components were analyzed. Eight kinds of sensory item were evaluated and also electronic nose system data was collected. All smoke components and sensory characteristics of mainstream smoke were changed by the different blending. To determine the relationship between smoke components and sensory test, the correlation and regression analysis were carried out by using SPSS statistical program. Tar, pH, and CO showed a high correlation with sensory evaluation item. As tar related to hotness, CO have a high correlation with offensive aroma. Semi-volatile and volatile components of smoke related to sensory characteristics such as aroma, taste, irritation, hotness and smoothness. When propylene, l,3-butadiene, butane, isoprene, and 2-methylfuran showed a high correlation with aroma; methyl chloride, methanol, toluene, ethyl benzene showed a high correlation with irritation. Some acidic components and phenolic components of smoke also had a high relation to smoke volume. Especially the acidic components such as 2-furoic acid, 2-hydroxybutyric acid, phenylacetic acid and palmitic acid; the phenolic components such as 4-vinyl phenol, pyrocatechol, 3-methyl catechol, hydroquinone showed a high correlation with smoke volume. As using regression analysis, it was possible to estimate the results of sensory evaluation from the smoke analysis data. From the results of electronic nose system analysis, we can find the different pattern by adding expanded tobacco leaf.

Numerical Investigation on Fire of Stage in Theater: Effects of Natural Smoke Vent Area and Fire Source Location (공연장 무대부 화재에 대한 전산해석 연구: 자연 배연구 면적과 화원 위치 영향)

  • Park, Min Yeong;Lee, Chi Young
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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    • v.37 no.1
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    • pp.1-11
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    • 2022
  • This numerical study investigates the effects of the size of the natural smoke vent area (10% and 1% of the floor area) and the location of the fire source (i.e., at the side and center of the stage) on the temperature distribution in the compartment and velocity distribution and mass flow rate of flow through a natural smoke vent for a reduced-scale model of a theater stage. Then, the mass flow rate of outflow through the natural smoke vent in the event of a fire for a real-scale theater stage was examined. The case with the larger natural smoke vent area and central fire source location showed lower temperature distributions and higher mass flow rates of outflow and inflow than the case with the smaller natural smoke vent area and side fire source location. The trends of the temperature distributions were closely related to those of the mass flow rates for the outflow and inflow. Additionally, the case with the larger natural smoke vent area and central fire source location exhibited the most non-uniform flow velocity distribution in all cases tested. A bidirectional flow, in which the outflow and inflow occur simultaneously, was observed through the natural smoke vent. In the event of a fire situation in a real-scale theater stage, it was predicted that the case with the larger natural smoke vent area and central fire source location would have a mass flow rate of outflow that is 43.53 times higher than that of the case with the smaller natural smoke vent area and side fire source location. The present results indicate that the natural smoke vent location should be determined by considering the location in a theater stage where a fire can occur.