• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.14-25
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the soil salinity and salt spray drift of the indigenous windbreak trees, and its main purpose was to provide basic data for the selection of salt-tolerant trees in the saline coastal region in the South Sea of Korea. The soil salinity($EC_{1:5}$)was $0.18dSm^{-1}$, which was an average degree of the whole areas of investigation whose salinity degree ranged from $0.05dSm^{-1}$ to $0.58dSm^{-1}$. The level of soil salinity gradually decreased as it moved farther inland, except the belt I. The level of decreasing soil salinity was found to be in the following order: belt II, belt III, belt I, belt IV. The degree of soil salinity was $EC_{1:5}$ $0.22dSm_{1:5}$, $0.22dSm_{1:5}$ $0.19dSm^{-1}$ and $0.13dSm^{-1}$ respectively. The total 110 taxa, which consisted of 45 families, 74 genus, 101 species, and 9 varieties, were found to be tolerant to both soil salinity and salt spray drift. The trees that grow in the highest degree of salinity($EC_{1:5}$ $0.50dSm^{-1}$)were Parthenocissus tricuspidata(Siebold & Zucc.), Planch and Lonicera japonica Thunb. The next group of trees that grow in the high degree of salinity ranging from $EC_{1:5}$ 0.41 to $0.50dSm^{-1}$ was Cudrania tricuspidata(Carr.) Bureau ex Lavall$\acute{e}$e, Rubus parvifolius L., Zanthoxylum schinifolium(Siebold & Zucc.), Hedera rhombea(Miq.) Bean., Robinia pseudoacacia L., Quercus serrata Thunb., Callicarpa dichotoma(Lour.) K. Koch, and so on. The woody species which grew in the entire belts were Pueraria lobata(Willd.) Ohwi and Vitis flexuosa Thunb., and Vitex rotundifolia L. f. which was known to be highly tolerant to salt spray drift was found only in belt I. The woody species with high important value(IV) were Zelkova serrata(Thunb.) Makino., Celtis sinensis Pers., Koelreuteria paniculata Laxmann, Mallotusjaponicus(Thunb.) Muell. Arg., Trachelospermum asiaticum(Siebold & Zucc.) NAKAI, and Pueraria lobata(Willd.) Ohwi. These species were classified as native windbreak trees that are comparatively more tolerant to salt spray drift than other kinds.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.207-210
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• 2012

The preparation of $Sm_2O_3$ doped $CeO_2$ in Igepal CO-520/cyclohexane reverse micelle solutions has been studied. In the present work, we synthesized nanosized $Sm_2O_3$ doped $CeO_2$ powders by reverse micelle process using aqueous ammonia as the precipitant; hydroxide precursor was obtained from nitrate solutions dispersed in the nanosized aqueous domains of a micro emulsion consisting of cyclohexane as the oil phase, and poly (xoyethylene) nonylphenylether (Igepal CO-520) as the non-ionic surfactant. The synthesized and calcined powders were characterized by Thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The crystallite size was found to increase with increase in water to surfactant (R) molar ratio. Average particle size and distribution of the synthesized $Sm_2O_3$ doped $CeO_2$ were below 10 nm and narrow, respectively. TG-DTA analysis shows that phase of $Sm_2O_3$ doped $CeO_2$ nanoparticles changed from monoclinic to tetragonal at approximately $560^{\circ}C$. The phase of the synthesized $Sm_2O_3$ doped $CeO_2$ with heating to $600^{\circ}C$ for 30 min was tetragonal $CeO_2$. This study revealed that the particle formation process in reverse micelles is based on a two step model. The rapid first step is the complete reduction of the metal to the zero valence state. The second step is growth, via reagent exchanges between micelles through the inter-micellar exchange.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.849-860
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• 1996

The supply of different fatty acids during the development period has significant effects. This study examined the effects of dietary $\omega$3 and $\omega$6 fatty acid compositions on phospholipids (PLs) of RBC and rat brain subcellular fractions (synaptosome, microsome, mitochondria), and on learning ability of the 2nd generation rat. Rats were fed experimental diets 3-4 wks prior to the conception. Early in the lactation period, the feeding mothers were exchanged. Diets consisted of 10% fat(by weight), which was either safflower oil('S') poor in $\omega$3 fatty acids or computer-searched mixed oil('M') with P/M/S ratio, 1/1.4/1 and $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratio, 6.1/1. The 'S' and 'M' rats were subdivided further into SS, SM, MS & MM rats according to their lactation stauts. At 3 (weaning) & 9 wks of age, the percentage of total $\omega$3 fatty acids to their lactation status. At 3 (weaning) & 9 wks of age, the percentage of total $\omega$3 fatty acids and the ratios of $\omega$3/$\omega$6 fatty acids in PLs of RBC and brain subcellular fractions in SM and MM groups fed milk from the mixed oil-fed mothers for 2 wks tended to be higher than those in SS and MS groups respectively. In contrast, the concentrations of $\omega$6 fatty acids, especially 22:5$\omega$6 in all fractions, were significantly lower in the SM & MM groups compared to those of the SS & MS groups respectively. In contrast, the concentration of $\omega$6 fatty acids, especially 22:5$\omega$6 in all fractions, were significantly lower in the SM & MM groups compared to those of the SS & MS groups, The values for the DHA$\omega$3/22:5$\omega$6 ratios after the lactation period were markedly higher in the groups (SM & MM) which were reared by mixed oil(MO) fed mothers. In carring out Y-water maze at 9th wk of age, the SM(4.2$\pm$0.5) & MM (5.3$\pm$0.5) groups made significantly less errors compared to the SS(6.2$\pm$0.6, p<0.05 compared with SM) & MM (7.2$\pm$0.5, p<0.05 compared with MM) groups which were lactated by the safflower oilfed mothers. Therefore, by feeding a balanced fatty acid diet from the lactation period up to 9 wks of age as compared with the groups fed $\omega$3 fatty acid-deficient diet regardless of mother's diet given before parturition. The levels of DHA(synaptosome) and 22:5$\omega$3 (mitochondria) were positively correlated not only with these values in RBC but also with visual discriminating ability. The levels of DHA and 22:5$\omega$3 in RBC can, therfore, reflect visual discriminatng ability in the rat.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.211-217
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• 2015

In this study, the quality characteristics of cookies with the addition of Spergularia marina Griseb powder (SMGP) were investigated and analyzed by through chemical and sensory evaluation. Cookies were prepared with different levels of SMGP (0, 1, 3, and 9%). Their moisture and crude protein contents decreased after the addition of SMGP, as did their spread factor (p<0.05). Their Hunter's color L and a values significantly decreased with the increase in SMGP level, whereas their b value increased (p<0.05). In the texture analysis, the hardness of the cookies increased according to the increase in concentration of SMGP and showed a significantly high level in the cookies with the addition of 9% SMGP (p<0.05). In the sensory evaluation, the cookies with the addition of 3% and 9% of SMGP had the highest scores in flavor, taste, and texture (p<0.05). The cookies with 3% SMGP addition had the best score in total acceptability. This study suggests that SMGP is a good ingredient for improving the acceptability and functionality of cookies.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.73 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 1986

Karyotypes are described for Juniperus rigida Sieb. et zucc, in two provenances of Gyeong-nam and Choong-puk. Chromosome numbers of two provenances, are 2n=22. The most common feature of mitotic chromosomes was shown at the chromosome 7, which has secondary constriction on the short arm. And the most differential chromosome was shown at chromosome 9 from Gyeong-nam and chromosome 5 from Choong-puk provenance which bore secondary constriction. The karyotype formulae are as follows; Gyeong-nam, Jinyang provenance race is $$K(2n)=22=2A^m+2B^m+2C^m+2D^{sm}+2E^{st}+2F^m+2^{sc}G^m+2H^m+2^{sc}I^t+2J^{st}+2K^m$$ Choong-puk, Jechun provenance race is $$K(2n)=22=2A^m+2B^m+2C^m+2D^{st}+2^{sc}E^{sm}+2F^m+2^{sc}G^m+2H^m+2I^m+2J^{st}+2K^{sm}$$.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.23.1-23.10
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• 2019

Background: Taurine is a conditional essential amino acid for fish. A study was conducted to investigate the compensating effect of supplemental taurine in diets for red seabream (Pagrus major) on impaired growth performance by fish meal (FM) replacement with soybean meal (SM) at low water temperature (14.15 ± 1.95 ℃). Methods: A FM-based diet was considered as a high FM diet and three other experimental diets were formulated to replace FM with SM by 20, 35, or 50% (HFM, SM20, SM35, or SM50, respectively) without taurine and other four diets were formulated by adding 1% taurine to the diets (HFM-T, SM20-T, SM35-T, or SM50-T, respectively). Triplicate groups of fish (108.9 ± 1.58 g/fish) were distributed into 24 polyvinyl circular tanks (215 L) with 20 fish per tank and fed one of the diets to satiation for 20 weeks. Results: Growth performance and feed utilization of red seabream were significantly improved by the dietary taurine supplementation. SM20-T and SM35-T diets increased fish growth that are comparable to HFM diet. Feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed SM20-T and SM35-T diets were not significantly different from those of HFM group. Dietary taurine supplementation in each FM replaced group numerically increased innate immunity of the fish. Lysozyme and superoxide dismutase activities were significantly decreased in fish fed SM35, SM50, and SM50-T diets compared to those of fish fed HFM diet while they were not significantly lower in SM20, SM20-T, SM35, and SM35-T groups. Glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly lower in fish group fed SM50 diet while SM50-T group did not significantly lower compared to that of HFM group. The relative expression level of hepatic IGF-1 mRNA was improved in fish fed taurine-supplemented diets compared to their respective SM diets. Conclusions: Growth performance and feed utilization of red seabream can be accelerated or restored by 1% taurine supplementation when they are fed high level of SM up to 35% in diets during low water temperature season.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.55-59
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• 1999

In an attempt to find an effective production way of the$ Sm_2Fe_{17}N_{x-}type material, the Sm_2Fe_{17-}$type alloy with chemical composition of Sm 22.7 wt.%, Fe72.3 wt.% Nb 5.0wt.% was subjected to a HD (hydrogen decrepitation) treatment prior to a nitrogenation, and its effect on the formation of the nitride material was investigated. The nitrogenation behaviours of the alloy were investigated using a TPA(thermopiezic analysis), TMA, and DTA under nitrogen gas, and XRD. It has been found that the previous HD treatment significantly facilitated the formation of $Sm_2Fe_{17}N_{x-}$type nitride, and this was accounted for by the clean surface and the finer particle size of the powder caused by the HD treatment. It has also been found that the hydrogen atoms existing in the initial HD-treated alloy were removed almost completely during the nitrogenation. The heat output associated with the nitrogenation of the previously HD-treated alloy was found to be significantly smaller than that of the as-cast alloy.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.104-111
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• 1999

The interfacial microstructure and bond strength were examined for WC-Co/Cu/SM45C steel join using a nickel-plated copper in vacuum at 1323K for 0.6ks∼3.6ks. After bonding, microstructure in bonding interface was observed by OM(Optical Microscopy), SEM(Scanning Electron Microscopy) and EPMA(Eelectron Probe Micro Analyzer). The oil cooling was carried out at 353K, the cooling rate in air and furnace was 22K/s and 4.4K/s. respectively. It was found that dendritic widths increased with the content of cobalt and bonding times at 1323K. As a whole, bond strength values at the same bonding condition decreased in this order: WC-13wt.%Co/SM45Csteel. WC-8wt.%Co/SM45Csteel and WC-4wt.%Co/SM45Csteel. The bond strength of WC-13wt.%Co/S45C steel joint in oil cooling was 273MPa. This value was greatly higher than those of 125MPa in furnace cooling and 93MPa in air cooling at 1323K for 0.6ks. The bond strength values were found to be closely associated with the content of cobalt in WC-Co and cooling rate.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.579-589
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to compare the shear bond strengths of five adhesive systems to the enamel and dentin of primary and permanent teeth. Fifty noncarious primary and fifty permanent teeth were collected and stored in an 0.1% thymol solution at room temperature after extraction. The tested adhesives were: Adper Scotchbond Multi-purpose Plus Adhesive (SM) Adper Single bond 2 (SB), Clearfil SE Bond (SE), Adper Prompt L-Pop (PL), GBond (GB). For the shear bonding test, the labial and lingual surfaces of primary and permanent teeth were used. To obtain a flat surface, the labial and lingual surfaces of the teeth were sanded on $SiO_2$ with number 600 grit and then divided into 20 groups of 10 surfaces each. All samples were theromocycled in water $5^{\circ}C$ and $55^{\circ}C$ for 1000 cycles. The results were as follows: 1. For primary enamel, shear bond strengths of SM and SB were significantly higher than that of SE and also SM, SB, and PL were higher than GB(p<0.05). 2. For primary dentin, there were no significant differences among the shear bond strengths of any other bonding systems except difference between SE and GB. 3. For permanent enamel, SB showed significantly higher mean shear bond strength than those of any other bonding systems(p<0.05). 4. For permanent dentin, SM showed significantly higher mean shear bond strength than that of PL and GB(p<0.05). 5. Between the primary enamel and dentin, there were significant differences in SM, SB, and GB, whereas there was statistically significant difference in PL between the permanent enamel and dentin(p<0.05). 6. Between the primary and permanent teeth on enamel, there were no significant differences among all bonding systems, whereas there were statistically significant differences in SM and SB between the primary and permanent teeth on dentin(p<0.05).

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.37-46
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• 2024

Purpose: This study aims to address the overlooked micro-level aspects within Smart Manufacturing (SM) research, rectifying the misalignment in manufacturing firms' estimation of their technological adoption capabilities. Drawing upon the Social-Technical Systems (STS) theory, this paper utilises innovation capability as a mediating variable, constructing a human-centric organizational model to bridge this research gap. Research design, data and methodology: This study collected data from 233 Chinese manufacturing firms via online questionnaires. Introducing innovation capability as a mediating variable, it investigates the impact of social-technical system dimensions (work design, social subsystems, and technical subsystems) on SM adoption willingness. Smart PLS 4.0 was employed for data analysis, and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) validated the theoretical model's assumptions. Results: In direct relationships, social subsystems, technical subsystems, and work design positively influence firms' innovation capabilities, which, in turn, positively impact SM adoption. However, innovation capability does not mediate the relationship between technical subsystems and SM adoption. Conclusions: This study focuses on the internal micro-level of organisational employees, constructing a human-centric framework that emphasises the interaction between organisations and technology. The study fills empirical gaps in Smart Manufacturing adoption, providing organisations with a means to examine the integration of employees and the organisational social-technical system.