• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.38-45
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using erythrosine and a green light emitting diode (LED) light source on biofilms of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans attached to resorbable blasted media (RBM) and sandblasted, large-grit, acid-etched (SLA) titanium surfaces in vitro. Methods: RBM and SLA disks were subdivided into four groups, including one control group and three test groups (referred to as E0, E30, E60), in order to evaluate the effect of PDT on each surface. The E0 group was put into $500{\mu}L$ of $20{\mu}M$ erythrosine for 60 seconds without irradiation, the E30 group was put into erythrosine for 60 seconds and was then irradiated with a LED for 30 seconds, and the E60 group was put into erythrosine for 60 seconds and then irradiated with a LED for 60 seconds. After PDT, sonication was performed in order to detach the bacteria, the plates were incubated under anaerobic conditions on brucella blood agar plates for 72 hours at $37^{\circ}C$, and the number of colony-forming units (CFUs) was determined. Results: Significant differences were found between the control group and the E30 and E60 groups (P<0.05). A significantly lower quantity of CFU/mL was found in the E30 and E60 groups on both titanium disk surfaces. In confocal scanning laser microscopy images, increased bacterial death was observed when disks were irradiated for a longer period of time. Conclusions: These findings suggest that PDT using erythrosine and a green LED is effective in reducing the viability of A. actinomycetemcomitans attached to surface-modified titanium in vitro.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.595-602
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• 2008

Purpose: Ti-6Al-4V alloy is widely used as an implant material because of its good biocompatibility and good mechanical property compared with commercial pure titanium. Otherwise, toxicity of aluminum and vanadium in vivo has been reported. Ti-8Ta-3Nb alloy is recently developed in the R&D Center for Ti and Special Alloys and it was reported that this alloy has high mechanical strength, no cytotoxicity and similar biocompatibility to commercial pure titanium, but many studies are needed for its clinical use. In these experiment, we carried out different surface treatment on each Ti-8Ta-3Nb alloy disks, then cultured cell on it and assessed biological response. Materials and Methods: cpTi, Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-8Ta-3Nb alloy disks were prepared and carried out sandblasting and acid etching (SLA) or alkali-heat treatment (AH) on the Ti-8Ta-3Nb alloy disks. We cultured primary rat calvarial cells on each surface and assessed early cell attachment and proliferation by scanning electron microscopy, cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity. Result: The rates of cell proliferation on the cpTi, Ti-8Ta-3Nb AH disks were higher than others (p<0.05) and alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly enhanced on the Ti-STa-8Nb AH disks(p<0.05). Conclusion: Most favorable cell response was shown on the Ti-8Ta-3Nb AH surfaces. It is supposed that alkali-heat treatment of the Ti-8Ta-3Nb alloy could be induced earlier bone healing and osseointegration than smooth surface.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.41-45
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• 2009

Background: Reduced bone height is one of the major problems faced in restoring tooth loss with implants. By the use of short implants, it is possible to reduce complicated and invasive treatment such as bone graft, allowing more simple surgery. But short implants are generally considered to have lower success rates than that of standard implants. Purpose: To assess the results of short Straumann implants by a retrospective study of short Straumann implants with TPS(titanium plasma-sprayed) and SLA(sandblasted, large grit, acid etched) surfaces. Materials and methods: 173 implants in 106 patients who received short Straumann implant surgery(${\le}8\;mm$) in the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery, Kyunghee Dental Hospital, from February 1996 to October 2006 were selected and studied. All of the implants were followed up after prosthetic rehabilitation. The average follow-up period was 34 months with 119 months as the longest follow up period. The average follow-up period after prosthetic rehabilitation was 31 months. 64 females(60.4%) and 42 males(39.6%) participated in the research with the age range of 19 to 85(mean age 47). 20 patients(18.9%) were under 40, 85 patients(80.2%) were over 40 and under 70, and only one patient(0.9%) was over 70 years old. Results: 27 implants(15.6%) had TPS surface while 146 implants(84.4%) had SLA surface. 9 implants(5.2%) were 3.3, 108 implans(62.4%) were 4.1mm and 56 implants(32.4%) were 4.8mm in diameter. 167 implants(96.5%) were 8mm and 6 implants(3.5%) were 6mm in length. There were 24 implants(13.9%) on the maxillas and 149 implants(68.8%) on the mandibles. 119 implants(68.8%) were rehabilitated with FPD(fixed partial denture), 47 implants(27.2%) with single crowns and 4 implants(2.3%) with overdentures. Among the fixed partial dentures, 30 of them were splinted with short implants only. After over an year of follow-up period, 139 implants(96.5%) out of 144 implants showed marginal bone loss of less than 1mm. 3 out of 173 implants failed showing 98.27% survival rate. Conclusions: The use of short Straumann implants(${\le}8mm$) can be a simple and reliable treatment method in minimal residual bone height.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.44-52
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• 2012

Purpose: In this paper we tried to evaluate the most appropriate surface for rhBMP-2 coating among 4 rough titanium surfaces. Materials and methods: We used machined surface as a control group and anodized, RBM and SLA surfaces as test groups. We coated rhBMP-2 on the 4 surfaces and with uncoated surfaces for each case, we cultured human mesenchymal stem cells on all 8 surfaces. 24 hours after we measured the stem cell' attachment with SEM, and on 3rd, 7th, and 14th days, we checked the cell proliferation and differentiation by using MTT and ALP activity assay. And on the 7th day after the culture, we performed RT-PCR assay to determine whether the expression levels of Type I collagen, osteocalcin, osteopontin were changed. Results: We observed with SEM that 4 rhBMP-2 coated surfaces exhibited wider and tighter cell attachment and more cell process spreading than uncoated surfaces. The anodized rhBMP-2 surface caused robustest effects. In MTT assay we could not find any meaningful difference. In ALP assay there was a significant increase (P<.05) in the ALP activity of anodized rhBMP-2 coated surface compared with that of the control (3rd and 14th days) and with that of the RBM rhBMP-2 coated surface (14th day). In RT-PCR assay there was increased expressions in the anodized rhBMP-2 coated surface for osteocalcin, and osteopontin. Conclusion: We found that the anodized rhBMP-2 coated surface were most prominent stem cell attachment and differentiation in compared to control and Machined rhBMP-2 coated, RBM rhBMP-2 coated surface.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.795-804
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• 2007

Statement of problem. Nano-scale calcium-phosphate coating on the anodizing titanium surface using ion beam-assisted deposition (IBAD) has been recently introduced to improve the early osseointegration. However, not much is known about their surface characteristics that have influence on tissue-implant interaction. Purpose. This study was aimed to investigate microtopography, surface roughness, surface composition, and wettability of the titanium surface modified by the anodic oxidation and calcium phosphate coating using IBAD. Material and methods. Commercially pure titanium disks were used as substrates. The experiment was composed of four groups. Group MA surfaces represented machined surface. Group AN was anodized surface. Group CaP/AN was anodic oxidized and calcium phosphate coated surfaces. Group SLA surfaces were sandblasted and acid etched surfaces. The prepared titanium discs were examined as follows. The surface morphology of the discs was examined using SEM. The surface roughness was measured by a confocal laser scanning microscope. Phase components were analyzed using thin-film x-ray diffraction. Wettability analyses were performed by contact angle measurement with distilled water, formamide, bromonaphtalene and surface free energy calculation. Results. (1) The four groups showed specific microtopography respectively. Anodized and calcium phosphate coated specimens showed multiple micropores and tiny homogeneously distributed crystalline particles. (2) The order of surface roughness values were, from the lowest to the highest, machined group, anodized group, anodized and calcium phosphate deposited group, and sandblasted and acid etched group. (3) Anodized and calcium phosphate deposited group was found to have titanium and titanium anatase oxides and exhibited calcium phosphorous crystalline structures. (4) Surface wettability was increased in the order of calcium phosphate deposited group, machined group, anodized group, sandblasted and acid etched group. Conclusion. After ion beam-assisted deposition on anodized titanium, the microporous structure remained on the surface and many small calcium phosphorous crystals were formed on the porous surface. Nanoscale calcium phosphorous deposition induced roughness on the microporous surface but hydrophobicity was increased.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.42
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• pp.10.1-10.9
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• 2020

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term clinical stability of implants with acid-etched surfaces sandblasted with alumina using retrospective analyses of the survival rate, success rate, primary and secondary stability, complications, and marginal bone loss of the implants. Methods: Patients who had implants placed (TS III SA, SS II SA, SS III SA, and U III SA) with SA surfaces from Osstem (Osstem Implant Co., Busan, Korea) at the Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, from January 2008 to December 2010 were selected for the study. Patients' medical records and radiographs (panorama, periapical view) were retrospectively analyzed to investigate sex, age, location of implantation, diameter, and length of the implants, initial and secondary stability, presence of bone grafting, types of bone grafting and membranes, early and delayed complications, marginal bone loss, and implant survival rate. Results: Ninety-six implants were placed in 45 patients. Five implants were removed during the follow-up period for a total survival rate of 94.8%. There were 14 cases of complications, including 6 cases of early complications and 8 cases of delayed complications. All five implants that failed to survive were included in the early complications. The survival of implants was significantly associated with the occurrence of complications and the absorption of bone greater than 1 mm within 1 year after prosthetic completion. In addition, the absorption of bone greater than 1 mm within 1 year after prosthetic completion was significantly associated with the occurrence of complications, primary stability, and implant placement method. Five cases that failed to survive were all included in the early complications criteria such as infection, failure of initial osseointegration, and early exposure of the fixture. Conclusions: Of the 96 cases, 5 implants failed resulting in a 94.8% survival rate. The failed implants were all cases of early complications such as infection, failure of initial osseointegration, and early exposure of the fixtures. Periimplantitis was mostly addressed through conservative and/or surgical treatment and resulted in very low prosthetic complications. Therefore, if preventive measures are taken to minimize initial complications, the results can be very stable.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.55-63
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• 2024

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of an 810-nm infrared diode laser with indocyanine green (ICG) against Staphylococcus aureus on sandblasted, large grit, and acid-etched (SLA) titanium surfaces, comparing its effectiveness with alternative chemical decontamination modalities. Materials and Methods: Biofilms of S. aureus ATCC 25923 were cultured on SLA titanium disks for 48 hours. The biofilms were divided into five treatment groups: control, chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX), tetracycline (TC), ICG, and 810-nm infrared diode laser with ICG (ICG-PDT). After treatment, colony-forming units were quantified to assess surviving bacteria, and viability was confirmed through confocal laser-scanning microscope (CLSM) imaging. Results: All treated groups exhibited a statistically significant reduction in S. aureus (P < 0.05), with notable efficacy in the CHX, TC, and ICG-PDT groups (P < 0.01). While no statistical difference was observed between TC and CHX, the ICG-PDT group demonstrated superior bacterial reduction. CLSM images revealed a higher proportion of dead bacteria stained in red within the ICG-PDT groups. Conclusion: Within the limitations, ICG-PDT effectively reduced S. aureus biofilms on SLA titanium surfaces. Further investigations into alternative decontamination methods and the clinical impact of ICG-PDT on peri-implant diseases are warranted.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.142-149
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to evaluate histomorphometrically a toothash - plaster of Paris mixture associated with collagen membrane ($Bio-Gide^{(R)}$), regarding new bone formation in the peri-implantitis defects in dogs. Three mandibular molars were removed from 1-year-old mongrel dogs. After 2 months of healing, 2 titanium implants with sandblasted with large grit and acid etched (SLA) surface were installed in each side of the mandible. Experimental peri-implantitis was induced with ligatures after successful osseointegration. Ligatures were removed after identification of bone defect beneath the level of 5th thread of fixture on radiographic image. The mucoperiosteal flaps were elevated and the contaminated fixtures were treated with chlorhexidine and saline. The bone defects were assigned to one of the following treatments: no guided bone regeneration (GBR) procedure (group 1), GBR with Bio-$Oss^{(R)}$ and Bio-$Gide^{(R)}$ (group 2), or GBR with toothash - plaster of Paris mixture (TPM) and Bio-$Gide^{(R)}$ (group 3). The dogs were sacrificed after 8 or 16 months. The mean percentages of new bone formation within the limits of the 5 most coronal threads were $17.83{\pm}10.69$ (8 weeks) and $20.13{\pm}13.65$ (16 weeks) in group 1, $34.25{\pm}13.32$ (8 weeks) and $36.33{\pm}14.21$ (16 weeks) in group 2, and $46.33{\pm}18.39$ (8 weeks) and $48.00{\pm}17.78$ (16 weeks) in group 3, respectively. The present study confirmed statistically considerable new bone formation within the threads in group 3 compared with group 1 at 8 and 16 weeks (P<0.05). Although, data analysis did not reveal significant differences between group 2 and 3, the latter showed better results during the period of 8 or 16 weeks. Our findings support the effectiveness of TPM as a GBR material in the treatment of peri-implantitis bone defect.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.143-160
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• 2002

타이태늄은 뛰어난 생체적합성과 적절한 물리적 성질을 바탕으로 치과 및 정형외과 영역의 매식재로 널리사용되어져 왔으며, 골과 매식재 사이의 골 융합 정도를 증가시킬 목적으로 물리, 화학적인 방법을 이용한 타이태늄의 표면처리에 관한 많은 연구들이 진행되어 왔다. 최근에는 부착단백질 또는 성장인자를 이용한 생체재료의 표면개질을 통하여 조직적합성 및 치유 능의 개선을 위한 시도들이 있어왔다. Fibronectin(FN)은 주요 세포외기질중의 하나로 생체 내 널리 분포하여 세포의 부착, 이동 및 증식에 관여하는 거대 당단백으로, RGD및 PHSRN 펩타이드 서열이 세포의 인테그린과 결합하여 세포의 활성을 조절하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이 연구에서는 FN으로 처리된 타이태늄이 조골세포의 부착, 증식 및 분화에 미치는 영향과 이에 따른 석회화 정도에 미치는 영향을 관찰하여 부착분자를 이용한 타이태늄 표면개질의 효과를 규명하고자 하였다. 상업용 순수 타이태늄을 gold thiol법을 이용하여 표면처리 후, 혈장 FN(plasma FN, pFN)과 유전자재조합법을 이용하여 얻은 FN조각(FN type III 7-10, FNIII 7-10)을 피복한 시편을 실험군으로, 아무런 처리를 하지 않은것(smooth surface, SS)과 산 부식(Sandblasted and acid etched, SLA)처리된것을 대조군으로 이용하였다. 배양된 조골세포주(MC3T3-E1)를 사용하여 타이태늄 표면 처리에 따른 세포의 증식, 형태변화, 알칼리성 인산분해효소(ALPase) 생산 및 세포면역형광법을 이용한 분화정도를 시간 경과에 따라 관찰하였다. 조골세포증식의 경우 FNIII 7-10 처리군에서 pFN 처리군 및 대조군에 비해 시간경과에 따라 유의성있는 세포수의 증식이 관찰되었으며(p<0.05), ALPase 생성의 경우에도 FNIII 7-10 처리 군에서 아무 처리도 하지 않은 군에 비해 유의성 있게 높은 효소의 생성이 관찰되었다(p<0.05). 주사전자현미경을 이용한 세포의 형태관찰결과 아무 처리도 하지 않은 군에서는 마름모형태를 나타내었으며, 산 부식 처리된 군에서는 세포가 가시모양의 형태를 보인 반면 FN으로 처리된 두 군에서는 세포의 부착 및 펴짐이 매우 발달되어 있는 모습이 관찰되었다. 세포의 분화정도를 관찰하기 위하여 국소부착키나제(focal adhesion kinase, FAK), 및 actin stress fiber의 분포양상을 세포면역형광법을 이용하여 관찰한 결과 FN으로 표면처리된 두 군에서 아무런 처리도 하지않은 군 및 산 부식처리 한 군에 비해 프라크의 발현이 높게 나타났으며 잘 발달된 actin stress fiber의 소견을 나타내었다. 이 실험의 결과들은 gold thiol 법을 이용한 표면처리 후 FN부착을 통한 타이태늄의 표면개질이 조골세포의 부착, 증식 및 분화에 중요한 역할을 담당하여 석회화 정도를 촉진시키는 것을 보여주었으며, 이런 결과들은 더 짧은 FN조각을 이용한 다른 생체재료의 표면개질에 폭 넓게 응용할 수 있으리라 생각된다.