• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2004년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.1201-1206
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• 2004

Sonoluminescence (SL) characteristics such as pulse shape, radiance and spectrum radiance from submicron bubbles were investigated. In this study, a set of analytical solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations for the gas inside bubble and equations obtained from mass, momentum and energy equations for the liquid layer adjacent the bubble wall were used to estimate the gas temperature and pressure at the collapse point, which are crucial parameters to determine the SL characteristics. Heat transfer inside the gas bubble as well as at the liquid boundary layer, which was not considered in the most of previous studies on the sonoluminescence was taken it into account in the calculation of the temperature distribution inside the bubble. It was found that bremsstrahlung is a very possible mechanism of the light emission from either micron or submicron bubbles. It was also found that the peak temperature exceeding $10^{6}$ K in the submicron bubble driven at 1 MHz and 4 atm may be due to the rapid change of the bubble wall acceleration near the collapse point rather than shock formation.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.537-541
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• 2004

1-L stirred-batch type reactor에서 기질들의 몰 비율을 1:2:2(corn oil:capric acid:CLA)하고 RM IM lipase을 사용하여 재구성 지질을 합성하였다. 합성된 재구성 지질은 총 capric acid 와 CLA을 각각 13.3 mol%와 8.9 mol% 함유하였다. 기능성 지방산은 주로 sn-1,3 position에 분포하였고, sn-2 position에는 linoleic acid가 대부분이었다. 재구성 지질의 요오드가와 비누화가는 68과 202이었고, 이는 재구성 지질에 함유된 capric acid 때문이었다. 반응 후 재구성 지질의 총 tocopherol 함량은 약 39% 감소하였다. 색도분석결과, 재구성 지질과 옥배유 서로간에 백색도$(L^*)$와 적색도$(a^*)$에서는 유의적 차이가 없었으나, 황색도$(b^*)$에서는 재구성 지질이 옥배유보다 yellowness를 보이며 유의적 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). RP-HPLC 분석결과 재구성 지질에서 capric acid를 함유하고 있는 TAG형태의 PN은 26-44로 전체의 약 34.2 area% 차지함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 옥배유가 $-56.77^{\circ}C$에서 주된 crystallization peak 정점을 보인 반면에, 재구성 지질은 $-46.2^{\circ}C$에서 주된 peak 정점을 나타내었다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.75-81
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• 2009

Product quality and shelf-life effect of sodium lactate (SL) in combined with chitosans with various molecular weights (MW) in low-fat sausages (LFSs) stored at $10^{\circ}C$ were evaluated. LFSs with SL and chitosans had 75-76% moisture, 1-2% fat, and 15.8-17.1% protein with a pH range of 6.3-6.6. Water holding capacity was decreased, but most textural properties were increased with the addition of chitosan with MW of 30-40 kDa. Hunter a (redness) values were also increased with the addition of sodium lactate and chitosans in combination with laccaic acid at the level of 0.05%, resulting in similar Hunter a value of 150 ppm of sodium nitrite. The combination of SL and chitosans slightly extended the shelf-life of LFSs approximately 3-6 days at $10^{\circ}C$, resulting in inhibition the growth of L. monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7, as compared to the control. However, the inhibition of microbial growth at $10^{\circ}C$ was not as strong as that at $4^{\circ}C$. Thus, the storage temperature should be as low ($<4^{\circ}C$) as possible to have a maximum antimicrobial activity in LFS containing SL and various chitosans.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.312-319
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• 2017

신선 농산물의 비가열 살균에 사용되는 살균소독제는 처리시간과 살균소독제의 농도에 비선형적인 감균효과를 나타낸다. 따라서 실제 사용에 있어서는 적정 농도와 적정 시간에 대한 고려가 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 희석염산(6%, v/v)을 원료로 생성한 미산성 차아염소산수(slightly acidic electrolzyed water, SlAEW)($20{\pm}1^{\circ}C$에서의 유효염소 30 ppm, ORP $562{\pm}23mV$, pH 6.4)로 4종의 채소류(상추, 깻잎, 치콘 및 케일)에 대한 미생물 저감 특성을 분석하여 비가열 살균공정설계에 필요한 살균효과를 평가하였다. SlAEW에 30분간 3회 침지하면서 핵심인자인 유효염소와 미생물군수 및 잔류 미생물군수와의 관계를 분석하였다. 대부분의 총균수 감소는 1차 침지 초기 10분간 이루어졌으며 4종의 채소류에 생존하는 3 log CFU/g의 총균수가 침지를 통해 감소시킬 수 있는 한계값으로 판단되었다. 또한 SlAEW에 10분간 침지함으로써 감소시킬 수 있는 균수는 평균적으로 약 2 log CFU/g이었다. 초기 10분후의 감소된 유효염소는 상추, 깻잎, 치콘 및 케일에 대해 각각 2.2 ppm, 2.0 ppm, 1.7 ppm 및 2.5 ppm이었고 감소된 유효염소량의 약 50-80%가 초기 10분내에 감소되었다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.38-55
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• 2018

Hourly measurements of $PM_{2.5}$ mass, organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC), and water-soluble ionic species were made at the air quality intensive monitoring stations in Baengryeongdo (BR) and Seoul (SL) during the winter (December 01~31, 2013) and summer (July 10~23, 2014) periods, to investigate the increase of $PM_{2.5}$ and secondary ionic species and the reasons leading to their increase during the two seasons. During winter, $PM_{2.5}$ and its major chemical species concentrations were higher at SL than at BR. Contribution of organic mass to $PM_{2.5}$ was approximately 1.7 times higher at BR than at SL, but the $NO_3{^-}$ contribution was two times higher at SL. Total concentration of secondary ionic species ($SO{_4}^{2-}$, $NO_3{^-}$, and $NH_4{^+}$) at BR and SL sites accounted for 29.1 and 40.1% of $PM_{2.5}$, respectively. However, during summer, no significant difference in chemical composition of $PM_{2.5}$ was found between the two sites with the exception of $SO{_4}^{2-}$. Total concentration of the secondary ionic species constituted on average 43.9% of $PM_{2.5}$ at BR and 53.0% at SL. A noticeable difference in chemical composition between the two sites during summer was attributed to $SO{_4}^{2-}$, with approximately twofold concentration and 10% higher contribution in SL. Low wind speed and high relative humidity were important factors in secondary formation of water-soluble ionic species during winter at SL, resulting in $PM_{2.5}$ increase. While the secondary formation during summer was attributed to strong photochemical processes in daytime and high relative humidity in nighttime hours. The increase of $PM_{2.5}$ and its secondary ionic species during the winter haze pollution period at SL was mainly caused either by long-range transport (LTP) from the eastern Chinese regions, or by local pollution. However, the increased $SO{_4}^{2-}$ and $NO_3{^-}$ during summer at SL were mainly caused by LTP, photochemical processes in daytime hours, and heterogeneous processes in nighttime hours.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.137-152
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• 2006

풍화토양의 경우 화강암 지역이 타 지역에 비해 높았고, 상관계수에서 지역에 관계없이 정의 관계가 우세하였으며, 전 지역 공히 Y-Nb, Nb-Ta 쌍에서 부의 상관관계를 보였다. 밭 토양의 경우 화강암 지역이 높았고, 셰일 지역이 낮은 값을 보였다. 상관관계에서 화강암 지역은 많은 원소에서 정, 부의 상관관계를 보였고, 지역에 관계없이 3 년생 지역에서 높은 유의성의 상관관계를 보였다. 모암의 경우 화강암 지역이 높았고, 셰일 지역이 낮았다. 전 지역에서 Zr-Hf, Ta, Nb-Ta, Hf-Ta 쌍이 정의 상관관계를 보였다. 인삼의 함량은 연생에 따른 차이가 두드러졌다. 3 지역 공 히 상관계수에서 셰일 지역은 Y-Nb 쌍이, 천매암 지역은 Rb-Y 쌍이, 화강암 지역은 Rb-Sr 쌍이 정의 관계를 보였다. 각 지역 동일 연생별 성분 비교에서 화강암 지역이 셰일 및 천매암에 비해 높았고, 천매암 및 셰일 지역의 비교에서 2 년생은 셰일이, 4 년생은 천매암 지역이 높았다. 대부분 원소에서 풍화토와 밭 토양의 비(풍화토/밭 토양)는 셰일 및 천매암 지역에서, 토양/암석의 비(풍화토/모암)는 지역에 관계없이 풍화토가 높았다. 토양과 인삼의 비(밭 토양/인삼 함량)에서 일부 원소를 제 외하고 셰일 및 천매암 지역은 수 백 배 차이가 났고, 화강암 지역은 거의 대부분 원소에서 수 십 배 차이를 보였다. 즉 함량의 비가 수 십 배에서 수 백 배 차이로 토양이 인삼 보다 월등히 높았음을 보여주고 있다. 전체 평균에 대한 비율을 살펴보면 셰일 지역은 Rb, Ba, Sr이 수 십 배, Y, Nb가 수 백 배의 차이로, 천매암 지역의 경우 Nb가 수 천 배, Y가 수 백 배, Rb, Ba가 수 십 배 차이로, 화강암 지역의 경우 Rb, Ba, Y가 수 십 배, Sr은 수 배 차이로 토양이 인삼보다 높았다. 이 결과는 화강암 지 역 인삼의 원소 함량이 천매암 및 셰일 지역에 비해 토양에 가까웠음을 암시한다. 동일 연생 별 비교에서 높은 비율이 2 년생의 경우 LFS 는 화강암 지역이, HFS 는 천매암 지역에서, 3 년생의 경우 LFS는 천매암 지역이, HFS 는 화강암 지역과 셰일 지역이, 4 년생의 경우 LFS 는 셰일 지역이, HFS 는 화강암 지역에서 나타났다.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2007년도 춘계학술대회A
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• pp.1237-1242
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• 2007

For the various RP processes and machines, quantitative comparisons were carried out, which include the variations of roughness according to inclined angle of surface, tensile strength and heat-resistance, shape accuracy affected by curl distortion, manufacturability of submilli-scale structure, and manufacturing speed. It was observed that steeper surface results in smoother roughness except Eden500V of Objet. Specimen made by LOM process showed the best heat-resistance, but that of SL process had heat-resistance only up to $60^{\circ}C$. Generally, tensile strength in the building direction was shown to be smaller than in the scanning direction, but SL process showed the opposite results. RM6000II of CMET was superior in the manufacturing small-scale structure below 0.2mm, and Z510 of Zcorp. and ViperPRO of 3D systems were great in manufacturing speed.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.9-17
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• 2001

This paper is the second of 3 companion papers which investigate axial stratification process. In-cylinder fuel behavior has been investigated in the port injected Sl engine by visualizing for the purpose of understanding stratification. Planar laser light sheet from an Nd:YAG laser has been illuminated through the transparent quartz cylinder of the single cylinder optical engine and the Mie scattered light has been captured through the quartz window in the piston head with an ICCD camera. Fuel has been replaced with an air-ethanol mixture to utilize atomized fuel spray fur the visualization purposes. This results have been compared with steady flow concentration measurement. For low/medium swirl port, the early injection makes such a fuel distribution state that is upper-rich, middle-lean and lower-rich along the combustion chamber and cylinder by tumbling motion. On the other hand, the late injection induces upper-rich, middle-lean and lower-rich state due to the short fuel penetration.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.20-23
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• 2002

Temperature (T) dependence of the sheet resistance (R$\_$$\square$/) has been investigated an the c-axis oriented thin films of the (Bi2212/Bi2201) mixed crystal with different molar fractions. The R$\_$$\square$/-T superconducting characteristic deteriorated with reduction of the Bi2212 fraction, and almost disappears at 48 mol% where a superconductor-to-insulator transition too k place, with the resistance on the normal state, R$\_$N/, reaching 4.1 kΩka at 80 K. This R$\_$$\square$/ value is close to the universal quantum number, h/(2e)$_2$≡ 6.5 kΩ predicted by the Kosterlitz-Thouless (KT) transition theory. The R$\_$$\square$/-T characteristics of the 48 mol% thin film can be elucidated as a competitive process of KT transition brought about by charge or vortex in the two-dimensional layer structure.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제25권12호
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• pp.1692-1701
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• 2001

This study describes the combustion characteristics under various condition of air excess ratio and ignition timing in a 2-valve SI optically accessible engine with swirl control valve(SCV). It adapted three different types of SCV(open ratio 72.5%, 78%, 59%) to strengthen a swirl flow. Pressure data were acquired using pressure sensor to investigate the effect of swirl flow on combustion, and from these pressure data, IMEP(indicated mean effective pressure) and MFB(mass fraction burnt) were calculated to explain burn rate and flame speed. From acquired flame images, we inspected the flame propagation direction, flame area, and flame centroid. Flame propagation direction showed different tendency between with/without SCV, and flame area with SCV was faster and larger than that of conventional engine. Finally, the representative flame images at each crank angle were acquired by PDF method to verify flame growth process. It is found that strengthened swirl flow is more beneficial for faster and stable combustion.